Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 1993. / Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 256-275). Also available via Internet as PDF file through Southern Oregon Digital Archives: http://soda.sou.edu. Search First Nations/Tribal Collection.

Στην παρούσα Διατριβή παρουσιάζονται τα έργα του συστήματος αντιστήριξης για την κατασκευή του Υπογείου χώρου του τμήματος του νέου κτιρίου, του συγκροτήματος της πρώην «Αγοράς Αργύρη» που ευρίσκεται στη Πάτρα, επί των οδών Αγ. Ανδρέου – Καψάλη – Ζαΐμη, που κατασκευάστηκε στα πλαίσια του έργου «Ανακαίνιση – Ανακατασκευή Αγοράς Αργύρη Πατρών», από το Δήμο Πατρέων. Στα πλαίσια της συνολικής αυτής παρουσίασης των έργων αντιστήριξης, παρουσιάζεται κατ’ αρχάς η τεκμηρίωση του τρόπου επιλογής της μεθόδου αντιστήριξης, που έγινε με μεταλλικό πασσαλότοιχο καθώς και στοιχεία της μελέτης που έγινε για τη διαστασιολόγηση αυτής. Περιγράφεται η κατασκευαστική διαδικασία και η αλληλουχία των φάσεων κατασκευής του συνδυασμένου συστήματος της βαθιάς αντιστηριγμένης εκσκαφής, που περιλαμβάνει : Γενικές εκσκαφές, έως βάθους -1,80 μ. για την απομάκρυνση επιφανειακών σκληρών στρώσεων από συμπυκνωμένο αμμοχάλικο. Εγκατάσταση - κατασκευή μεταλλικού πασσαλότοιχου, με παράλληλη και συστηματική παρακολούθηση των σχετικών εργασιών της έμπηξης αυτών. Τοποθέτηση μεταλλικού σκελετού (χωροδικτυώματος), σε κατάλληλη διάταξη στην κεφαλή του πασσαλότοιχου για την παρεμπόδιση των οριζοντίων μετακινήσεων του συστήματος αντιστήριξης. Τμηματικές εκσκαφές και παράλληλη τμηματική κατασκευή πρόπλακας από οπλισμένο σκυρόδεμα στη βάση της θεμελίωσης του κτιρίου. Σύγχρονη και συστηματική παρακολούθηση της λειτουργίας του συστήματος αντιστήριξης μέσω ήδη τοποθετημένων κλισιμέτρων, αλλά και των παρακείμενων, περιμετρικά της εκσκαφής υπαρχόντων κτιρίων, μέσω των ήδη τοποθετημένων αποκλισιομέτρων. Απεγκατάσταση - εξολκή πασσαλοσανίδων μεταλλικού πασσαλότοιχου με παράλληλη και συστηματική ενόργανη παρακολούθηση των σχετικών εργασιών της εξολκής αυτών. Όλες οι φάσεις της κατασκευής συνοδεύονται με φωτογραφικό υλικό. Παρουσιάζονται τα αποτελέσματα αριθμητικής προσομοίωσης των φάσεων της βαθιάς αντιστηριγμένης εδαφικής εκσκαφής και η σύγκριση τους με αποτελέσματα επί τόπου μετρήσεων. Η διεξαγωγή των αναλύσεων έγινε με τη χρήση του κώδικα πεπερασμένων στοιχείων PLAXIS 2D Foundation (Version 8.6). Παρουσιάζονται τα τεχνικά και διαδικαστικά προβλήματα που παρουσιάστηκαν κατά την εγκατάσταση – λειτουργία και απεγκατάσταση του συστήματος αντιστήριξης. Τέλος, προκύπτουν και διατυπώνονται τα ακόλουθα γενικά συμπεράσματα :  Η προσωρινή αντιστήριξη βαθιών εκσκαφών σε δομημένο αστικό περιβάλλον με χρήση μεταλλικών πασσαλοσανίδων που εγκαθίστανται με δονητικό πασσαλοπήχτη, είναι δυνατή, σε περιπτώσεις που η στρωματογραφία δεν περιλαμβάνει αμμοχαλικώδη στρώματα μεγάλου πάχους και με την προϋπόθεση ότι γίνεται συστηματική παρακολούθηση της έντασης των παραγόμενων εδαφικών ταλαντώσεων κατά την έμπηξη και εξολκή των πασσαλοσανίδων.  Η εξολκή των πασσαλοσανίδων καθίσταται ιδιαίτερα δυσχερής ή και αδύνατη, όταν οι εγκατεστημένες πασσαλοσανίδες παρουσιάζουν αποκλίσεις από την κατακόρυφο.  Η πολύμηνη παραμονή των πασσαλοσανίδων σε παρόμοιας σύστασης εδάφη, με αυτά του έργου (μαλακές Άργιλοι κλπ.), δημιουργούν συνθήκες ανάπτυξης χημικών συνδέσμων μεταξύ αργίλου και χάλυβα δυσχεραίνοντας την εξολκή αυτών.  Είναι δυνατή η ρεαλιστική εκτίμηση της αναμενόμενης συμπεριφοράς του συστήματος προσωρινής αντιστήριξης και των εδαφικών μαζών (και κατασκευών που περιβάλλουν την  εκσκαφή) με βάση τα αποτελέσματα αριθμητικών αναλύσεων με εμπορικά διαθέσιμους κώδικες πεπερασμένων στοιχείων.  Στην περίπτωση του εξεταζόμενου έργου παρατηρήθηκε ικανοποιητική συμφωνία μεταξύ της μετρηθείσας και υπολογισθείσας συμπεριφοράς, όσον αφορά τις μετακινήσεις τόσο του συστήματος αντιστήριξης όσο και των γειτονικών οικοδομών. / In this project are presented the works of Support system for the construction of underground part of the new building complex of the former Market Argyri’s, located in Patras , on the building square of St. Andrew st. – Kapsalis st. – Zaimi st., witch built under the project "Renovation - Reconstruction Argyri’s Market of Patras" by the Municipality of Patras. As part of this total presentation of the project elements, presented first, the documentation of how to choose the method of support, made of metal sheeting and details of the study for sizing it. Describe the manufacturing process and the sequence of construction of the combined system for the support of deep excavation, including: General excavations, to a depth of -1.80 m, to remove surface layers of concentrated hard gravel, Installation - Construction of Metal Sheeting, while monitoring and systematic work on the penetration of these, Mounting frame (space frame), to a suitable device at the head of the sheeting to prevent horizontal movement of this, Partial excavations with parallel partial construction of concrete reinforced slabs, under foundation at the base of the building, Modern and systematic monitoring of the system operation with already installed gradiometers, and the adjacent, around the excavation of existing buildings, through the already installed inclinometer. Uninstall - metal sheeting piles haul-offs, while instrumental and systematic monitoring of the work of these haul-offs. All phases of construction are accompanied by photographs. It also presents the results of numerical simulation phases of the support deep excavated soil and comparison with results on-site measurements. The analysis was carried out using the finite element code PLAXIS 2D Foundation (Version 8.6). A comparison of system behavior that occurs through the roof measurements and calculated behavior was made through numerical simulation. Present the technical and procedural problems encountered during installation - operation and uninstalling the system of support. Finally, obtained and made the following general conclusions: The temporary shoring of deep excavations in urban environment built using steel sheet piles installed with vibratory passalopichti is possible, where the stratigraphy does not include ammochalikodi layers thick and provided with systematic monitoring of the intensity of vibrations produced by the soil punching and puller of the sheet piling. The puller of the sheet piling is very difficult or impossible when the installed sheet piles are deviations from the vertical. The months – long stay of the sheet piles in similar soil composition, with those of this project (soft clays etc.), create conditions for development of chemical bands between clay and steel, hindering the puller them. It is possible a realistic estimate of the expected behavior of a temporary roof and land masses (and structures surrounding the excavating) based on the results of numerical analysis with commercially available finite element codes. In the case of the test project observed satisfactory agreement between the measured and the calculated behavior with regard to movements of both the roof and the adjacent buildings.

By the re-evaluation of one specific artefact class - the Scottish examples of tanged points, the intrinsic qualities of this artefacts form, context and is use is employed to establish an enhanced sense of regional variability within early Scottish archaeology. A methodology for tanged point identification is determined and enacted to demonstrate that the existing examples of Scottish tanged points do not represent a single, coherent, tanged point tradition in this region. Variability is evident and can be translated, in terms of human behaviour, to suggest at least three separate antecedents to early activity in Scotland. Of specific focus is a hitherto unrecognized line of activity (or influence) during the Mesolithic - one originating from areas to the north/north-east of Scotland from the modern political construct of Scandinavia. In this spatial context, tanged point use extends into the Mesolithic, unlike counterparts in the northern territories of the European continent where tanged points are primarily discussed as late Palaeolithic, and to which Scottish tanged points have been traditionally compared. This 'northern' scenario thus provides an alternative reading of some examples of this material class in Scotland. The juxtaposition between marine and terrestrial lifestyles is key to this analysis. Acknowledging this in relation to a select sample of Scottish tanged points – those within the island context of Stronsay, a northern isle in the archipelago of Orkney, this specific set of tanged points is argued to comprise a new component within the tool kit of Mesolithic activity within this regionally specific context. The implications of this permits a more pluralised perspective of the nature and extents of early activity in Scotland, and a documents the significance of regional variability to understanding the range of potential influences, and identities, that may have enculturated the landscapes of Scotland during its earliest phases of prehistory.

The stratigraphy of an archaeological site is fundamental to the understanding of that site's history of occupation, use and abandonment. Archaeological stratigraphy is subject to a variety of post-depositional processes that may damage or destroy this stratigraphy. This work focuses on one such process, faunalturbation, i.e. the process of mixing by animals. The effects of the invertebrate soil mesofauna, in particular earthworms, were studied in this work. Three archaeological sites were investigated using faunal surveys, thin section micromorphology, 137CS profiling, field recording and determinations of pH, loss on ignition, bulk density and particle size distribution. This study views faunalturbation as a system and attempts to delineate and confirm the relationships within that study. The results demonstrate that soil properties such as loss on ignition and pH have some effect on the populations of soil invertebrates and on the intensity and distribution of faunalturbation, but that there are likely to be other factors which also have a significant influence. Two models of the possible impact that invertebrate faunalturbation has on archaeological stratigraphy are advanced and tested, with one being found to be more accurate. This model posits that the most rapid and complete impact on archaeological stratigraphy is found to occur in the uppermost region of an archaeological site, with significant but lesser impact occurring more slowly in the deeper part of an archaeological site. Where a site has accumulated in an episodic fashion, there may be zones at depth within an archaeological site which have had all stratigraphic units completely reworked by invertebrate faunalturbation.

Abstract only in Afrikaans. Hoewel daar gedurende die laaste twee dekades 'n groot verskeidenheid literatuur verskyn het oor toerisme as 'n sosiale verskynsel en as 'n selfstandige bedryf in die ekonomie, is daar steeds 'n groot behoefte aan 'n samehangende raamwerk vir die beskrywing, verklaring en beplanning van die bemarking van toerisme. Hierdie verhandeling verteenwoordig 'n poging om die bemarking van toerisme konseptueel te orden aan die hand van die bekende Vier P's-model van die bemarkingsmengsel. Die toerismeproduk, die prysmeganismes daaraan verbonde, die distribusiesisteme van toerismeprodukte en die promosie van toerisme word elkeen volledig omskryf aan die hand van diepgaande analises van bestaande literatuur.<p0> Daar word tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat dié bemarkingsmengsel wel 'n geldige en bruikbare raamwerk bied vir die ontleding en beplanning van toerismebemarking in meer spesifieke kontekste. / Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / Tourism Management / unrestricted

No description available.

In April 2003 the Sol Plaatjie Municipality disturbed several unmarked graves while digging a storm-water trench next to what is today known as the Gladstone Cemetery in Kimberley, South Africa. They are believed to date to between 1897 and 1900. All remains were excavated and housed at the McGregor museum in Kimberley where they were investigated. The purpose of this study was to analyze and interpret the health status and diseases present within this sample, and to determine whether bone lesions caused by ossified haematomas and treponemal infection can be diagnosed through histological investigations. Standard anthropometric techniques were used to determine the age and sex of the individuals. All bones were assessed for signs of trauma and pathology present on the bones, and histological bone samples were prepared according to a method described by Maat (2002). A total of 107 individuals were investigated, comprising of 86 males and 15 females. The remains were mostly those of young persons, with the majority being younger than 30 years of age. A wealth of pathology was observed with skeletal lesions indicating advanced treponemal disease, scurvy, non-spesfic osteomyelitis, several amputations, cranial fractures and osteoarthritis. A high incidence of dental caries, antemortem tooth loss and periodontal disease were also noted. The remains studied were those of migrant workers, of low socio-economic status, mainly consuming a diet consisting of refined carbohydrates lacking vitamin C. A high prevalence of degenerative changes and cranial fractures suggested participation in regular strenuous physical activities and a high incidence of interpersonal violence. The high incidence of infectious diseases was ascribed to the poor living conditions as well as limited medical care. Surgical procedures were conducted regularly as could be extrapolated from the high incidence of amputations. It was also concluded that a distinction could be made between bone reactions resulting from of haemorrhage and lesions caused by an infectious condition, on histological level. Three stages of ossified haematoma development and remodeling were described. It is hoped that this study gave some recognition to those so unceremoniously dumped in these pauper graves. / Dissertation (MSc (Anatomy))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Anatomy / unrestricted

The prehispanic site of Tiwanaku, located in northeastern Bolivia, was the focus of many studies during the past few decades. However, much of the site remains unexplored, leaving many questions unanswered about the location of dense archaeological deposits, the nature of urban organization, and water management strategies—specifically those located in the eastern sector of the Akapana Pyramid. Orthophoto mosaics and Digital Elevation Models derived from drone imagery helped identify archaeological features and anthropogenic mounds. New magnetic survey produced with a cesium gradiometer was merged with previous surveys (fluxgate and cesium gradiometer). The integration of maps and plans from six areas of a previous archaeological investigation within a common Geographical Information System helped relate geophysical anomalies to archaeological features. Our results demonstrate a high level of urban organization associating monumental buildings to open ritual spaces and to densely populated areas during Tiwanaku IV (500–800 CE) and V (800–1100 CE). The complexity of the urban organization is also demonstrated by landscape modifications such as a complex water management system and at least three terraces that augmented the monumentality of the Akapana Pyramid This interdisciplinary approach, innovative in Bolivia, provides new insight into one of the most significant archaeological sites in the Andes.

No description available.

This dissertation describes enhancements made to the finite element program, SAGE, and research on the performance of deep excavations. SAGE was developed at Virginia Tech for analysis of soil-structure interaction problems (Morrison, 1995). The purpose of the work described in this text with SAGE was to increase the capabilities of the program for soil-structure analysis. The purpose of the research on deep excavations was to develop a deeper understanding of the behavior of excavation support systems. The significant changes made to SAGE during this study include implementation of Biot Consolidation, implementation of axisymmetric analysis, and creation of a steady state seepage module. These changes as well as several others are described. A new manual for the program is also included. A review of published studies of deep excavation performance and recent case histories is presented. Factors affecting the performance of excavation support systems are examined, and performance data from recent published case histories is compared to data from Goldberg et al.'s 1976 report to the Federal Highway Administration. The design, construction, and performance of the deep excavation for the Dam Number 2 Hydroelectric Project is described. Finite element analyses of the excavation that were performed with SAGE are presented and discussed. / Ph. D.