Terminada a Segunda Guerra Mundial, o continente europeu encontrava-se devastado pelo conflito que havia mobilizado o maior contingente de países envolvidos numa só guerra até então. Nesse cenário, renasceria a ideia de criação de um bloco econômico alinhado aos EUA, mas, ao mesmo tempo, economicamente autônomo. Este seria construído lentamente, entre 1948 a 1989, e chegaria ao fim da década de 1980 com 12 participantes que, mais uma vez, presenciariam uma mudança continente europeu. O final da Guerra Fria e o desmonte do bloco soviético marcariam os novos rumos da integração europeia, agora livre da divisão Leste-Oeste. Ainda assim, o século XX se encerraria com boas perspectivas para os defensores de união dos países da Europa, e o desejo por numa agenda mais profunda do que a econômica e de defesa voltaria à pauta. Contudo, o início do século XXI assistiria a intervenções militares, massacres, limpezas étnicas, e guerras justificadas pelo discurso da Guerra ao Terror. Além de crises especulativas que levaram a unificação europeia a uma nova fase de busca de identidade e discurso. Adicionalmente, uma crise financeira, com origem na não-realização de investimentos em papeis de origem estadunidense, e garantidos em última instância pelo governo daquele país, alavancaria a crise de dívida pública de alguns países do subconjunto da União Europeia: a Zona do Euro. Sem liberdade para aplicar políticas fiscais, monetárias ou cambiais próprias, tais países se veriam obrigados a arcar com os custos da opção realizada por seus bancos privados, no mercado financeiro internacional. É esse o tema deste trabalho, a formação e expansão do bloco econômico europeu e a crise que atingiu o subconjunto dos países unificados monetariamente, a Zona do Euro. / After the Second World War, the European continent found itself devastated by the conflict that had mobilized the largest number of countries involved in one war so far. Such scenario would inspire and renew the wish to create a group of countries aligned with the USA, but at the same time economically autonomous. This would slowly be built between 1948 and 1989. By the end of the decade of 1980, the economic bloc counted twelve participants and, once again, the old continent would go thru another transformation. The end of the Cold War and the dismantling of the Soviet bloc would mark the new direction of European integration, now free of East-West polarities. The twentieth century would end with good prospects for the ones who advocated in favor of a more closely union of the countries of Europe, and the desire for a deeper than economic and defense calendar were put back on the agenda. However, the early twenty-first century would watch military interventions, massacres, \"ethnic cleansing\", all justified by the discourse of the \"War on Terror\". In addition, the European unification reached a new phase marked by the search for identity and discourse better related to the new international scenario. In the first decade of this new century, a financial crisis, originated in a low-performing investments in papers of American origin, and ultimately guaranteed by the government of that country, end up by levering the public debt in some countries of the European Union, more precisely, in the Eurozone. Without freedom to apply their own fiscal, monetary and exchange rate policies, such countries would be forced to bear the costs of the options held by its private banks in international financial markets. That\'s the theme of this work, the formation and expansion of European economic bloc and the crisis that hit the Eurozone in the first decade of the 21th Century.

This thesis aims to compare media coverage of the first-class sporting event, the UEFA EURO 2016, in two Czech and Slovak national sport-oriented newspapers (Sport and Šport). To achieve this goal, the author of the thesis uses qualitative and mainly quantitative content analysis along with interviews with the members of the two respective newsrooms. The author focuses on how much space both dailies give to the event, what part of the whole coverage is made by the news about the Czech or Slovak national teams, and what is the (im)balance between the news and opinion journalism. He also compares the number of journalists that went to do their job in France and the number of their colleagues who were working from the newsrooms in Prague or Bratislava. The author is interested in the ways the two newsrooms reported about the rival team that used to be part of the former Czechoslovakian national team. He also tries to describe how journalists tend to write about their own national team. Another point of interest is the venality of both newspapers during the UEFA EURO 2016. Based on the interviews with members of both newsrooms, the author compares the media's preparation before the event and their mode of operation over the tournament. Besides above-mentioned media research, the thesis offers a view to...

Le déclenchement de la dette des Subprime en 2007, suivie de la crise de la dette Européenne en 2011, a attiré l'attention vers le risque de crédit, ses causes et ses implications. Depuis, Les décideurs des politiques économiques cherchent à trouver un moyen pour réguler les mouvements sur le marché des obligations et des dettes. Ainsi, sous l'impulsion du Conseil de stabilité financière, les accords de Bâle III sont apparus. Ce sont des réformes visant à renforcer le système financier afin d'affirmer la solidité financière des banques en imposant des conditions d'emprunt dont un niveau minimum de capitaux propres. Les travaux étudiant les risque de crédit avec ses différentes façades ont connu un boom. Il y a notamment la modélisation du risque de crédit qui s'est énormément développée. Cette thèse s'inscrit dans une branche macroéconomique à l'échelle Européenne. Nous essayons d'identifier les déterminants du risque de crédit aux niveaux souverains et bancaires et d'étudier les connections entre les deux. Dans une première partie, nous utilisons une modélisation Autoregressive à retards échelonnés1(ARDL) an de définir les déterminants macroéconomiques d'un échantillon de pays européens. Nous suggérons que le risque de crédit de ces derniers dépend largement des fondamentaux macroéconomiques avec des élasticités différentes selon la santé économique du pays. Plus précisément, nous trouvons que l'endettement a des effets opposés suivant le niveau du risque de crédit du pays. Dans la deuxième partie, nous nous intéressons aux déterminants du risque de crédit d'un échantillon de groupes bancaires Européens. Depuis 2007, Ces derniers ont été affectés par les deux crises (Subprime et la crise de la dette Européenne). Les relations de long terme dénies selon les tests de cointégration via l'approche des Bounds Tests 2, montrent qu'une dévaluation de l'Euro baisse le risque de crédit des banques étudiées en rendant leurs dettes libellées en Euro moins coûteuses. Aussi, notre analyse indique que la valeur de marché de l'entité ainsi que l'indice boursier dans lequel la banque est inscrite sont inconsistant dans l'explication du risque de crédit de cette dernière. Dans la dernière partie nous étudions les relations de causalité entre les risques de crédit des entités souveraines et bancaires étudiées dans les chapitres précédents. Les tests de causalité au sens de Granger révèlent que les relations trouvées sont asymétriques et dynamiques. Ces liens varient considérablement en fonction de l'état de l'économie de la région. L'analyse montre aussi que juste avant les période de grandes turbulences financières, notamment les crises financières, le transfert du risque de crédit est très important augmentant ainsi les contagions et par la suite le risque systémique. Cependant, la propagation de la méfiance et de la prudence pendant les périodes d'incertitude et des crises, fait baisser significativement le transfert du risque de crédit. Ceci s'accentue dans une zone monétaire comme la zone Euro puisque les pays adoptent forcément les mêmes politiques monétaires voire fiscales malgré leur hétérogénéité. / The outbreak of the Subprime debt in 2007, followed by the European debt crisis in 2011, drew attention to credit risk, its causes and implications. Since then, the economic policy makers are seeking to and a way to regulate the movementson the bond and debt market. Thus, the Basel III appeared under the guidance of the Financial Stability Board. These are reforms aiming at strengthening the financial system in order to assert the financial soundness of banks by imposingloan conditions and requirements including a minimum level of Capital. Works studying the credit risk with its diferent fronts boomed. Credit risk modeling has expanded tremendously. This thesis fits into a macroeconomic branchon a European scale. We try to identify the determinants of credit risk on the sovereign and banking levels and to study the connections between both. In the first section, Using Autoregressive Distributed Lag Modeling (ARDL), weempirically investigate the link between the macroeconomic fundamentals and sovereign credit risk for particular countries in the Euro zone. The studied sample was affected by disadvantageous economic conditions. We did not retain the same macroeconomic factors to explain the risk of default for the selected countries. The results, indicate that the reditworthiness of the studied entities depends largely on macroeconomic fundamentals with various elasticities which require a different economic policy for each country. The assessment of the results shows that the unemployment rate is the most influential variable especially for countries with disadvantageous economic conditions. The estimated relationships are globally stable in the long run (for 7 out of 9 countries), while the short run links are rare (except the unemployment rate). In the second section, we investigate the long-run relationships between European Banks' Credit default swap spreads and contextual factors using Bounds testing approach to cointegration (ARDL-ECM). The results reveal that in the long run, an increase of the inflation and/or the home countries' credit risk rise the European banks' credit risk as measured by credit default swap spreads. The estimatessuggest that the devaluation of the Euro, makes Euro-denominated debt less costly which lowers the credit risk of the European entities. Yet, unlike what is expected, our analysis shows that the market value of an entity as well as the stock index in which the firm is registered are becoming insignificant in explaining its credit risk. In this last section, we investigate the evolution and the expansion of the CDS network among the studied entities over the 2008 - 2013 period by splitting it intothree sub-periods. We highlight the variation of the connectedness according to the financial and economic characteristics of each studied sub-period. We found that the resulting relationships are not symmetrical and that they vary considerablydepending on the state of the region economy. We also show that just before huge financial turmoil phases, the risk transfer is very important increasing contagion and the systemic risk, while it drops significantly during uncertainty times marked by mistrust spread. This is particularly important in the European Union as countries adopt the same monetary policies while being heterogeneous.

Paper evaluates current status of the preparedness of the Czech economy for the currency Euro. It includes both aspects of the process, i.e. formal preparation and the real convergency. In the field of formal preparation the functioning of EMU is described, based on which current formal status of the czech EMU membership is assesed. The Maastricht criteria are considered part of the formal process as well. On the other hand, a range of real indicators, which are chosen based on various OCA resources is evaluated, giving the full picture of the current situation.

This thesis concentrates on theoretical postulates of the Optimum Currency Area theory, mentiones preparedness of the Czech Republic in the area of Maastricht criteria, real convergence, alternative adjustment mechanisms, legislative a institucional preparedness, summarizes actual preparatory work and possible scenarios of the euro-adoption, describes opinions of public and entrepreneurs on euro, mentions experience of Slovenia and Slovakia with new currency and recapitulates the risks of procrastination in this area. Main objective is an analysis of the overall preparedness of the Czech Republic to adopt euro.

The diploma thesis deals with detailed description of adoption the european currency in Slovakia. The opening focus is dedicated to the transformation of Czechoslovakian economy, upon which the current monetary policy has been built. Next section depicts Slovak pro-european policy that culminates in entering the European monetary union. The center point of the thesis closely anatomizes changes that the new course of monetary policy has brought and defines benefits and costs of introducing Euro. By means of the analyze, established findings are applied on specifications of Czech republic.

The main aim of my thesis is to describe the development of the American dollar's position within the historical background, its role in a globalized economy and analyze the current position of the dollar as the world's leading currency. The thesis is divided into three parts. First part is dedicated to the theoretical background concerning exchange rates and currency regimes. The second chapter considers the history of the international monetary system with the relation to the dollar. The third chapter analyzes the current situation and characteristics determining the role of American dollar. This chapter also describes some problems of American economy, analyses exchange rate of dollar against Euro and gives possible forecast of dollar's position for the future.

This diploma thesis deals with the issue of impact of the euro adoption to less developed EU countries, namely the PIGS countries. The first part defines the Maastricht criteria and their fulfillment by those States before joining the euro area. In the other two parts is analyzed the evolution of macroeconomic indicators before and after the outbreak of the financial crisis. These are the indicators of inflation, current account and net investment positions, the housing market and private loans, public finance, GDP and unemployment. In conclusion, there is an evaluation of the development of the individual countries on the basis of these indicators, assessed the suitability of the Maastricht criteria and the benefits of integrating these countries into EMU both for them and for the euro area as a whole.

This paper aims to investigate how the domestic unemployment rate of a nation is affected by joining the European currency union and converting to the euro. This is done through the use of a synthetic control method, as well as an augmented version of the model, where I define the Euro Area countries as the treatment group, and conversion to euro as treatment. In line with the predictions of previous related theoretical frameworks such as the optimum currency area theory, the gravity theory and Matusz’s equilibrium model, the findings in this paper suggests that conversion to the euro leads to a short-term decrease in domestic unemployment. The effect is likely due to the short-term increase in trade, specifically within-union trade, that arises from joining the EMU.

The diploma thesis focuses on design of e-commerce for selling of numismatic material especially two euro collectors coins. Product of this diploma thesis is an internet e-shop with two roles. First role is user and second is administrator. Administrator is able to edit and operate all orders with year’s sheet of profits and losses. Income trading of first months is also part of this thesis.