The aim of this thesis is the euro as a common curency of selected member states of the European Union, that create a eurozone or euroclub. Information about the impact of this currency into the eurozone and specially the Slovak Republic should bring the conclusions that could make this process for the Czech Republic- by useful advices- transparent and easier. The thesis is based on method of comparison of what happened in the today eurozone before the euro and after it. Gained facts are used as a guideline to prepare suitable advices that are mentioned in the text and especially in the last chapter. The thesis is composed of four chapters, each of them dealing with different aspects of what was before euro and what the euro is and how it functions in changing circumstances in the background of world economic depression and fiscal problems in many EU member states. Thesis also describes the authorities responsible for euro in the European and Slovak level. Chapter One is introductory and describes the history of process, that had led during many phases and good or bad periods of time through different concepts into the definitive result called euro. This chapter is divided into three subchapters. It describes the history of common currency concept in the European Communities and results in...

Die sich zunächst um Griechenland rankende Krise wurde zu einer europäischen, die den Euro bedroht. Allenthalben wird die Frage gestellt: Wer ist schuld? In deutschen Groß-Medien wird auf das Zögern der derzeitigen Bundesregierung verwiesen. Der Euro rutschte in die Gefahrenzone. Aber ist der Verweis auf falsche Politik die Antwort auf die Frage nach dem erneuten Aufbrechen der Finanzkrise?

Cette thèse a été développé grâce à une Conventions Industrielles de Formation par la Recherche (CIFRE). Cette convention fait partie d’un programme de l’Association nationale de la recherche et de la technologie (ANRT), coordonné par le Centre nationale de la recherche scientifique (CNRS). L’accord CIFRE subventionne les entreprises françaises qui engagent un thésard pour conduire un projet scientifique dans l’entreprise, en partenariat avec un laboratoire publique de recherche. Pour cette thèse, l’accord CIFRE a été signé par Renault et les laboratoires GIPSA Lab de Grenoble et PRISME d’Orléans.Cette thèse se focalise sur la modélisation 0D, en particulier sur une description plus détaillé du processus de la combustion et l’estimation des masses enfermées dans la chambre de combustion d’un moteur à allumage commandé (Spark Ignited (SI) engine). Les principaux développements comportent des points suivants :- L’impact flamme parois pendant la combustion : un nouveau modèle pour prendre en compte ce phénomène dans le cadre d’un modèle de combustion 0D à deux zones a été développé. Ce modèle permet de prendre en compte la géométrie de la chambre de combustion et la proportion de flamme que brûle proche des parois du cylindre. Plusieurs études ont montré qu’une grand proportion (20% au 30%) du mélange frais brûle dans ce mode de combustion ce qui montre l’importance de prendre en compte ce phénomène. - L’estimation de la mass totale enfermée dans la chambre de combustion après la fermeture des soupapes est un phénomène très intéressant qui présente un Challenger pour les chercheurs motoristes. Une estimation plus précise de la mass enfermée dans la chambre de combustion permet d’avoir un meilleur contrôle de l’injection du carburant et une amélioration dans le traitement des polluants.- Le dernier point à traiter dans cette thèse est la commande d’un système d’injection “common rail”. Ce point a pour but de compléter la modélisation de la combustion en ajoutant une thématique liée à l’injection, lequel est un paramètre crucial dans le processus de la combustion. L’objectif d’un système d’injection common rail est de contrôler l’avance de l’injection, la durée et la pression, de façon indépendante dans chaque cylindre, pour avoir un meilleur contrôle de la combustion, en dépendant des conditions d’opération. Cette injection permet de réguler le carburant en quantités très petites, ce qu’aide à réduire la consommation, les émissions polluantes, et aussi à améliorer la performance du moteur. / This thesis has been developed thanks to a Conventions Industrielles de Formation par la Recherche (CIFRE)1 agreement, that is a program of the french agency Association nationale de la recherche et de la Technologie(ANRT), coordinated by the Centre nationale de la recherche scientifique (CNRS). The CIFRE program grants the Franch companies who engage a PhD student to carry out a research project of the company within a public research lab. For this thesis, a CIFRE agreement has been accorded between the automobile company Renault France and the scientific laboratories Gipsa Lab in Grenoble and PRISME in Orléans.This thesis is focused on the modeling of a detailed description of the 0D combustion process and the estimation of the enclosed mass in the combustion chamber for a Spark Ignited (SI) engine. The main developments are summarized as follows:- The combustion process is frequently modeled as growing flame inside of the combustion chamber. Many 0D thermodynamical Engine models mostly focus on the laminar characteristics of such a free developing ame, but they lack of a suitable approximation of the combustion when the ame reaches the cylinder walls. In this thesis, a flame-wall interaction model is proposed as a complement of a 0D two zones thermodynamical model.- The estimation of the total mass enclosed in the combustion chamber is an interesting and challenging task for the engine control community. In this thesis, two nonlinear observers are synthesized for the enclosed mass estimation: a classical nonlinear high gain observer and an extended linear parameter varying (LPV) high gain observer.- A controller for a common rail injection system is developed in this thesis. First, an input state linearization of a common rail model is performed, in order to overcome the strong nonlinearities and build a virtual linear model. Using the virtual model, two linear control strategies are implemented to regulate the common rail pressure: an optimal linear quadratic regulator LQR with integral action and an optimal LQR tracking (feedforward) with integral action strategy.

The diploma thesis is focused on evaluating the state of convergence process of the Czech Republic to the European Union with major accent on areas governed by the Czech National Bank. In the theoretical part a brief description of past and present monetary cooperation in Europe is presented, as well as a description of the Czech National Bank. Next part deals with the achieved level of convergence, from the perspective of both the Maastricht criteria and real convergence. The main contribution of the thesis is an evaluation of the prospects of adopting euro under conditions of the expected economic development.

The goal of the Master thesis is to assess potential benefits and costs for Czech economy resulting from joining the euro-zone. The thesis also reviews the preparedness for the euro adoption in terms of fulfilment of both the nominal and real convergence criteria. First part summarizes the brief history of European monetary integration and theoretical aspects associated with function of monetary union. Follows the major part namely euro adoption in the Czech Republic where current status of fulfilment of maastricht convergence criteria and additional factors of real convergence will be analysed. This part of thesis also deals with direct and indirect impact of euro adoption on Czech economy. In the thesis I will also review current problems of euro-zone which could negatively affect the strategy of euro adoption in the Czech Republic.

Euro and the Czech Republic - the benefits and pitfalls of the euro currency Abstract The thesis focuses on possible benefits, hazards and costs which could rise up from the entrance of Czech Republic to the Euro Zone and implementation of euro currency. The aims of the thesis are as follows: to acquaint the reader with the history of the monetary and economical integration in the Europe after the second world war to the present time; present the criteria of the nominal and real convergence used to determinate the level of convergence between states, assess the level of convergence reached by the Czech Republic in relation to the Euro Zone; and present the possible benefits hazards and costs of the introduction of the euro. To achieve the abovementioned aims, the method of analysis, synthesis, comparison and description was used. The content of the thesis is divided to five major chapters. The first chapter contains the history of the monetary and economic integration in Europe after the second world war starting with the establishment of the Council of Europe up to the acceptance of the Maastricht Treaty, establishment of the monetary and economic union - the Euro Zone and introduction of the euro in its member states. The second chapter introduces the nominal convergence criteria defined by the...

<p>Sammanfattning</p><p>Bakgrund och problemdiskussion: År 1995 anslöt sig Sverige till Europeiska unionen (EU), men trots tolv års medlemskap har Sverige fortfarande inte tagit det sista avgörande steget mot Europeiska monetära unionen (EMU). EMU är en vidareutveckling av EU:s inre marknad och ska verka för ett ekonomiskt och monetärt samarbete mellan medlemsländerna. När Sverige gick med i EU innebar det att vi i enlighet med fördraget, har en förpliktelse att ansluta oss till EMU när vi uppfyller unionens uppsatta kriterier. Eftersom Sverige står utanför EMU och företagen handlar med länder i området, uppstår valutarisker för företagen. Vi undrade därför hur de ser på en anslutning till EMU och hur de säkrar sig mot valutariskerna på grund av utanförskapet.</p><p>Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka hur svenska företag ser på Sveriges utanförskap i EMU samt hur de med hjälp av olika instrument och tillvägagångssätt hanterar problematiken med valutarisker.</p><p>Metod: Vi använder oss av en kvalitativ metod, där vi intervjuat fem företag med betydande andel export/import till EMU-området. Intervjuerna har genomförts per telefon med personer väl insatta i företagets finansiella verksamhet.</p><p>Referensram: Argumenten mot EMU-medlemskap bestod bland annat av varningar för att de svenska företagen kan få svårigheter med konkurrenskraften om Sverige binder sin valuta mot övriga EMU-länder. Ett argument för medlemskap är istället att valutariskerna försvinner vid handel mellan Sverige och EMU-länderna. Som situationen ser ut idag uppstår valutariskerna och företagen måste därför säkra sig mot eventuella kursförändringar. För att göra detta kan de bland annat använda sig av terminer, optioner och swapar.</p><p>Slutsats: Företagen valutasäkrar sig i huvudsak med hjälp av terminer. För att minska den totala exponeringen använder de sig av valutakonton samt försöker att balansera in- och utbetalningar i en viss valuta. De flesta av de intervjuade företagen tror inte att de kommer att påverkas nämnvärt av ett inträde i EMU. Det har visat sig att ett utanförskap inte har haft sådana negativa följder som många ekonomer varnade för innan folkomröstningen.</p>

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Title in English: Development of common European currency Abstract Main topic of my master thesis was to summarize current development of the European monetary integration. This part is mainly covered by chapter 1, current situation and future expectations mentioned in chapter 4. Some evidence of current integration could be found in the prewar history, but actual development covers the post war period. European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), European Economic Community (EEC) and European Atomic Energy Community (EAEC or Euratom) were the real beginning of the current European union. European Union was settled by founding treaties of above mentioned institutions. Further milestones were provisions of founding treaties and new treaties of so called primary source of the EU law, of which the final goal was supposed to be the Constitution of the European Union. This constitution was approved in a modified version excluding constitutional symbols and it is called the Lisbon Treaty. This treaty can be considered as the greatest step of the European integration whose integral part is the common currency, euro. The second chapter summarizes theoretical and economic bases of the common currency. The rich theory of optimum currency areas is a dominant theoretical concept in this area. Founder of this theory,...

Diplomová práce se zabývá procesem formování Evropské měnové unie od počátku samotného integračního procesu v Evropě a úlohou Itálie v tomto procesu. Naznačuje hlavní charakteristiky země, které později podmínily pozici a zájmy Itálie, které prosazovala při postupném vytváření měnové unie. Na druhou stranu ukazuje, jakým způsobem a do jaké míry má evropská měnová integrace vliv na Itálii a její hospodářství. Hlavním cílem práce je zjistit jakou úlohu Itálie v tomto projektu hrála a zda současná podoba integrace je pro ni výhodná.