270 Jahre lang gab es jüdisches Leben in der brandenburgischen Stadt Schwedt an der Oder. Der Leser dieses Bandes nimmt teil an der wechselvollen Geschichte der jüdischen Menschen und ihrer Gemeinde. Der erste Jude, der sich im 17. Jahrhundert in Schwedt niederließ, war Bendix Levi. Nachdem sein Haus in Oderberg abgebrannt war, erhielt er von Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm die Genehmigung zum Aufenthalt in Schwedt. Die preußischen Könige wünschten jedoch, daß in den kleinen brandenburgischen Städten nur wenige Juden leben sollten. Deshalb bestand während des 18. Jahrhunderts die jüdische Gemeinschaft in Schwedt nur aus Angehörigen von drei Familien, nämlich von Bendix Levi, Simon Salomon und Wulff Salomon. Ihr Leben war geprägt vom Kampf um Aufenthaltsrecht und Handelserlaubnis. Solidarität untereinander war dabei nicht immer selbstverständlich, da oft das Aufenthaltsrecht des einen, wirklich oder vermeintlich, dem Recht des anderen entgegenstand. Das umfangreiche Quellenmaterial aus Berliner, brandenburgischen und Jerusalemer Archiven führt uns die Auswirkungen der restriktiven preußischen Judenpolitik auf das Leben der Schwedter Juden lebendig vor Augen und gibt uns außerdem Einblicke in jüdische Traditionen und Gebräuche. So werden wir Zeugen einer jüdischen Eidesleistung im Schwedter Rathaus und nehmen teil an der feierlichen Unterzeichnung eines Heiratsvertrages. Das Emanzipationsedikt von 1812 machte Juden endlich zu preußischen Staatsbürgern und erleichterte das Leben durch Niederlassungs- und Gewerbefreiheit. Dies führte bald zu einer beträchtlichen Vergrößerung der Schwedter jüdischen Gemeinde, der sich auch die jüdischen Einwohner des nahe gelegenen Städtchens Vierraden anschlossen. Als erster ließ sich Israel David Loewenheim aus Tütz / Westpreußen in Schwedt nieder. Ihm folgten aus seiner Heimatstadt nicht weniger als sieben weitere Familien. Zuzüge gab es auch aus anderen Städten, sodass bis zum späten 19. Jahrhundert die Zahl der jüdischen Einwohner Schwedts bis auf ca. 200 Personen zunahm. Ab ca. 1880 führten dann jedoch zahlreiche Wegzüge – besonders nach Berlin – wieder zu einer Verkleinerung der Gemeinde. Seit 1840 war Schwedt Amtssitz eines Rabbiners. Nathan Hirsch Kuttner blieb bis zu seiner Pensionierung im Jahr 1895 in Schwedt. Dieses lange Zusammenleben lässt ein harmonisches Verhältnis zwischen ihm und der Gemeinde vermuten. Dies war aber in den ersten Jahren durchaus nicht der Fall. Kuttner musste einige Jahre um Anerkennung in der Gemeinde kämpfen und sogar die Zahlung seines Gehalts gerichtlich durchsetzen. Der Bau einer neuen Synagoge im Jahr 1862 gab der Gemeinde neues Zusammengehörigkeitsgefühl und brachte Ruhe in die Auseinandersetzungen mit dem Rabbiner. Unter dem Eindruck des zunehmenden Antisemitismus im ausgehenden 19. und im 20. Jahrhundert schloss sich die Gemeinde Vereinen und Organisationen an, die sich den antisemitischen Angriffen entgegenzustellen versuchten, so 1894 dem „Deutsch-Israelitischen Gemeindebund“ und 1901 dem „Verein zur Abwehr des Antisemitismus“. Im Jahr 1922 gründete man die „Reuchlin Loge“ im Verband „Unabhängiger Orden Bne-Beriss“. Bald folgte das schnelle und vollständige Ende der jüdischen Gemeinde in Schwedt durch den nationalsozialistischen Massenmord. In der Datenbank der Gedenkstätte Yad Vashem in Jerusalem wird die Erinnerung an 60 namentlich bekannte ermordete Schwedter Juden aufbewahrt. Nachfahren von Überlebenden hat es in alle Erdteile verschlagen. Intensive genealogische Forschungen in Zusammenarbeit mit Peter Lowe aus Hertford (UK), einem Nachkommen der Familie Loewenheim, und Yehuda Meinhardt (Israel) machten es möglich eine Reihe von Familienstammbäumen zu rekonstruieren. Der Band wird mit der Beschreibung des jüdischen Friedhofs und der Erfassung der Grabinschriften abgeschlossen. Eine ausführliche Dokumentation mit Fotografien findet sich im Internet (www.uni-potsdam.de/juedische-friedhoefe). / For 270 years there was Jewish life in the Brandenburg town of Schwedt on the Oder. The reader of this volume participates in the changing history of the Jewish people and their community. The first Jew to settle in Schwedt in the 17th century was Bendix Levi. After his house in Oderberg burned down, Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm granted him permission to take up residence in Schwedt. The Prussian Kings wanted only few Jews to live in small Brandenburg towns, so during the 18th century the Jewish community in Schwedt consisted of only three families whose heads were Bendix Levi, Simon Salomon and Wulff Salomon. Their life was dominated by the fight for residency and trade permits. Solidarity amongst each other was not always self evident, since the residency permit of one was often in real or imagined conflict with a permit for others. The extensive sources in archives in Berlin, Brandenburg and Jerusalem show intensely the consequences of the restrictive Prussian “Judenpolitik” on the life of Jews in Schwedt and they also give us insight into Jewish traditions and customs. We bear witness to a Jewish oath in the townhouse of Schwedt and take part in the ceremonial signing of a marriage treaty. The “Emanzipationsedikt” of 1812 finally made Jews into Prussian citizens and simplified their life by giving them freedom of settlement and trade. This resulted in considerable growth of the Jewish community in Schwedt which was also joined by the Jewish residents of the nearby town of Vierraden. The first of these new settlers in Schwedt was David Loewenheim from Tütz / Westprussia. No less than seven families from his hometown followed. There was also immigration from other towns, increasing the number of Jewish residents in Schwedt to 200 by the late 19th century. After about 1880 the community shrank again because many moved away, particularly to Berlin. Since 1840 Schwedt was the seat of a Rabbi. Nathan Hirsch Kuttner stayed in Schwedt until his retirement in 1895. Although this long sojourn might indicate an agreeable relationship between him and his community, this was certainly not the case in his first years. Kuttner had to fight for recognition by his community and even had to obtain a court order to collect his salary. The building of a new Synagogue in 1862 gave a new sense of cooperation to the community and calmed the struggles with the Rabbi. Under the impression of increasing anti-Semitism from the late 19th into the 20th century, the community joined organizations which attempted to resist anti-Semitic attacks. For example, in 1894 it joined the “Deutsch- Israelitische Gemeindebund” and in 1901 the “Verein zur Abwehr des Antisemitismus”. In 1922 the “Reuchlin Loge”, was formed within the “Independent Order of Bnai Brith”. Soon followed the fast and complete anihilation of the Jewish community in Schwedt by the national socialist mass murder. The Central Database of Shoah Victims' Names at Yad Vashem / Jerusalem preserves the memory of 71 murdered Jews of Schwedt who are known by name. Descendants of survivors are scattered to all parts of the world. Intensive genealogical research in cooperation with Peter Lowe from Hertford (UK), descendant of the Loewenheim family, and Yehuda Meinhardt (Israel), made it possible to reconstruct a number of family trees. The volume ends with a description of the Jewish cemetery and a record of the grave inscriptions. An entire documentation with photographs can be found in the Internet (www.uni-potsdam.de/juedische-friedhoefe).

Anamaria Remete TEMA EMMC 2nd year Ethnicity Revisited: the Case of Higher Educated Younger Generation Roma in Contemporary Central and Eastern Europe Abstract This research aims to explore the self perception of ethnicity of younger generation Roma in Central and Eastern Europe. The sample population is represented by two groups of higher educated Roma. First those who were beneficiaries of the university scholarships granted by the Open Society Institute's Roma Initiatives. Second those who are working in Roma-focused NGO advocacy organizations. The organisations are: the Open Society Institute-Budapest, European Roma Rights Centre also in Budapest, the European Roma Information Office in Brussels and the European Roma and Travellers Forum by the Council of Europe in Strasbourg . This strategy of the Open Society Institute and the above mentioned NGOs has only a short history, which will be discussed further in the study. The self perception dimension is going to be analyzed through the application of the concept of "everyday ethnicity" as developed by scholars Rogers Brubaker, Paloma Gay y Blasco and Carol Silverman in order to gain insight into the dynamics of the factors that come into play in the process of creating meaning for young and higher-educated Roma in countries from Central and Eastern...

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Universität der Bundeswehr, Hamburg (Germany), 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 179-192).

This thesis is a study of British policy towards three Central European states in the wake of World War I. The aim of this thesis is to illustrate the continual British attempts to promote a union or at least economic cooperation in 'Danubia'. The first section concerns Anglo-Austrian relations. Chapter I. deals with British plans for the federalisation of the Habsburg Monarchy during the war. Chapter II. compares the Austrian policy of the British Delegation in Paris, the Foreign Office in London, and the Military Representative in Vienna. Chapter III. explains British involvement in the reconstruction of Austria. Chapter IV. traces the reasons for British disentanglement from Austrian affairs after the failed * Eastern Locarno'. The second section deals with the x special relationship' between London and Budapest. Chapter I. highlights the role of two British individuals in exploding the x Hungarian myth' in London. Chapter II. shows how the Bolshevik Revolution affected British diplomatic activities in Hungary. Chapter III. documents British involvement in the establishment of the Horthy regime. Chapter IV. analyses the impact of Anglo-French rivalry in Budapest on the whole of Central Europe. Chapter V. elaborates on British economic policy and the rehabilitation of the 'Pariah of the New Europe'. Chapter VI. illustrates the gradual cooling in Anglo-Hungarian relations. The third section concerns Czechoslovakia. Chapter I. examines the conflict between Czechophiles and Czechophobes in London. Chapter II. is an account of British efforts to prevent French domination in Prague. Chapter III. deals with the manoeuvres of Benes in London and Paris, and the cooling in Anglo-Czech relations. Chapter IV. explores the origins of British indifference towards Czechoslovakia, which resulted in the Munich crisis. The thesis concludes that Britain lost interest in Central Europe because of its failed efforts to promote reconcilation in the Danubian triangle.

This study determines how economic, political, and socio-demographic factors impact the parliamentary election outcomes in central and eastern European countries in transition period. A one-way fixed-effect method has been applied to analyze two main economic models. The dependent variables are share of the Western-oriented and traditional-oriented parties. Data of sixteen countries have been used in the thesis. According to the results of this study, it is possible to conclude that outcomes of parliamentary elections in central and eastern European countries depended on political and socio-demographic factors from I 990-2001. Factors such as loans, received from the United States, per capita in the pre-election year, as a measure of external pressure, and share of agriculture in GDP, as a measure of country`s level of development, demonstrate consistent significance in both variations of the model.

No description available.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Toronto, 2004. / Adviser: Roger I. Simon.

This study examines the factors that have contributed to the success of some Central and Eastern European countries to improve their health care sector in the post communist period, while leaving others to its demise. While most literature has been focused on the political and economic transition of Eastern Europe, very little research has been done about the welfare aspects of the transition process, especially the health care sector. While the focus on political consequences and main macroeconomic reforms has shed light on many important processes, the lack of research of health care issues has lead to consequences on our ability to understand its impact on the future of the new democracies and their sustainability. This model looks at the impact of international (World Bank) and domestic institutions, corruption and public support and how they affect the ability of some countries to improve and reform their health care sector in the post-transition period.

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities. / Department of Government and Public Administration

This thesis examines the central place of racial theories in the nationalist ideology of the Croatian Ustasha movement and regime, and how these theories functioned as the chief motive in shaping Ustasha policies toward the minorities of the Nazi-backed Independent State of Croatia (known by its Croatian initials as the NDH), namely, Serbs, Jews, Roma and Bosnian Muslims, during the years 1941 to 1945. This thesis is divided into three parts. The first part deals with historical background, concentrating on the history of Croatian national movements from the 1830s to the 1930s. The second part covers the period between the founding of the Ustasha movement in 1930 and the creation of the NDH in 1941. The third part examines the period of Ustasha power from 1941 to 1945. Through the above chronological division, this thesis traces the evolution of Ustasha ideas on nation and race, placing them within the historical context of processes of Croatian national integration. Although the Ustashe were brought to power by Nazi Germany, their ideology emerged less as an imitation of German National Socialism and more as an extremist reaction to the supranational and expansionist nationalist ideologies of Yugoslavism and Greater Serbianism. In contrast to the prevailing historiographical view that has either ignored or downplayed the significance of racial theori! es on Ustasha policies toward the minorities of the NDH, this thesis highlights the marked influence of the question of 'race' on Ustasha attitudes toward the 'problem' of minorities, and on the wider question of Croatian national identity. This thesis examines the Ustashe by focusing on the historical interplay between nationalism and racism, which dominated so much of the modern political life of Central, Eastern and South-Eastern Europe. The fusion of nationalism and racism was not unique to Ustasha ideology, but the evolution and nature of Ustasha racism was. Ustasha racial ideas were therefore the product of both specific Croatian and wider European historical trends. This examination of the historical intersection between nationalism and racism in the case of the Ustashe will, i hope, broaden our understanding of twentieth-century nation-state formation, and state treatment of minorities, in the Balkans and Eastern Europe.