Во введении обоснована актуальность темы ВКР, определены объект и предмет исследования, сформулирована цель работы, поставлены задачи, которые необходимо решить для достижения цели исследования, обозначена степень разработанности темы, показана научная новизна результатов проведенного исследования. В первой главе на основе анализа теоретических основ управления проектами показано, что знание их необходимо для корректной оценки качества инвестиционно-строительного проекта (ИСП). Во второй главе на основе анализа показателей качества решений проектно-конструкторской документации, показано, что для оценки качества ИСП целесообразно рассматривать: проектные решения, проектно-конструкторскую деятельность и исполнение проектной документации. В третьей главе описаны методики оценки качества инвестиционно-строительного проекта, проведен сравнительный анализ методик на основе их применения на примере конкретного объекта капитального строительства (физкультурно-спортивный комплекс). В заключении приведены результаты, полученные в ходе исследования, и основные выводы по ВКР. / In the introduction the relevance of the final qualifying work is substantiated, the object and subject of research are defined, the purpose of the work is formulated, tasks are set, the scientific novelty of research is shown. In the first chapter it is shown based on the analysis of the theoretical foundations of project management that knowledge of them is necessary for a correct assessment of the quality of an investment construction project. In the second chapter it is shown based on the analysis of the quality indicators of design documentation solutions that it is advisable to consider: design solutions, design activities and execution of design documentation to assess the quality of an investment construction project. The third chapter describes the methods of assessing the quality of an investment and construction project, a comparative analysis of the methods based on their application on the example of a specific object of capital construction (a sports complex). In conclusion, the results obtained during the study and the main conclusions on the work are presented.

The main goal of this thesis is to propose an evaluation method for visual interface design and more specifically for website design. The proposed visual design evaluation method is an adaptation of Preference Mapping (PM) techniques. It is based on overall preference ratings after multiple comparisons of alternative designs and on various multivariate statistical techniques for the analysis, visualization and interpretation of the resulting data. The suitability of the approach for visual interface design evaluation has been explored in four case studies involving overall 149 participants judging 51 websites. In each case study a different website domain was explored in order to examine whether the importance of certain design characteristics is context specific. Heterogeneity in preferences and perceptions was also studied showing that average construct scores are only representative for subsections of the participant sample. In order to aid the preference interpretation process additional data about study websites have been collected from three distinct sources: a) Subjective construct ratings provided by the participants after preference evaluation b) Descriptive attribute ratings obtained from trained expert panel on the same websites c) Objective measures of visual characteristics of the websites In each case study the potential of these types of measurements to explain preference variance has been investigated individually and in combination. The results showed that depending on the characteristics of each case study varying combinations of these types of data had the best explanatory power. A variety of methods (e.g. Internal and External PM) and statistical techniques (e.g. Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Generalized Procrustes Analysis (GPA) and Partial Least Squares (PLS)) have been used in order to summarize and visualize participant preference data of all case studies. In general, the method proposed in this thesis has several advantages over other visual design evaluation methods as for example use of standardized questionnaires. The method is flexible and can be used in various stages of design development but most importantly it allows for the identification of important visual design characteristics without ignoring the diversity that exist both among users and among website domains. These advantages have been demonstrated in the visual design evaluation studies presented in this thesis involving websites from four distinct domains. / Ο στόχος της παρούσας διατριβής είναι η πρόταση και ανάπτυξη μεθόδου αξιολόγησης διεπιφανειών χρήστη που θα λαμβάνει υπόψη τόσο τα αντικειμενικά χαρακτηριστικά σχεδιασμού, όσο και την υποκειμενική διάσταση που διέπει αξιολογήσεις με επίκεντρο τον χρήστη. Για την επίτευξη του στόχου αυτού αναπτύχθηκε μέθοδος αξιολόγησης, η οποία βασίζεται στην συγκριτική αξιολόγηση εναλλακτικών σχεδιασμών κατά την φάση συλλογής δεδομένων και στην χαρτογράφηση προτίμησης κατά την φάση ανάλυσης αποτελεσμάτων. Για την διερεύνηση της καταλληλότητας της προτεινόμενης μεθόδου αξιολόγησης, διεξήχθησαν τέσσερις μελέτες περίπτωσης κατά τις οποίες αξιολογήθηκαν συνολικά 51 ιστοσελίδες από 149 αξιολογητές. Κάθε μελέτη περίπτωσης διερευνούσε διαφορετική κατηγορία ιστοσελίδων και διαφορετικά σενάρια χρήσης της μεθόδου (π.χ. φάση προδιαγραφών, αξιολόγηση πρωτοτύπων κ.α.), έτσι ώστε να αξιολογηθεί η δυνατότητα της μεθόδου να εφαρμοστεί σε διαφορετικές συνθήκες. Σημαντικό πλεονέκτημα της προτεινόμενης μεθόδου είναι η δυνατότητα αναγνώρισης ετερογένειας απόψεων του δείγματος, η οποία σε άλλες μεθόδους αξιολόγησης θεωρείται θόρυβος στα δεδομένα και παραβλέπεται. Τα αποτελέσματα των αξιολογήσεων αναδεικνύουν σημαντική ετερογένεια αλλά και σχετική συμφωνία στις προτιμήσεις και αντιλήψεις των συμμετεχόντων. Με στόχο την ερμηνεία των αποτελεσμάτων από τα πειράματα αξιολόγησης διερευνήθηκαν τρεις πηγές δεδομένων πέρα από τις ταξινομήσεις προτίμησης από τους συμμετέχοντες σε όλες τις μελέτες περίπτωσης: α) αξιολογήσεις βάσει υποκειμενικών χαρακτηριστικών από τους ίδιους τους συμμετέχοντες που ταξινόμησαν τις ιστοσελίδες με βάση την προτίμηση τους β) αξιολογήσεις περιγραφικών και αντικειμενικών σχεδιαστικών χαρακτηριστικών από ομάδα εκπαιδευμένων εμπειρογνωμόνων γ) Αντικειμενικές μετρήσεις σχεδιαστικών χαρακτηριστικών με αυτόματα και ημιαυτόματα εργαλεία αναγνώρισης εικόνας Η δυνατότητα να ερμηνευτούν οι προτιμήσεις των χρηστών με την βοήθεια αυτών των πηγών δεδομένων, διερευνήθηκε ξεχωριστά αλλά και σε συνδυασμό σε κάθε μελέτη περίπτωσης. Στόχος ήταν να αποτιμηθεί η δυνατότητα συσχέτισης δεδομένων που διακατέχονται από διαφορετικά επίπεδα υποκειμενισμού με τις προτιμήσεις των συμμετεχόντων. Ιδανικά, θα αρκούσαν αντικειμενικές μετρήσεις και δεν θα επιβαρύνονταν οι χρήστες με επιπλέον βαθμολογήσεις των διεπιφανειών. Τα αποτελέσματα όμως έδειξαν ότι ένας συνδυασμός αντικειμενικών και υποκειμενικών χαρακτηριστικών ήταν ο βέλτιστος για την επιτυχή ερμηνεία των προτιμήσεων των χρηστών. Η μέθοδος αξιολόγησης που προτείνεται στα πλαίσια αυτής της διατριβής παρουσιάζει συγκριτικά πλεονεκτήματα σε σχέση με την χρήση τυποποιημένων ερωτηματολόγιων που είναι η επικρατέστερη μέθοδος στον χώρο της επικοινωνίας ανθρώπου υπολογιστή. Τα πλεονεκτήματα αυτά σχετίζονται κυρίως με την ευελιξία της μεθόδου και γίνονται εμφανή στις μελέτες αξιολόγησης που διεξήχθησαν με στόχο την εφαρμογή της μεθόδου για την αξιολόγηση ιστοσελίδων που ανήκουν σε τέσσερα διαφορετικά πεδία εφαρμογής.

Surprise is an important component of serendipity. In this research, we address the problem of measuring the capacity of a recommender system at embedding surprise in its recommendations. We show that changes in surprise of an item owing to the growth in user experience, as well as to the increase in the number of items in the repository, are not taken into account by the current metrics and evaluation methods. As a result, in so far as the time elapsed between two measurements grows, they become increasingly incommensurable. This poses as an additional challenge in the assessment of the degree to which a recommender is exposed to unfavourable conditions, such as over-specialisation or filter bubble. We argue that a) surprise is a finite resource in any recommender system, b) there are limits to the amount of surprise that can be embedded in a recommendation, and c) these limits allow us to create a scale up in which two measurements that were taken at different moments can be directly compared. By adopting these ideas as premises, we applied the deductive method to define the concepts of maximum and minimum potential surprises and designed a surprise metric called \"normalised surprise\" that employs these limits. Our main contribution is an evaluation method that estimates the normalised surprise of a system. Four experiments were conducted to test the proposed metrics. The aim of the first and the second experiments was to validate the quality of the estimates of minimum and maximum potential surprise values obtained by means of a greedy algorithm. The first experiment employed a synthetic dataset to explore the limits to surprise to a user, and the second one employed the Movielens-1M to explore the limits to surprise that can be embedded in a recommendation list. The third experiment also employed the Movielens-1M dataset and was designed to investigate the effect that changes in item representation and item comparison exert on surprise. Finally, the fourth experiment compares the proposed and the current state-of-the-art evaluation method in terms of their results and execution times. The results obtained from the experiments a) confirm that the quality of the estimates of potential surprise are adequate for the purpose of evaluating normalised surprise; b) show that the item representation and comparison model that is adopted has a strong effect on surprise; and c) indicate an association between high degrees of surprise and negatively skewed pairwise distance distributions, and also indicate a significant difference in the average normalised surprise of recommendations produced by a factorisation algorithm when the surprise employs the cosine or the Euclidean distance / A surpresa é um componente importante da serendipidade. Nesta pesquisa, abordamos o problema de medir a capacidade de um sistema de recomendação de incorporar surpresa em suas recomendações. Mostramos que as mudanças na surpresa de um item, devidas ao crescimento da experiência do usuário e ao aumento do número de itens no repositório, não são consideradas pelas métricas e métodos de avaliação atuais. Como resultado, na medida em que aumenta o tempo decorrido entre duas medições, essas se tornam cada vez mais incomensuráveis. Isso se apresenta como um desafio adicional na avaliação do grau em que um sistema de recomendação está exposto a condições desfavoráveis como superespecialização ou filtro invisível. Argumentamos que a) surpresa é um recurso finito em qualquer sistema de recomendação; b) há limites para a quantidade de surpresa que pode ser incorporada em uma recomendação; e c) esses limites nos permitem criar uma escala na qual duas medições que foram tomadas em momentos diferentes podem ser comparadas diretamente. Ao adotar essas ideias como premissas, aplicamos o método dedutivo para definir os conceitos de surpresa potencial máxima e mínima e projetar uma métrica denominada \"surpresa normalizada\", que emprega esses limites. Nossa principal contribuição é um método de avaliação que estima a surpresa normalizada de um sistema. Quatro experimentos foram realizados para testar as métricas propostas. O objetivo do primeiro e do segundo experimentos foi validar a qualidade das estimativas de surpresa potencial mínima e máxima obtidas por meio de um algoritmo guloso. O primeiro experimento empregou um conjunto de dados sintético para explorar os limites de surpresa para um usuário, e o segundo empregou o Movielens-1M para explorar os limites da surpresa que pode ser incorporada em uma lista de recomendações. O terceiro experimento também empregou o conjunto de dados Movielens-1M e foi desenvolvido para investigar o efeito que mudanças na representação de itens e na comparação de itens exercem sobre a surpresa. Finalmente, o quarto experimento compara os métodos de avaliação atual e proposto em termos de seus resultados e tempos de execução. Os resultados que foram obtidos dos experimentos a) confirmam que a qualidade das estimativas de surpresa potencial são adequadas para o propósito de avaliar surpresa normalizada; b) mostram que o modelo de representação e comparação de itens adotado exerce um forte efeito sobre a surpresa; e c) apontam uma associação entre graus de surpresa elevados e distribuições assimétricas negativas de distâncias, e também apontam diferenças significativas na surpresa normalizada média de recomendações produzidas por um algoritmo de fatoração quando a surpresa emprega a distância do cosseno ou a distância Euclidiana

To achieve a shared blueprint for peace and prosperity for people and the planet, the United Nations has defined the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, including economic, social, and environmental sustainability as three pillars. This thesis work is aimed at building a sustainability evaluation framework to investigate the product, which in this study is transformer insulating liquid. What’s more, this study focuses on the sustainability evaluation of the extraction step of the raw material which is crude oil and vegetable oil for insulating liquids. The evaluation method is based on the triangular fuzzy number variables, which represent the ambiguity of linguistic variables. Meanwhile, the sustainable development goals are discussed and developed into feasible evaluation criteria. According to the defined criteria, the performance of each indicator is taken from published literature, reports, and official organization. After that, the sustainability index of each oil is calculated and compared, thus a general sustainable result is given. The result shows that mineral oil is more sustainable than vegetable oil only in economic sustainability, while in other aspects including the overall aspect vegetable oil is more sustainable than mineral oil. Among that, mineral oil performs most weakly in environmental sustainability, while vegetable oil is in economic sustainability. Furthermore, the framework designed is expected to be used to evaluate the entire life cycle of a product and can be referred to in future supply chain improvement, since more indexes can be developed based on the mathematics fuzzy number calculation principle. / För att uppnå en gemensam plan för fred och välstånd för människor och planeten har FN definierat 2030-agendan för hållbar utveckling, inklusive ekonomisk, social och miljömässig hållbarhet, som tre pelare. Detta examensarbete syftar till att bygga ett ramverk för hållbarhetsutvärdering för att undersöka produkten, som i denna studie är transformatorisoleringsvätska. Dessutom fokuserar denna studie på hållbarhetsutvärderingen av utvinningssteget av råmaterialet som är råolja och vegetabilisk olja för isolerande vätskor. Utvärderingsmetoden är baserad på de triangulära luddiga talvariablerna, som representerar tvetydigheten hos språkliga variabler. Samtidigt diskuteras målen för hållbar utveckling och utvecklas till genomförbara utvärderingskriterier. Enligt de definierade kriterierna är prestandan för varje indikator hämtad från publicerad litteratur, rapporter och officiell organisation. Därefter beräknas och jämförs hållbarhetsindexet för varje olja, vilket ger ett generellt hållbart resultat. Resultatet visar att mineralolja är mer hållbar än vegetabilisk olja endast i ekonomisk hållbarhet, medan i andra aspekter inklusive den övergripande aspekten är vegetabilisk olja mer hållbar än mineralolja. Bland annat presterar mineralolja sämst i miljömässig hållbarhet, medan vegetabilisk olja har ekonomisk hållbarhet. Dessutom förväntas det utformade ramverket användas för att utvärdera hela livscykeln för en produkt och kan hänvisas till i framtida förbättringar av försörjningskedjan, eftersom fler index kan utvecklas baserat på matematikens luddiga talberäkningsprincip.