The thesis "Legal framework of European union funding programmes for innovation projects" aims to familiarize the reader with the issues of financing projects from structural and investment funds of the European Union and to inform him about the latest changes, which should have positive impact on beneficiaries. The objectives of the thesis were reached by analysis and comparison of European and national legislation. The work is focusing particularly on innovation projects and on the innovative potential of the Slovak Republic, which should be reached by 2020 with the help from EU. Conclusion is that the new programming period 2014 -- 2020 in new EU legislation brings a number of crucial and positive changes, but their implementation at national level in form of individual operational programs is weak and does not use all potential that is brought by new EU regulations

V Summary The question of quality of legislation in Modern Age is omnipresent in political, philosophical and in legal discourse. Especially in connection with structures which are different from classical national state concepts such as the European Union, it is very hard to set up conditions of good legislation. The main aim of this Thesis is analysis of today's state of affairs and to create a comprehensive structure of good legislation principles applied in the EU. The author is dealing with the fact that classical legal theory is usually applied on EU situation terms in their classical - Westphalian state - meanings. The purpose of this work is, therefore, to adapt these classical terms to a situation of EU and CJEU case law. For that reason, the author is critically assessing classical legal theorist's principle models as well as models created by experts in the field of legislation or European Union law. The outcome is supposed to be a merge between these models, which can provide the reader with deeper understanding of normative model of Union legislation. EU legislative style is a merge of the majority of legislative traditions of Member States, therefore, in certain circumstances it is hardly understandable for everybody. The main presumption here is MacCormmick's theory of interdependence of...

In the theoretical part I tried describe most basic terms of the law of public procurement, because of easier understanding of this topic. In this part I also tried assess the condition of transparency of public procurement in Czech Republic. Then I desribed the basic principles, which relating to standards of transparency of public procurement. These principles were defined by the OECD. I also tried to explatin, how European legislation solves the issue of transparency in public procurement. In the practical part, I focused on several practical examples related to non-transparent public procurement, where are seen various shortcomings in the process of public procurement. In one of the other chapter of thesis is shown a short statistical overview about public procurement in Czech Republic and also overview about public availability of informations related to public procurement in selected OECD countries. In this part I made a short comparison of legal measures in Czech Republic with the principles of transparency of public procurement, which are defined by the OECD. I also tried suggest possible effective solutions to improve the current situation.

The text discusses the evolving digital workplace, emphasizing the rise of cybercrime and the need for innovative investigative approaches. It explores the surge in web-based whistleblowing tools in Europe, driven by legislation, and delves into the functionalities and challenges of these tools, including issues of anonymity and data protection. The paper also highlights the role of AI-based forensic tools in government agencies, covering their benefits and potential risks. The use of AI in law enforcement is explored, acknowledging its effectiveness but also cautioning against biases and associated risks. The conclusion stresses the importance of balancing opportunities and risks, particularly in the context of legal and ethical considerations.

Mestrado em Direito / Law / O principal objectivo desta dissertação é analisar o panorama legislativo actual, no seio da Europa e, com especial incidência na União Europeia, relativo à protecção jurídica dos programas de computador, bem como os tipos de regime que foram sendo adoptados, nomeadamente, pelos países europeus, desde o surgimento do programa de computador. Os programas de computador são obras funcionais e aparentam ser obras literárias, pois apresentam-se numa expressão linguística. Contudo, têm uma espinha dorsal de natureza maquinal : são o suporte lógico, o cérebro dos computadores 1. A dissertação centra-se na protecção dos programas de computador pelos Direitos de Autor e pelo Direito de Patentes, os dois meios de protecção reconhecidos como mais adequados pela maioria da doutrina, com manifesta expressão na legislação. Analisa-se, também, de forma breve, o panorama legislativo referente à protecção conferida aos programas de computador, a nível nacional, assim como a evolução nos Estados Unidos da América. Mediante a análise de um Caso de estudo, reconhece-se a importância da previsão legal da protecção das invenções implementadas por computador, bem como a possibilidade de concessão de uma patente única, no sentido de garantir às empresas europeias oportunidades de negócio e uma protecção eficaz das suas invenções / The main goal of this dissertation is to analyze the current legal scenery, within Europe and, with particular focus on European Union, concerning the legal protection of computer programs, as well as the types of arrangements that have been adopted, particularly by European countries, since the advent of the computer program. Computer programs are functional works and appear to be literary works, because they present themselves in a linguistic expression. However, they have a backbone of 'mechanical' nature: they are the logical foundation, they are computer s brains 2. The dissertation focuses on the protection of computer programs by Copyright and the Patents law, the two means of protection recognized as the most appropriate for the majority of the doctrine, with a clear expression in the legislation. We also briefly analyzed the regulatory scenery concerning the protection afforded to computer programs, on a national level as well as developments in the United States of America. Through analysis of a case study, the importance of the legal provision of computer-related inventions protection is recognized, as well as the possibility of granting a single patent to ensure business opportunities for European companies and effective protection for their inventions.

La phytothérapie consiste en l’utilisation thérapeutique de plantes ou de médicaments à base de plantes, sous forme de spécialités pharmaceutiques, de préparations (magistrales ou officinales) ou de produits officinaux divisés. On entend par médicament à base de plantes (MABP) « tout médicament dont les substances actives sont exclusivement une ou plusieurs substances végétales ou préparations à base de plantes ou une association d’une ou de plusieurs substances végétales ou préparations à base de plantes ». Il s’agit donc de médicaments à part entière qui sont ainsi soumis aux mêmes exigences de qualité que celles requises pour tout autre médicament. La directive 2004/24/CE, permet toutefois quelques assouplissements autorisant à fournir des données toxicologiques et cliniques purement bibliographiques, lorsque les conditions requises pour pouvoir bénéficier d'un tel "enregistrement de l'usage traditionnel" sont remplies. Quant aux médicaments dont l'usage médical est "bien établi", ils peuvent également faire l'objet d'une dispense d'essais cliniques, mais les données toxicologiques les concernant doivent néanmoins être fournies. Cette législation européenne vise à garantir au patient la qualité, la sécurité et l'efficacité des remèdes qu'il consomme, à permettre le libre choix thérapeutique, la libre circulation des médicaments au sein de l’Union Européenne ainsi que la préservation des ressources naturelles végétales et le respect de la propriété intellectuelle et pourrait inspirer d'autres pays du monde qui ne disposent pas à ce jour des outils législatifs nécessaires à la réglementation de leurs remèdes traditionnels, en particulier les pays africains. / Herbal medicine consists in therapeutical use of plants or herbal medicinal products, in the form of patent medicines, magistral or pharmaceutical preparations or divided pharmaceutical products. It is meant by herbal medicinal product “any medicine the active substances of which are exclusively one or several herbal preparations or an association of one or several herbal substances or herbal preparations”. Herbal medicine are therefore full medicines and as such, they are submitted to the same quality requirements than those required for any other medicine. The directive 2004/24/EC of the European Parliament and ofthe Council of 31 March 2004 amending, as regards traditional herbal medicinal products, the directive 2001/83/EC on the Community code relative to medicinal products for human use, however permits some relaxings allowing to supply purely bibliographical toxicological and clinical data when the conditions required to be able to enjoy such a “traditional useregistration” are fulfilled. As regards herbal medicines the medicinal use of which have been proved as “well-established”, they are able to enjoy an exemption of clinical studies too, but toxicological data concerning these ones should nevertheless be produced. This European legislation aims to guarantee for the patient quality, safety and efficacy of the remedies he consumes, to permit free therapeutic choice and free movement of herbal medicines within the European Union, as well as preservation of natural vegetal resources (vegetal biodiversity) and respect of intellectual property of the traditional knowledges holders. It could be applicated in other countries like African countries, too.