Increasing evidence supports the use of physical activity for modifying brain activity and overall neurological health (Hillman et al, 2008). Specifically, aerobic exercise appears to improve cognitive efficacy with regards to decisional oddball tasks shown through the P300, whose amplitude and latency is augmented (Magnié et al., 2000). Furthermore, the effects of an acute bout of aerobic exercise on cardiovascular function are well established and are sustained following exercise cessation. Based on these findings, we proposed that (1) an acute bout of exercise may modulate movement-related cortical excitability within motor areas and (2) that transient effects would be sustained as long as heart rate (HR) remained elevated. Subjects (n=23) were placed in a soundproof booth and instructed to perform a self-paced unimanual ballistic wrist extension every 3-6 seconds of the right wrist while holding a moveable handle. The motion involved a brisk contraction followed by relaxation and positional reset, collected continuously for approximately 8 minutes. Electroencephalography was used to measure movement-related cortical activity of the Bereitschaftspotential (BP) time-locked to onset of muscle activity associated with movement. The BP is a slow negative self-paced movement related cortical potential that precedes movement by approximately 1500ms. Current work commonly separates the BP into 3 main components early, late, and re-afferent Potentials. The early BP is representative of motor preparation of supplementary motor area (SMA) activity while the late component is representative of motor execution from primary motor cortex (M1). Early and late components are often distinguished by a a characteristic change in slope; where the early BP is a slow negative rise and the late components a steeper negative deflection beginning approximately 500ms prior to movement onset. Broken down further the late component consists of a portion of negative slope before giving rise to a peak approximately 100ms after movement onset known as the motor potential (MP). Following baseline measures, subjects performed 20 minutes of aerobic exercise at a moderate intensity (70% of age-predicted maximum heart rate) on a recumbent cycle ergometer. After the cessation of exercise, BP measures were recorded at two time points: immediately post-exercise (Post) and following a return to iv baseline HR (Post[Rest]) and two additional measures separated by 15 minutes each (Post[Rest2] and Post[Rest3]) which was, on average, 45 minutes after the cessation of exercise. Electromyography (EMG) was employed over the extensor carpi radialis muscle belly to describe muscle burst activity and onset characteristics. Results determined that Early but not Late BP was influenced by aerobic exercise. This early movement related cortical adaptation is indicative of enhanced processing within supplementary motor area. Moreover, this effect was sustained for up to an hour and 15 minutes following exercise cessation. This data is suggestive that aerobic exercise influences on motor related cortical excitability is not driven by an aerobic exercise effect and is more indicative of a delayed neurotransmitter effect.

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"A book must be an ice-axe to break the seas frozen inside our soul. " ~Franz Kafka This thesis deals with a subject matter which may be considered by some to be undesirable and taboo; that is, the architecture of capital punishment, torture and death. While the content is at times difficult, this book attempts to go beyond initial reactions of support or distaste for the practice of execution. It instead attempts to bring to light the importance of the representation of these events, brought to light by the strength of modern collective thought on the issue, through an architectural discourse. Through space and ritual capital punishment entered into the minds of the people, and through space and ritual the practice can be withdrawn. But should it vanish, or is a continued representation important, and even necessary? My purpose is not to force an opinion, one way or the other, onto anyone. My intention is merely to raise the question in the mind of the reader of this work.

A concurrent program, unlike a sequential program, has multiple threads of execution, resulting in numerous advantages (e.g., faster execution), but also in complex and unpredictable interaction. As a consequence, a concurrent program can easily underutilize available parallelism, and performance can be extremely difficult for users to predict and analyze on their own. A profiler is a tool that can help a user identify as well as locate potential performance problems in a program. Profiling is accomplished through monitoring of the program execution, and analyzing and visualizing the collected performance data. A profiler must display useful information in a way that allows a user to effectively and efficiently understand and analyze a program's behaviour. This thesis describes the advancement in design and implementation of µProfiler, a profiler for sequential and concurrent programs written in µC++. µC++ is a concurrent dialect of the C++ programming language, which executes in uni-processor and multi-processor shared-memory environments. Major advancements to three µProfiler metrics are presented: the Execution State, the Exact Routine Call-Graph and the Statistical Routine Call-Graph. The Execution State metric charts each state for every thread over the entire execution of the program. With high overhead and perfect accuracy, the Exact Routine Call-Graph metric provides an exact call-graph profile of the program's dynamic execution, describing the control flow among routines. With low overhead and less accuracy, the Statistical Routine Call-Graph metric provides a statistical call-graph profile of the program's dynamic execution. For each metric, advancements were made throughout the profiling process (i.e., monitoring, analysis and visualization), addressing goals such as scalability, functionality, usability and performance. The metrics provide reasonable memory overhead and, based on the comparison to related work, are state-of-the-art in functionality and provide similar run-time performance.

"A book must be an ice-axe to break the seas frozen inside our soul. " ~Franz Kafka This thesis deals with a subject matter which may be considered by some to be undesirable and taboo; that is, the architecture of capital punishment, torture and death. While the content is at times difficult, this book attempts to go beyond initial reactions of support or distaste for the practice of execution. It instead attempts to bring to light the importance of the representation of these events, brought to light by the strength of modern collective thought on the issue, through an architectural discourse. Through space and ritual capital punishment entered into the minds of the people, and through space and ritual the practice can be withdrawn. But should it vanish, or is a continued representation important, and even necessary? My purpose is not to force an opinion, one way or the other, onto anyone. My intention is merely to raise the question in the mind of the reader of this work.

A concurrent program, unlike a sequential program, has multiple threads of execution, resulting in numerous advantages (e.g., faster execution), but also in complex and unpredictable interaction. As a consequence, a concurrent program can easily underutilize available parallelism, and performance can be extremely difficult for users to predict and analyze on their own. A profiler is a tool that can help a user identify as well as locate potential performance problems in a program. Profiling is accomplished through monitoring of the program execution, and analyzing and visualizing the collected performance data. A profiler must display useful information in a way that allows a user to effectively and efficiently understand and analyze a program's behaviour. This thesis describes the advancement in design and implementation of µProfiler, a profiler for sequential and concurrent programs written in µC++. µC++ is a concurrent dialect of the C++ programming language, which executes in uni-processor and multi-processor shared-memory environments. Major advancements to three µProfiler metrics are presented: the Execution State, the Exact Routine Call-Graph and the Statistical Routine Call-Graph. The Execution State metric charts each state for every thread over the entire execution of the program. With high overhead and perfect accuracy, the Exact Routine Call-Graph metric provides an exact call-graph profile of the program's dynamic execution, describing the control flow among routines. With low overhead and less accuracy, the Statistical Routine Call-Graph metric provides a statistical call-graph profile of the program's dynamic execution. For each metric, advancements were made throughout the profiling process (i.e., monitoring, analysis and visualization), addressing goals such as scalability, functionality, usability and performance. The metrics provide reasonable memory overhead and, based on the comparison to related work, are state-of-the-art in functionality and provide similar run-time performance.

The development of software today, the company has their own test system usually. Because there has a few bugs in the every software. And it will make the damage of company¡¦s property or security of information. We can find the bugs in the software by the test systems. But the few bugs will appear repeatedly even if you have been fixed it. In this time, it will be effective if we use the automatic test systems. They can solve the waste of time and cost. Appearance of the automatic test system has been solved the defect of the test method in the past. In this paper will mention two kind of automatic test systems, one of them is concolic testing, and another is random testing. In the 2009, there had the few of evidence to discuss that the concolic testing was more effective than the random testing, but there wasn¡¦t have the enough demonstration. So I hope to prove that the effectiveness comparison between concolic and random testing by this paper.

Even though software testing takes more than 40% of the total development cost, especially the massive amount of devoted efforts and resources, software testing is nevertheless the least respectable part in many software projects when comparing to design and development. The challenge becomes bigger as the software becomes more complicated. This has been further compounded by lacking of appropriate attention and suitable resource allocation. As a result, it becomes a global concern and issue on how software testing can be more effective to guard the software quality control. Software testing techniques have evolved for decades and almost reached the maturity level. Why software testing is not successful is mostly related to lacking of enough respect by management. Therefore, creating a software testing institution is necessary to put enough control on the process and to establish a regulation for implementation. This research employs software testing theory standards, institutional theory and control theory to come out with an ideal software testing institution. A case study is used to validate the ideal software testing institution. Software testing theories are to create a software testing process, which can be divided into planning, design and execution phases. Institutional theory is to create a regulation and as a basis for implementation. Control theory is to empower control mechanisms on testing to ensure the progress comply with the final goals. The ideal software testing institution provided by this research is appropriate for joint-development outsourcing project. When both customer and vendor are involved in testing, it¡¦s recommended to define separate test plans with consistent schedule to prevent from resource idle or inconsistency between software and documentation. Since both parties will produce software source code and documentation, it¡¦s also recommended to define the working model and version control rules as a basis for cooperation. Finally, Employing configuration management can avoid unnecessary conflicts and confusion.

¡@Ever since the foundation in 2000, the branches of Administrative Enforcement Agency have been handling the cases of monetary payment duty in public law with the total amount reaching 3,0178,624, by only about the workforce of 400 people in average while bringing in 1,133,000,000 financial income for the nation in six years. Among these cases, 24,386,174 are closed, which are more effective than in the past and helpful in keeping the publics from evading their duties by luck and therefore realizing the social fairness and justice, thus manifesting the public authority. However, there are still many problems hiding behind the new organizations and their systems, as the number indicates: unresolved cases reach 5,809,904 while 3,732 1,1609,753 dollars are unexecuted. In order to reduce the number of unclosed cases and enhance the administrative efficiency from two indexes: rate of the case-closing and levied tax, the thesis had combined the transaction cost theory from the Coase Theorem with the concept of opportunity cost in law economics, and had discussed the forming causes and strategies from three aspects under the principle of maximum efficiency, while not omitting the point of view of the public choices by the people of the duty. Three main conclusions are therefore made as follow: Firstly, speaking of system in terms of case management and evaluation, the amount of case closed must outnumbers the case received, while different types of cases (according to the amount of money) must be reduced in proportion; moreover, specific execution procedure should be arranged according to its types, and to indicate a clear termination of the time rather than being delayed for too long. Secondly, as far as the case efficiency is concerned, the more payment channel ,the better. In addition, by using information technology, it is effective in exchanging the information among different individuals, and speeding up the case to be closed. Thirdly, in the part of case receiving, be sure to monitor the loading of cases according to the workforce and to adjust the human resource or control the speed of case receiving. Setting up the voucher re-transfer evaluation mechanism to avoid the running-empty of administrative procedure and the waste of resource; to build up the pre-case database and to provide decision support system of the case execution so as to reduce the cost of research and decision making.

This paper aims to first develop a model that analyzes how investors place orders in an order driven market. In this model, investors have different share evaluations and information is asymmetric. Private information is short-lived, and types of orders include a market order and a limit order. A market with or without bid-ask prices can influence investors¡¦ choices when submitting market orders. Hence, we discuss two kinds of market conditions in the first model. The first condition is a market with bid-ask prices, and the second is a market without bid-ask prices. Secondly, we develop an integrated model to analyze how an informed trader optimally chooses any combination of a market buy, market sell, limit buy and limit sell. In this model the informed trader observes the terminal value of a security. Then, the trader makes a choice of orders to submit under a market with bid-ask prices. As for the first model, there are some results in the first condition. At equilibrium, the optimal price of a limit order placed by an uninformed trader is related to the difference in share valuation and to adverse selection. The uninformed trader will request adverse selection risk premium, and the risk premium is related to the proportion of informed traders in the market and the value of private information. At this moment, informed traders get information benefits by submitting market orders. The information benefits are related to the difference in share valuation and the value of private information. On the other hand, we have found that informed traders will also experience adverse selection problem when placing limit orders and request risk premiums in limit prices. Informed traders¡¦ limit orders will be executed with the market orders of informed and uninformed traders who will be submitting next. The adverse selection risk of informed traders¡¦ limit orders is only related to private information value if uninformed traders don¡¦t place market orders. However, when uninformed traders submit only market orders, the adverse selection risk is related to the ratio of informed traders and private information value. From the first model, our results indicate the behaviors of informed traders who cannot submit market orders under a market with private information are short-lived like those of uninformed traders. However, we would like to know if an informed trader may submit a limit order. In the second model, in order to get information profit, the informed trader submits not only a market order, but also a limit order, even if the market has bid-ask prices and private information is not short-lived again. A combination of market-limit orders is more profitable than only a market order. In addition, limit orders enhance the profitability of market orders by reducing their losses in bad states. Finally, we obtain the result of price improvement for market orders.