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Thesis (M.A.)--Duquesne University, 2003. / Title from document title page. Abstract included in electronic submission form. Includes bibliographical references (p. 85-94).

Human languages are not just tools for transmitting cultural ideas, they are themselves culturally transmitted. This single observation has major implications for our understanding of how and why languages around the world are structured the way they are, and also for how scientists should be studying them. Accounting for the origins of what turns out to be such a uniquely human ability is, and should be, a priority for anyone interested in what makes us different from every other lifeform on Earth. The way the scientific community thinks about language has seen considerable changes over the years. In particular, we have witnessed movements away from a purely descriptive science of language, towards a more explanatory framework that is willing to embrace the difficult questions of not just how individual languages are currently structured and used, but also how and why they got to be that way in the first place. Seeing languages as historical entities is, of course, nothing new in linguistics. Seeing languages as complex adaptive systems, undergoing processes of evolution at multiple levels of interaction however, is. Broadly speaking, this thesis explores some of the implications that this perspective on language has, and argues that in addition to furthering our understanding of the processes of biological evolution and the mechanisms of individual learning required specifically for language, we also need to be mindful of the less well-understood cultural processes that mediate between the two. Human communication systems are not just direct expressions of our genes. Neither are they independently acquired by learners anew at every generation. Instead, languages are transmitted culturally from one generation to another, creating an opportunity for a different kind of evolutionary channel to exist. It is a central aim of this thesis to explore some of the adaptive dynamics that such a cultural channel has, and investigate the extent to which certain structural and statistical properties of language can be directly explained as adaptations to the transmission process and the learning biases of speakers. In order to address this aim, this thesis takes an experimental approach. Building on a rich set of empirical results from various computational simulations and mathematical models, it presents a novel methodological framework for exploring one type of cultural transmission mechanism, iterated learning, in the laboratory using human participants. In these experiments, we observe the evolution of artificial languages as they are acquired and then transmitted to new learners. Although there is no communication involved in these studies, and participants are unaware that their learning efforts are being propagated to future learners, we find that many functional features of language emerge naturally from the different constraints imposed upon them during transmission. These constraints can take a variety of forms, both internal and external to the learner. Taken collectively, the data presented here suggest several points: (i) that iterated language learning experiments can provide us with new insights about the emergence and evolution of language; (ii) that language-like structure can emerge as a result of cultural transmission alone; and (iii) that whilst structure in these systems has the appearance of design, and is in some sense ‘created’ by intentional beings, its emergence is in fact wholly the result of non-intentional processes. Put simply, cultural evolution plays a vital role in language. This work extends our framework for understanding it, and offers a new method for investigating it.

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The evolutionary biology of 14 species of Maniolini (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) was studied. Electrophoretic analysis of 35 enzyme loci identified a larger number of alleles than an1 levels of polymorphism similar to those found in other Lepidoptera. In Maniola jurtina, some populations exhibited a massive heterozygote deficit and sex associated allele frequency differentiation at the GOT-l locus. Allele frequencies in pre- and post-aestivation jurtina from southern Europe were significantly different. At some loci, significant annual differences in allele frequencies were noted. A significant correlation between geographic and genetic distance in allele frequencies was observed, but no correlation was detected between heterozygosity and land area in insular populations. Cluster analysis and nonmetric multidimensional scaling per~ormed on electrophoretic data from populations of Maniola jurtina revealed a dichotomy between 'Eastern' and 'Western' subspecies groups. The analysis of Manioline species fitted existing taxonomies. Genetic differences between Maniola species were much smaller than those between Pyronia and Hyponephele species. Ultrastructural studies of the Maniola Jullien organs revealed a species-specific tooth pattern on the inner surfaces. It is suggested that these structures may be sound production mechanisms of great evolutionary significance to the species. Maniolini ova were studied and it is suggested that their form and chorionic sculpturing owe much to selection induced by oviposition strategy. Chaetotaxy of first instar larvae was undertaken and morphometric analysis of setal lengths was found to be useful, but not unambiguous. Multivariate analysis of chaetotaxy data showed a significant correlation with electrophoretic data. viii The evolution and zoogeography of Maniola is discussed. It is suggested that disjunction, founder effect, rapid post-glacial colonisation and bottlenecking have played a major roles in effecting rapid speciation. It is further suggested that all Maniola species are very recent, perhaps having evolved within the last 50,000 years, and some species almost certainly have evolved in postglacial times •

The core aim of this interdisciplinary research is to provide a critical analysis of the influence of Darwinism and Social Darwinism on a sample of modern Chinese writings. To achieve these aims, the researcher uses a range of both Chinese and English sources to explore their close affinities with Darwinism and Social Darwinism. Following this course, the research examines how Darwinian thought was introduced to the Chinese reading public in the late nineteenth century through a translation of Thomas Henry Huxley’s Evolution and Ethics by Yen Fu, and the subsequent impact of this work and Darwinian thought in general on seven literary and political figures: K'ang Yu-wei, Liang Qichao, Lu Xun, Hu Shih, Chen Duxiu, Sun Yat-sen and Mao Zedong. From an historical perspective, the Opium Wars and imperial invasions of China in the nineteenth century severely weakened the country’s political, economic, diplomatic, military, educational and cultural power. For these reasons and others, from 1840 to 1949, China experienced a tumultuous period of social and political transformation, which has eventually led to her revival in the twenty-first century. It will be seen that each of the literary figures examined here used evolutionary thought to justify revolution at various points on China’s long march to modernity. Progressive Darwinian ideas sharply contrasted with the old Confucian values upheld within Chinese communities. Nevertheless, the faults and weaknesses of Qing China awakened many pioneering revolutionaries who sought to reverse the status quo by initiating a series of radical reforms and revolutionary movements. Many within the Chinese intellectual elite looked to the tide of change and progress coming from the West, which they hoped might replace the recent historical stagnation and Confucian dogma embedded in Chinese culture and society. In this vein, many of these pioneering revolutionaries set about driving the historical transformation of China by selecting, translating and interpreting Darwinian ideas in their own writings. From Yen Fu in the nineteenth century to Mao Zedong in the twentieth century, evolutionary thought went hand in hand with China’s modernization.

Understanding the processes that have affected the diversification of herbaceous plants is fundamental to understand how flowering plants evolve, how ecosystems form and to predict the effect of climate change and geological events in plant communities. Aiming to create a strong phylogenetic framework where biogeographic and morphological hypothesis can be tested a higher level dated phylogeny of Gesneriaceae was produced. Gesneriaceae is a good study group as it has variable floral morphology, a broad distribution throughout the tropics and subtropics - represented in all non-arid tropical and subtropical hotspots of biodiversity. There are evident differences between lineages in the numbers of species, and it is comparatively well studied compared with other asterid families. In this study a consolidated taxonomic hypothesis of Gesneriaceae is suggested based on a genus level phylogeny, the ages of the main lineages of the family are presented, the effect of geological events are explored, the geographic origin of lineages are suggested and an insight into the effect of floral morphology on the evolution of the family is given. Limiting the taxonomic scope and focusing on a single family should help us better understand how flowering plants diversify.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2003. / Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xiv, 131 p.; also includes graphics. Includes abstract and vita. Advisor: David L. Haury, College of Education. Includes bibliographical references (p. 97-104).

Thesis (M.S.)--Michigan State University. Interdepartmental Biological Sciences, 2008. / Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Aug. 3, 2009) Includes bibliographical references (p.166-168). Also issued in print.