The last ten years have brought many changes into European Higher Education. One of these changes is student mobility. To facilitate mobility, we need comparable higher education systems and study programs. Many declarations from academics and governments call for 'transparency', 'accountability' and 'systems of quality assurance'. These demands have influenced transitions in Slovenia. The National Higher Education System experie.nced substantial changes after the Higher Education Act was approved in 1993. The Act enabled the establisrunent of 'private' and 'free-standing' higher education institutions. Within the described framework, this study on a self-evaluation 'model' and organisational development was undertaken. This case study of a newly established college of higher education is centred round the processes of institutional self-evaluation. The study is mainly qualitative in its nature and grounded in action research. This methodological approach bridges the gap between theory and practice, which is an issue in social sciences. Action research extended over a four-year period - four cycles, representing four academic years - from 1996/97 to 1999/2000. A variety of methods were used to gather data. Among many themes that emerged in the research process, I chose those of 'quality' and 'academic community' to focus my theoretical discussion on. These two topics were particularly important for the newly established institution that wanted to be involved in the' European flow' of higher education. This thesis is my personal journey, where researcher and manager roles are intimately interlinked, as well as a journey of organisational growth and (partially) an account of organisational development through self-evaluation. It is not a story of people, it is about social processes, the construction of meaning and practice critically reflected through the 'eyes' of the researcher. It is about flux of identities within myself and organisation's processes, and also about findings - the tensions between 'ecology of practice' and 'economy of performance'. These tensions resulted in a 'non-model' where the balance between 'trust and respect among people' and 'the measurement of results' cannot be resolved.

This thesis explores the process of the Bologna reform in the Ukrainian higher education system. Bologna is one of the most well-known and influential European projects for cooperation in the field of higher education. It aims to create an internationally competitive European Higher Education Area (EHEA) through a range of such objectives as the adoption of a system of credits, cycles of study process, diploma supplement, quality assurance, qualifications frameworks, student-centred education, lifelong learning and the promotion of student and faculty mobility. Through an in-depth examination of higher education actors and policy instruments in the case of the implementation of Bologna in Ukraine, this thesis aims to a) analyse the process of the Bologna reform in Ukraine; and b) examine Bologna as a case of Europeanisation in the post-Soviet context. The study is qualitative and applies two main methods: interviews with key policy actors and text analysis of selected policy documents. These data are analysed through the perspective of policy learning, with a particular reference to the concept of layering. The findings suggest that the Bologna reform in Ukraine has been primarily developing as an interrelationship between policy continuity and change. On the one hand, the study found that most of the key powerful actors and networks in the country, established before the introduction of Bologna, have retained their prior influence. As a result, Bologna has – to a large extent – simply reproduced established relationships and pre-existing higher education policies. The Ministry of Education and Science has been the primary actor pushing for this kind of policy continuity. On the other hand, Bologna has also been partially changing some aspects of the old higher education instruments and the established relations among the actors. These changes have been taking place due to the involvement of civil sector organisations which increasingly became crucial as policy brokers in the process of this reform. The study suggests that the old practices and innovations in Bologna have been interacting in layering – a gradual messy and creative build-up of minor innovations by different higher education actors in Ukraine. The accumulation of these innovations led to more fundamental changes – the beginning of the emergence of a more shared higher education policy-making in the previously centrally governed Ukraine. These findings shed some light on the broader process of Europeanisation in the post-Soviet context. The Ukrainian case thus suggests that at least in the post-Soviet context, Europeanisation is the process in which change and the continuity are not mutually exclusive, but rather closely interconnected.

The main research question that this paper aims to answer is: ‘In what does today’s attack on humanities consist and how can humanities be defended?’ In order to answer this research question, one needs first to describe how the humanities have argued for their usefulness before the Bologna Process; second, provide reasons for the claim that the Bologna Process would be a new type of attack; and third, analyse the new defences for the humanities, so as to discuss whether these are suitable.   There are several arguments why employability should not be the main interpretation for ‘usefulness’ in education. Some authors argue that the focus on employability is a good excuse for European governments to give up on regulating the labour market, and instead transfer the responsibility on the citizens’ shoulders. If being employed is construed as having employable skills, then the state can only invest in training those skills and, after the education is over, if there are still unemployed people, it means it is their fault they were unemployable. A current debate concerns whether the labour market is too regulated or unregulated; this debate should benefit from taking into account the construction of ‘employability’ through the educational policies in the BP. Others have argued that by constructing the set of employable skills as a response to the demands of today’s labour market, this leaves the future employees incapable of meeting the changed demands in tomorrow’s labour market. Some argue that the labour market’s demands cannot be predicted in principle, and therefore people should construct their life around life-long learning, discarding old skills and gaining new ones as they age. However, this model is oblivious to the fact that a future of the labour market may be dominated by automation, as argued by Luciano Floridi. Employment in sectors of the economy that we today think of as important may not be where the jobs will be created tomorrow. What will it mean in the future for people to have a fulfilling and purposeful life when employment will be reduced to just a few hours a week? We need to remain open to the possibility that the good life of the future will not be the (self-)employed life, the active and mobile model proposed now by the EU. People will need to be active in other fields, not strictly related to bread-winning. Other capacities will need to be used in order to make use of one’s time, and these capacities are now dropped from education in order to construct the employable European citizen.    The Bologna ideal of education is more perishable than what first meets the eye. It is connected with a certain view of what it means to be employable, of what the future labour market’s needs will be, and its time dimension is quite narrow. In order to face the challenges of the future labour markets, as BP had claimed it prepares its students to do, one needs a wider understanding of what it means to have a good life. One way of defending the humanities is to claim that it is equivalent to defending a plurality of educational purposes, the right to build one’s life based on an education that is not submitted to the political goals of the day, ultimately the right to have a dissenting voice and a different perspective on life. The main finding of this study was to show that, before deciding what type of education society needs, we need to understand who we are educating through our universities. Taking a stance on “who should we educate?” is prior to being able to judge educational policies. This decision requires a previous justification that requires arguments taken from the field of social justice: Who needs to be educated and who has the right to be educated? Furthermore, we have seen that all answers we have examined to the question underlying educational policies, i.e. ‘who is being educated?’, were linked at some level with the citizenship issue. By defining who is a full citizen, an answer to the question who had the right to a humanistic education was implicitly answered. Nussbaum’s project to universalise the definition of democratic citizenship would ensure a basis for providing humanistic education for all. Such a line of arguing would provide humanities to the well-regarded status they had starting from the Renaissance times, but this time not as a device for exclusion, but inclusion for all. We have tried to show that, by defending the humanities, one defends the idea of a plurality of educational purposes, the right to build one’s life based on an education that is not submitted to the political goals of the day, ultimately the right to have a dissenting voice and a different perspective on life. By defending humanities, one defends the true ‘usefulness’ of education, namely its potential for constructing democratic citizenship for all.

Cooperative learning is one of the main medicines in education: the student takes an active role in their own learning process. Methodological issues are very important within university, since the development project of the European Higher Education Area proposes very profound changes in the educational paradigm, changes in the role of teachers and students inside and outside the classroom. To give force to this argument, the implementation of Cooperative Learning Questionnaire Arellano, Navarro and Sosa (2007) was taken to 692 students enrolled in first grade of primary education in 2010-2011. The sample coincides with the universe of freshmen in the Bachelor of Primary Education, comprising 87% of women with a mean age of 19 years, which yielded an index of 0.83 for internal consistency of the instrument. The results point to the importance of strengthening cooperative learning in university classrooms, given that there are few occasions when they can put into play. / El aprendizaje cooperativo se plantea como una de las principales medicinas de la educación: el estudiante adopta un papel activo en su proceso de aprendizaje. La cuestión metodológica es trascendental dentro de la universidad: el proyecto de construcción del Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior plantea cambios profundos en el paradigma docente, debiendo cambiar los roles del profesor y del alumno, dentro y fuera del aula. Para reforzar este argumento, se procedió a la aplicación del Cuestionario de Aprendizaje Cooperativo de Arellano, Navarro y Sosa (2007) a los 692 estudiantes matriculados en primero de Grado de Educación Primaria1 en el curso 2010/2011. La muestra coincidió con el universo de los estudiantes de primer año en el Grado de Educación Primaria, constituida por un 87% de mujeres y con una edad media de 19 años, lo cual permitió obtener un índice de consistencia interna de 0.83 para el instrumento. Los resultados recalcaron la importancia de potenciar el aprendizaje cooperativo en las aulas universitarias, teniendo en cuenta que son pocas las ocasiones en las que puede ponerse en juego.

El aprendizaje cooperativo se plantea como una de las principales medicinas de la educación: el estudiante adopta un papel activo en su proceso de aprendizaje. La cuestión metodológica es trascendental dentro de la universidad: el proyecto de construcción del Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior plantea cambios profundos en el paradigma docente, debiendo cambiar los roles del profesor y del alumno, dentro y fuera del aula. Para reforzar este argumento, se procedió a la aplicación del Cuestionario de Aprendizaje Cooperativo de Arellano, Navarro y Sosa (2007) a los 692 estudiantes matriculados en primero de Grado de Educación Primaria1 en el curso 2010/2011. La muestra coincidió con el universo de los estudiantes de primer año en el Grado de Educación Primaria, constituida por un 87% de mujeres y con una edad media de 19 años, lo cual permitió obtener un índice de consistencia interna de 0.83 para el instrumento. Los resultados recalcaron la importancia de potenciar el aprendizaje cooperativo en las aulas universitarias, teniendo en cuenta que son pocas las ocasiones en las que puede ponerse en juego. / Revisión por pares / Cooperative learning is one of the main medicines in education: the student takes an active role in their own learning process. Methodological issues are very important within university, since the development project of the European Higher Education Area proposes very profound changes in the educational paradigm, changes in the role of teachers and students inside and outside the classroom. To give force to this argument, the implementation of Cooperative Learning Questionnaire Arellano, Navarro and Sosa (2007) was taken to 692 students enrolled in first grade of primary education in 2010-2011. The sample coincides with the universe of freshmen in the Bachelor of Primary Education, comprising 87% of women with a mean age of 19 years, which yielded an index of 0.83 for internal consistency of the instrument. The results point to the importance of strengthening cooperative learning in university classrooms, given that there are few occasions when they can put into play.

Globalization has motivated universities to calibrate institutional responses for strategic purposes. Yet, specific challenges remain for Ukrainian National Research Universities insofar as the interplay between global and (post-)Soviet knowledge discourses reveal a dual framework, whereby adaptive responses to globalization and entrenched state-centered logics run parallel, and often in conflict, with one another. This study took a critical approach to identify and interpret how the phenomenon of internationalization manifested in the development of strategic partnerships, was translated and re-contextualized into structural innovations, and resulted in systemic institutional change. The thesis delves into the institutional behaviour of three flagship universities in Kyiv, Ukraine and their respective doctoral schools. The selected universities – Kyiv-Mohyla Academy, Kyiv Polytechnic Institute and Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv – represent a mixture of organizational types which fall into one or more of the three education archetypes, including the Humboldtian, Soviet and Anglo-American models. These governance models allow for differentiation of institutional interpretations of internationalization and a means of capturing the various ways in which university actors negotiate their spaces of action and translate higher education discourses into practice. The analysis addresses issues of ‘hybridity’ which is not evident in this categorization. The study attempts to problematize internationalization anew by shifting focus on non-linear accounts of the phenomenon in order to comprehend the complex, multi-faceted and often contradictory ways the process plays out across different university landscapes. The inquiry employs conceptualizations combining the Delta Cycle for Internationalization (Rumbley 2010) and a new institutional approach (North 1990). The study is structured as a single-case embedded case study design as described by Yin (2015). Data were collected via 45 semi-structured interviews with university actors and higher education stakeholder agencies, including: senior administrators, mid-level leaders, faculty members and doctoral candidates. The data were supported by scholarly literature, official documents, reports, strategy papers, grey materials, policy statements, field notes. as well as university and ministerial websites. These data were analyzed for content and triangulated according to a modified content analysis approach. This study expands and contributes knowledge on the internationalization of higher education by distinguishing variations of how the phenomenon manifested within different university settings. It examines the place of the university as an organization that not only produces and disseminates knowledge, but assimilates and adapts global knowledge to national needs. Finally, the inquiry explores internationalization as an academic innovation and a process of institutional change which shapes academic identities and legitimizes the university as a global actor.

Depuis septembre 2014, les établissements d’enseignement supérieur belges francophones ont été amenés à définir des acquis d’apprentissage pour chacun de leurs programmes. Cette thèse étudie les processus qui ont conduit à cette obligation.Les acquis d’apprentissage sont appréhendés comme un concept pédagogique aux usages divers. Ils sont mobilisés par divers instruments européens : cadre européen des certifications pour l’éducation et la formation tout au long de la vie, cadre global des qualifications pour l’espace européen de l’enseignement supérieur, assurance qualité et labels ECTS et Supplément au diplôme. Les objectifs affichés de ces instruments sont de renforcer la transparence, la lisibilité, la comparabilité et la transférabilité des qualifications afin de favoriser la mobilité des étudiants et des travailleurs.Après avoir retracé la montée en puissance de la notion de compétence dans l’enseignement, cette thèse analyse la manière dont chaque instrument a été mis en œuvre en Belgique francophone. Elle propose également une sociohistoire de la pédagogie à l’université qui a participé à l’introduction des acquis d’apprentissage dans l’enseignement supérieur de la Belgique francophone.Les données récoltés sont des discours (traités pédagogiques, textes législatifs, documents institutionnels et internationaux, entretiens semi-directifs) dont certains ont été analysés avec l’aide du logiciel de textométrie TXM. Trois cadres théoriques sont assemblés. La sociologie de la traduction est mobilisée décrire les réseaux socio-techniques qui sont construits autour des instruments analysés, les controverses que ceux-ci ont suscitées en Belgique francophone et la place qu’occupent les acquis d’apprentissage au sein de ces réseaux. Le modèle des cités de Boltanski et Thévenot est utilisé pour interpréter la logique sur laquelle les discours se construisent. Il est fait appel au concept de « dispositif européen de l’enseignement supérieur » développé par Croché et Charlier à partir des travaux de Foucault pour interpréter la manière dont convergent les conduites des acteurs de l’enseignement universitaire belge francophone. / Since September 2014, the Belgian French-speaking higher education institutions must define learning outcomes for each of their programs. This thesis studies the processes which led to this obligation.The learning outcomes are understood as an educational concept with different uses. They mobilized by various European instruments: European qualification framework, Overarching framework of qualification in the European higher education area, quality assurance, ECTS and Diploma supplement labels. The objectives of these instruments are to enhance the transparency, the readability of the qualifications in order to support the mobility of the students and the workers.First, this research describes the expansion of the concept of competence in education. Secondly, it analyses the transposition of the European instruments in the French-speaking of Belgium. Thirdly, it presents a history of pedagogy in the three main universities.The data are discourses (educational texts, laws, institutional documents, international texts, interviews). Some of these discourses are analyzed with the TXM textometry software. Three theoretical frameworks are mobilized: actor-network theory and the concept of socio-technical networks (Callon & Latour), the Economies of worth and the idea of worlds of justification (Boltanski & Thevenot), and the concept European higher education apparatus (Croché, Charlier).

Cette thèse porte sur la mise en place de l’Espace européen de l’enseignement supérieur (EEES), initié en 1998-1999 par le processus Sorbonne-Bologne, et dont l’artisan politique -souvent dénigré dans ce rôle majeur- n’est autre que le Ministre de l’Enseignement supérieur français Claude Allègre. Qualifié de processus des plus ambitieux jamais réalisé dans le domaine de l’enseignement supérieur européen, son objectif vise à instaurer une harmonisation des diplômes européens de l’enseignement supérieur, afin de rendre comparables et compatibles les systèmes nationaux de ces Etats sur la base du LMD.Initié dans le cadre d’un processus intergouvernemental, sur une base volontariste d’Etats désireux d’intégrer cet espace européen de l’enseignement supérieur prévu pour 2010, ce processus qui a tenu à l’écart la Commission européenne, du moins un temps, rassemble plus de 47 Etats signataires aujourd’hui ; près de la moitié sont des Etats extra-communautaires.L’objectif de cette étude est d’analyser le rôle et le degré de contribution de la France, et d’acteurs français au travers de la politique française menée dans ce domaine depuis la fin des années 1960, à nos jours.Une étude de cas spécifique à la France, nous permettra de nous interroger sur la place de la France dans le processus de Bologne, en présentant un état des lieux des forces et des faiblesses de la France dans le cadre de l’application de ce processus. / France and the construction of the European Higher Education Area (EHEA), since the beginning of sixties to the present day.This thesis focuses on the implementation of the European Higher Education Area (EHEA), initiated in 1998-1999 by the Sorbonne-Bologna process, and whose policy-maker often vilified in this role-has been the French Minister of National Education, Research and Technology, Claude Allègre.Identified as one of the most ambitious process ever attempted in the field of European Higher Education, its key objective is to establish harmonized European degrees of Higher Education, in order to make the national systems of these states comparable and compatible, based on the LMD.Launched as part of an intergovernmental process on voluntary basis to countries wishing to integrate this European area of Higher Education in 2010, this process that kept out, for some time, the, the European Commission, brings together more than 47 signatory States today nearly half are non-European states.The objective of this study is to analyze the role and level of contribution of France, and French actors through French policy conducted in this area in the beginning of 1960s, until present day.A case study specific to France, will allow us to consider the place of France in the Bologna process, presenting an overview of France’s strengths and weakness in the implementation of this process.

Σκοπός της παρούσας εργασίας αποτελεί η απόπειρα ανάλυσης του ευρωπαϊκού πλαισίου περί εκπαιδευτικής πολιτικής όπως αυτή εκφράστηκε μέσα από τη διαδικασία της Λισσαβόνας και τη διακήρυξη της Μπολόνια σχετικά με τη διαμόρφωση του Ευρωπαϊκού Χώρου Ανώτατης Εκπαίδευσης (ΕΧΑΕ). Επίσης θα διερευνηθούν οι πρακτικές που επηρέασαν τα κράτη μέλη, τα οποία προσανατολίστηκαν σε αναγκαίες μεταρρυθμίσεις της δομής και της οργάνωσης της ανώτατης εκπαίδευσης, ώστε να επιτευχθεί μεγαλύτερη αποτελεσματικότητα αλλά και ένας βαθμός σύγκλισης μεταξύ των διαφορετικών εκπαιδευτικών συστημάτων. Στα πλαίσια λοιπόν των παραπάνω εξελίξεων θα διερευνηθούν τα πρόσφατα μέτρα που λήφθηκαν από το γερμανικό, το γαλλικό και το ελληνικό κράτος με στόχο τον εκσυγχρονισμό και τη δημιουργία αγοράς στο εσωτερικό των ανώτατων ιδρυμάτων καθώς επίσης και η αξιολόγηση του βαθμού επιτυχίας αυτών των μέτρων. Στην μελέτη που ακολουθεί προσδιορίζουμε την μέθοδο ανάλυσης και το θεωρητικό υπόβαθρο που επιλέξαμε ως εργαλεία για την επίτευξη του στόχου μας. Κατόπιν αναλύουμε την Ευρωπαϊκή Εκπαιδευτική Πολιτική για την Ανώτατη Εκπαίδευση από το 2000 έως και το 2007. Στο πέμπτο κεφάλαιο περιγράφεται η οργάνωση της Γερμανικής Ανώτατης Εκπαίδευσης, στο έκτο κεφάλαιο η οργάνωση της Γαλλικής Ανώτατης Εκπαίδευσης και στο έβδομο κεφάλαιο η οργάνωση της Ελληνικής Ανώτατης Εκπαίδευσης. Παράλληλα αναφέρονται και οι μεταρρυθμιστικές προσπάθειες που κατέβαλαν τα κράτη όσο αφορά τη βελτίωση και τη συμμόρφωση των συστημάτων ανώτατης εκπαίδευσης σύμφωνα με τη διαδικασία της Μπολόνια. Στο όγδοο κεφάλαιο επιχειρείται μια ερμηνευτική προσέγγιση των ευρημάτων και τέλος στο ένατο και τελευταίο κεφάλαιο παραθέτουμε συνοπτικά τα συμπεράσματά μας. / In this research we have tried to find out, to interpret and to analyze the influence of the European’s Higher Education Policy upon the Higher Education Institutions from 2000 until 2007, in Germany, France and Greece through the Bologna Process. We interpret also the implementation of recent reforms upon the Higher Education Institutions in the three countries. We have tried to clarify the present trends but also the future challenges in this issue.

A tese analisa mudanças que estão ocorrendo nos cursos de medicina no Brasil, a partir do Programa Mais Médicos e dos Novos Parâmetros Curriculares, e na Espanha, a partir da criação do Espaço Europeu de Educação Superior (EEES), visando desenvolver um novo perfil médico. No Brasil, visa-se uma formação geral, humanista, que qualifique médicos para atuar principalmente na Atenção Básica do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Na Espanha, investe-se na formação de um médico que associe a pesquisa à sua prática, criando um profissional mais competitivo. Do currículo de dois cursos foram selecionadas as disciplinas de Saúde Coletiva e Seminário Integrador, na Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, e Inovação Biomédica e Novas Tecnologias, na Universidade de Valladolid. Foram realizadas observações em aula, entrevistas com professores e aplicados questionários com alunos dos dois cursos. Utilizou-se a metodologia de Estudo de Caso (YIN, 2005; STAKE, 2010), com apoio no estudo comparado (BADIE; HERMET, 1993). A concepção de inovação nesta tese se sustenta em autores como Santos, Lucarelli, Leite, Cunha, dentre outros. Considera-se inovação em educação: um movimento de ruptura com o modelo de conhecimento hegemônico da ciência; que seja promotora de participação e protagonismo dos sujeitos; de relações sustentadas na cooperação e solidariedade; de partilha de saberes e de poderes; integração de teoria e prática e de ensino e trabalho; que pode ocorrer em diferentes cenários de aprendizagem. A inovação pedagógica também foi considerada em relação ao grau de distanciamento com o padrão tradicional de formação médica. Acredita-se que o que está em jogo, em especial no cenário brasileiro, é a disputa entre dois modelos de atenção e formação médica. Foi possível identificar a coexistência de dois modelos de formação nos casos estudados: o biomédico, tradicional, presente na racionalidade médica e nas práticas pedagógicas, bem como na resistência de alguns alunos e professores, que não aceitam a proposta voltada para Atenção Básica, integralidade e humanização, no caso brasileiro; e, no caso espanhol, a tensão aparece igualmente na resistência e descrença à inovações de práticas pedagógicas e propostas fora do modelo hegemônico da ciência. Para análise do campo médico e de certas resistências encontradas na formação no Brasil e Espanha foram utilizados conceitos de Bourdieu. / The thesis analyzes the changes taking place in Medicine courses in Brazil through the “More Doctors” Program and the New Curricular Parameters; and in Spain, through the creation of the European Higher Education Area (EHEA), aiming to develop a new medical profile. In Brazil, it aims a general, humanist education that qualifies doctors to act mainly in Basic Health Care from Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS). In Spain, they invest in the education of a physician who associates research to his or her practice, creating a more competitive professional. From the curriculum of two courses, the subjects of Collective Health and Integrator Seminar, at the Federal University of Fronteira Sul, and Biomedical Innovation and New Technologies, at the University of Valladolid, were selected. Class observations, interview with professors were made and questionnaires with students from the two courses were applied. Case Study Method was used (YIN, 2005; STAKE, 2010), through a comparative approach (BADIE; HERMET, 1993). The conception of innovation in this thesis is supported by authors such as Lucarelli, Leite, Cunha, among others. It is considered innovation in education: a rupture movement with the hegemonic Science knowledge model; that promotes participation; of relations based on cooperation and solidarity; of knowledge and power sharing; integration of theory and practice and of teaching and working. It may occur in different learning scenarios. The pedagogical innovation was also considered in relation to the degree of detachment with the traditional pattern of medical education. It is believed that what is at stake, especially in Brazilian scenario, is the dispute between two models of care and medical education. It was possible to identify the coexistence of two education models in the two cases studied: the biomedical, traditional, present in medical rationality and in pedagogical practices, as well as in the resistance of some students and professor, who do not accept the proposal focused on Basic Health Care, integrality and humanization, in Brazilian case; in the Spanish case, the tension also appears in the resistance and disbelief to the innovation of pedagogical practices and in the proposals out of the hegemonic Science model. For analysis of medical field and of certain resistances found in education in Brazil and Spain, Bourdieu’s concepts were used. / Esta tesis analiza los cambios que están ocurriendo en los cursos de medicina en Brasil, a partir del Programa Más Médicos y los Nuevos Parámetros Curriculares; y en España, a partir de la creación del Espacio Europeo de la Educación Superior (EEES), con el objetivo de desarrollar un nuevo perfil médico. En Brasil, se objetiva una formación general, humanista, que cualifique médicos para actuar principalmente en la Atención Básica del Sistema Único de Salud (SUS). En España, se objetiva la formación de un médico que asocie la investigación a su práctica, creando un profesional más competitivo. Del currículo de los dos cursos, fueron seleccionadas las asignaturas de Salud Colectiva y Seminario Integrador en la Universidad Federal da Fronteira Sul, e Innovación Biomédica y Nuevas Tecnologías en la Universidad de Valladolid. Fueron realizadas observaciones en clase, entrevistas con profesores y se aplicaron cuestionarios con alumnos de los dos cursos. Fue utilizada la metodología Estudio de Caso (YIN, 2005; STAKE, 2010), con apoyo en el estudio comparado (BADIE; HERMET, 1993). La concepción de innovación en esta tesis, está sustentada en autores como Santos, Lucarelli, Leite, Cunha, entre otros. Se considera innovación en educación: un movimiento de ruptura con el modelo de conocimiento hegemónico de la ciencia; que promueva la participación y la protagonización de los sujetos; de relaciones sustentadas en la cooperación y la solidaridad; de compartir saberes y poderes; integración de teoría y práctica, y de enseñanza y trabajo; y, pudiendo ocurrir en diferentes escenarios del aprendizaje. La innovación pedagógica también fue considerada en relación al grado de distanciamiento con el modelo tradicional de la formación médica. Se cree que lo que está en juego, en especial en el escenario brasileño, es la disputa entre dos modelos de atención y formación médica. Fue posible identificar la existencia de dos modelos de formación en los casos estudiados: el biomédico, tradicional, presente en la racionalidad médica y en las prácticas pedagógicas, así como, la resistencia de algunos alumnos y profesores, que no aceptan la propuesta enfocada en la Atención Básica, integralidad y humanización, en el caso brasileño; y, en el caso español, la tensión aparece de igual forma en la resistencia y descreimiento con respecto a las innovaciones de prácticas y propuestas fuera del modelo hegemónico de la ciencia. Para el análisis del campo médico y de ciertas resistencias encontradas en la formación, en Brasil y España, fueron utilizados los conceptos de Bourdieu.