This doctoral dissertation seeks to investigate the reasons that lay behind the rise, success and decline of the Italian-run migrant workers� organisation FILEF during the 1970s in Melbourne by reviewing and discussing some significant historical events. It does so in light of the existing literature, archival data and a string of oral accounts gathered from former and current key FILEF members and collaborators. It is hereby offering a better understanding of an otherwise poorly researched area of the Italian-Australian left-wing grassroots organisations in post-war Australia. The thesis has been divided into two parts, including introduction and conclusion. Part One (Chapters 1-5) reviews the historical and political background (in both Italy and Australia) that favoured the establishment of FILEF in Australia, including Melbourne, in the early 1970s; Part Two (Chapters 6-9) presents an analysis of the historical development and socio-political role of FILEF Melbourne between 1972 and 1980. Chapter One reviews the theoretical context, the representation of the history of FILEF in previous publications, primary and secondary sources, the research strategy and methodology. Chapters Two and Three anchor the history of FILEF Melbourne to their respective background in Italy and Australia. That is, Chapter Two examines the post-war Italian emigration and its politicising by the Italian Left; Chapter Three focuses on the postwar emigration of Italians to Australia and outlines a profile of the Italian-Australian community. Chapter Four maps the route of the Italian-Australian Left in the 1950s and 1960s, that is from Italia Libera to the Lega Italo-Australiana. Chapter Five reviews the circumstances that led the establishment of the PCI in Australia respectively. Chapter Six examines the origins and grassroots activism of FILEF in Melbourne in the 1970s, especially by looking at three areas of activity: migrant press, migrant welfare and migrant politics. Chapter Seven researches the vulnerability of FILEF to the pressures of conservative quarters by recounting the �Italian communist move in� (1975) and the federal funding cut (1976) episodes. Chapter Eight, thoroughly revisits the Salemi case (1977), while Chapter Nine explores the effects of the case and Salemi�s deportation on FILEF towards the end of the 1970s.

This doctoral dissertation seeks to investigate the reasons that lay behind the rise, success and decline of the Italian-run migrant workers� organisation FILEF during the 1970s in Melbourne by reviewing and discussing some significant historical events. It does so in light of the existing literature, archival data and a string of oral accounts gathered from former and current key FILEF members and collaborators. It is hereby offering a better understanding of an otherwise poorly researched area of the Italian-Australian left-wing grassroots organisations in post-war Australia. The thesis has been divided into two parts, including introduction and conclusion. Part One (Chapters 1-5) reviews the historical and political background (in both Italy and Australia) that favoured the establishment of FILEF in Australia, including Melbourne, in the early 1970s; Part Two (Chapters 6-9) presents an analysis of the historical development and socio-political role of FILEF Melbourne between 1972 and 1980. Chapter One reviews the theoretical context, the representation of the history of FILEF in previous publications, primary and secondary sources, the research strategy and methodology. Chapters Two and Three anchor the history of FILEF Melbourne to their respective background in Italy and Australia. That is, Chapter Two examines the post-war Italian emigration and its politicising by the Italian Left; Chapter Three focuses on the postwar emigration of Italians to Australia and outlines a profile of the Italian-Australian community. Chapter Four maps the route of the Italian-Australian Left in the 1950s and 1960s, that is from Italia Libera to the Lega Italo-Australiana. Chapter Five reviews the circumstances that led the establishment of the PCI in Australia respectively. Chapter Six examines the origins and grassroots activism of FILEF in Melbourne in the 1970s, especially by looking at three areas of activity: migrant press, migrant welfare and migrant politics. Chapter Seven researches the vulnerability of FILEF to the pressures of conservative quarters by recounting the �Italian communist move in� (1975) and the federal funding cut (1976) episodes. Chapter Eight, thoroughly revisits the Salemi case (1977), while Chapter Nine explores the effects of the case and Salemi�s deportation on FILEF towards the end of the 1970s.

Depuis le milieu des années 1990, les foyers de travailleurs migrants sont progressivement réhabilités dans le cadre d'un Plan de traitement national et transformés en résidences sociales, dispositif de logement d'insertion destiné aux personnes défavorisées. Au cœur de ces transformations qui tendent vers une banalisation des foyers, un objet cristallise les tensions : le « foyer africain » et ses modes de fonctionnement communautaires. Que recouvrent concrètement ces transformations ? Que nous disent-elles de la gestion politique des migrants isolés et du traitement du fait communautaire dans le contexte français ? Pour répondre à ces questions, la recherche est centrée sur un organisme gestionnaire historiquement spécialisé dans l'hébergement des migrants africains : l'Aftam. L'analyse repose sur trois types d'investigation : le premier porte sur les cadres nationaux de l'action publique à travers l'analyse des textes officiels et des discours des acteurs ; le deuxième s'inscrit dans une perspective socio-historique et cherche à retracer la genèse et la trajectoire de l'Aftam ainsi que de ses « foyers africains » ; le troisième repose sur l'observation ethnographique de quatre projets de restructuration de foyers Aftam et en particulier des scènes d'interaction entre résidents et acteurs institutionnels. Cette thèse montre que les modes de vie communautaires propres aux foyers hébergeant des migrants africains, décriés par les pouvoirs publics dans la période contemporaine, ont été construits dans le temps long et dans l'interaction entre les résidents et le gestionnaire, qui les a encouragés à l'origine puis tolérés jusqu'à la période récente. Aussi, la mise en œuvre du Plan de traitement au sein de l'Aftam donne à voir les contradictions de l'action publique et les hésitations du gestionnaire face aux modes de vie communautaires et aux pratiques culturelles spécifiques, en particulier religieuses, des migrants résidant en foyer. Entre traitement spécifique et droit commun, entre approche différentialiste et modèle universaliste, des conceptions idéologiques s'opposent dans les discours. Pour autant, la mise en œuvre de la transformation des foyers, vue à travers le prisme de l'Aftam, met en évidence des positions plus hybrides et plus pragmatiques, qui tendent vers un rapprochement du droit commun, sans jamais vraiment l'atteindre, et vers la tolérance, si ce n'est la reconnaissance, des pratiques communautaires et culturelles spécifiques. Mais cette tolérance s'acquiert généralement au prix de la construction d'un rapport de force entre résidents et institutions / Since the mid-1990s, a national program has been in place in order to renovate migrant workers' hostels (known as foyers), which were built in France mainly in the 1970s. Having been renovated, these hostels are used as “social residences”, a kind of supported and temporary accommodation for “vulnerable groups”. This transformation from hostels for migrant workers to social residences has distracted from the original purpose of providing accommodation to post-colonial immigrants by opening up these residences to non-immigrants as well. What constitutes these transformations and what do they signify? What do they tell us about policies towards migrant workers and ethnic communities in France? In order to address these questions, we have focused our research on a social landlord historically specialized in managing “Black Africans' hostels”: Aftam. The analysis draws from three types of qualitative approach : first, we have analysed the framework of national public policy using official documents and semi-structured interviews with key actors; second, we have investigated Aftam's archives in order to throw new light as the origin and history of this organization and its “Black Africans' hostels”; third, we have conducted ethnographic observation of the renovation project in four different hostels managed by Aftam, focusing on observing the interaction between migrants, representatives from Aftam and representatives from local authorities. This thesis demonstrates that community life, cultural practices and informal economic activities existing in Black Africans' hostels, which are condemned by many national institutions today, have developed through a long-term process, as a consequence both of the migrants living in the hostels and the landlord (Aftam) encouraging them to do so. Moreover, the implementation of renovation projects in Aftam's hostels emphasizes the contradictions of national public policy and also the hesitations of Aftam to address the demands of the communities in question, particularly concerning their cultural and religious practices. The actors involved in the transformation of migrant workers' hostels are from between the contrasting ideologies of multiculturalism and universalism. Nevertheless, the implementation of this policy by Aftam appears more pragmatic than ideological and the collective action of the migrant residents creates a power struggle with the institutions. Ultimately, this has led to a form of tolerance, rather than a total ignorance or absolute recognition of cultural, religious and ethnic minority practices

This thesis examines the Czech ethnic community of Wilber, Nebraska, which is named the Czech Capital of the US through the application of H.J. Gans' theory of symbolic ethnicity. It will focus on how the Czech community in Wilber keeps its Czech ethnicity alive as a community of late generation ethnics as well as examine whether or not this ethnicity is sustainable. This thesis will also deal with the authenticity of the late generation Czech ethnics identity and seek to prove whether it is completely symbolic or something else entirely. Key Words Symbolic Ethnicity, Ethnic Community, Late Generation Ethnics, Czech- Americans, Czech Community

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal