Most common diseases have substantial heritable components but are characterized by complex inheritance patterns implicating numerous genetic and environmental factors. A longstanding goal of human genetics research is to delineate the genetic architecture of these traits - the number, frequencies, and effect sizes of disease-causing alleles - to inform mapping studies, elucidate mechanisms of disease, and guide development of targeted clinical therapies and diagnostics. Although vast empirical genetic data has now been collected for common diseases, different and contradictory hypotheses have been advocated about features of genetic architecture (e.g., the contribution of rare vs. common variants). Here, we present a framework which combines multiple empirical datasets and simulation studies to enable systematic testing of hypotheses about both global and locus-specific complex trait architecture. We apply this to type 2 diabetes (T2D).

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This thesis shows that consumers' behaviour has a decisive impact on the innovative behaviour of firms and on the development of industry. As a framework, an evolutionary simulation model is chosen, and market interactions are modelled according to a search theoretic approach.

L'industrie des télécommunications connait une profonde évolution. Face au développement denouveaux usages sur les téléphones mobiles, les acteurs historiques de la téléphonie mobile(opérateurs de réseaux et fabricants de terminaux) doivent s'adapter à un nouvel environnementtechnologique et concurrentiel. Concrètement, ce nouvel environnement s'appuie technologiquementsur l'extension des usages d'objets numériques (logiciels et contenus pouvant être professionnels,personnels ou de loisir), il sert donc de tremplin pour des acteurs plus ou moins matures venant desindustries logicielles, culturelles et de l'Internet. Partant de ce constat, notre thèse repose sur l'idée queles acteurs historiques de la téléphonie mobile doivent s'adapter à ce nouvel environnement afin demaintenir leur position, ainsi qu'apprendre à se coordonner avec les nouveaux entrants de l’industrie,car la coordination est nécessaire à l'émergence du marché des services mobiles. Nous commençonsdonc par faire une analyse historique de l’émergence de l’industrie des services mobiles afin depositionner les enjeux de la coordination. Ensuite, nous étudions des projets « open source » desystèmes d’exploitation pour smartphones pour analyser l’intérêt d’une stratégie ouverte. Enfin, nousconstruisons un modèle de simulations évolutionnistes afin d’analyser les stratégies des acteurs en lienavec la structure de l’industrie et son effet sur la structure technologique. / The telecommunications industry currently undergoes a dramatic evolution. Faced with thedevelopment of new uses on mobile phones, incumbents of the mobile phone industry (networkoperators and devices manufacturers) must adapt to a new technological and competitive environment.This new environment technologically relies on expansions of uses of digital objects (software andcontents that can be either of professional, personal or leisure use) and thereby serves as a launchingpad for actors more or less mature coming from software industries, copyright-based industries or theInternet industry. Based on this observation, our thesis rests on the idea that incumbents of the mobilephone industry must adapt to this new environment in order to maintain their position, and must learnto coordinate with those new actors as coordination is required for this market to emerge. We thereforestart with a historical analysis of the emergence of the mobile services industry so as to position theissues at stake regarding coordination. We then focus on “open source” projects for smartphoneoperating systems in order to analyse the interest of an open strategy. Last, we design an evolutionistsimulation model so that to analyse the actors’ strategies linked with the structure of the industry andits effects on the technological structure.

This thesis shows that consumers' behaviour has a decisive impact on the innovative behaviour of firms and on the development of industry. As a framework, an evolutionary simulation model is chosen, and market interactions are modelled according to a search theoretic approach.