Social support has been recognized to impact positive health behaviours, including exercise participation. In the exercise domain, one conceptual framework that has been employed to examine social support is Weisss (1974) Model of Social Provisions. The main purpose of the present study was to utilize Weisss (1974) model to examine how the social provisions relate to university students energy expenditure while exercising with others. Specifically, this study was concerned with participants perceptions about the availability of social provisions, their preferences for the provisions in the exercise setting, and the congruence between social provision perceptions and preferences as they related to energy expenditure. Participants who had performed exercise with others in the past 4 weeks (N=201) completed the Modifiable Activity Questionnaire (MAQ; Kriska et al., 1990) to assess energy expenditure, as well as modified versions of the Social Provisions Scale (Cutrona & Russell, 1987) to assess social provision perceptions and preferences. Results from exploratory factor analyses revealed separate five-factor models for both the perceived provisions (i.e., attachment, reliable alliance, social integration, opportunity for nurturance, and reassurance of worth) and the preferred provisions (i.e., guidance, social integration, reliable alliance, reassurance of worth, and opportunity for nurturance). Discriminant function analyses were used to assess the unique contribution of these perceived and preferred provisions to participants energy expenditure. The results from the analyses indicated that none of the perceived provisions and none of the preferred provisions predicted high versus low expenditure, nor did the congruence relationship between the perceived and preferred variants of each provision predict high versus low energy expenditure. Potential explanations for the non-significant findings were highlighted with respect to study methodology. Directions for future research were also discussed.

Objective: To recognize the difference of patient care offered by primary care family physician, internist and generalist, according to the incidence rate of the acute complications, time to event interval of the chronic complications and the cost of OPD, admission and emergency care. Method: The first diagnosed diabetes patients were extracted from the National Health Insurance database, utilizing data from 2001 to 2007 to fit the criteria. Patients with catastrophic illness and who attended to the primary care clinic less than 20% of total OPD visits were excluded. The incidence rate of DM acute complications such as hypoglycemia, NKHS and DKA, and the time to event interval of DM chronic complications such as CAD, stroke, DM nephropathy, DM retinopathy, polyneuropathy and DM peripheral artery disease were investigated. Furthermore, the cost of OPD visit, emergency care and hospital admission was also evaluated. Result: The patients cared by primary care family physician tended to get hypoglycemia more frequently, but less likely to get hyperglycemic complications including both DKA and NKHS.The family physician did not recognize the large vessel complications well but can effectively control the diabetic neuropathy and diabetic nephropathy. Compare to those cared by internist, the patients cared by family physician have the lower expense on diabetic related OPD visit, but a little higher on emergency and admission. Totally, the patients cared by family physician have the lowest cost compared to internist and generalist, but without significant difference. Conclusion: The cost of OPD visit was significantly lower in patient cared by primary care family physician compared to internist without sacrifice the quality of care. Further study was necessary due to the limitation of the application of secondary database.

It is important procedure of the democracy to appoint good men and able men to office. In order to make virtuous and talented outstanding, service public position, all countries still the one who have system of the office expenses election, among them to three choose subsidizes to campaign the budget, would being the office expenses election it on carrying. My country the office-holder elects the expenses the subsidy the system, since January 26th, Year 78 of the Republic of China increase, carrying out the 15 years already. System the origin is not inflexible, must respond the environment of the times to change and grow up, expecting the system and can match the lawmaking original intention more. This text is to make use of the current cultural heritage data, consulting beautiful, day, virtuous, the subsidy system of the countries such as method, Canada and Australia etc., and carry on to carry out the current conditions study with the virtuous method of Policy Delphi, the expects to inquire into my country the office-holder the election expenses the subsidy the system more three of an improvements according to. This research finds, my country the office-holder elects to campaign the expenses the subsidy the system, were very few inquired into on the academic theories; But carry out since 15 years, the government subsidized NT$3600875085 to the political party, part of then subsidize in the candidate about NT$7459799500, altogether the subsidy invites NT$11060674585.This text with virtuous Policy Delphi method the one who collect scholar's expert, office-holder and choose the opinion detection of the administrative personnel of worker , think the proper reasonable for the subsidy the one who have 16.11%, think the 77.78% in occupancy of the trend that the subsidy did not purify the social election custom, to each ticket in candidate subsidy NT$30 partial, think to change the necessity the one who have 58.82%, but then have no the obvious consensus in changing how much amount of money, besides, in the aspects of political party subsidizing, ticket subsidy NT$50 is partial each time, think to change the necessity has 66.67%, and in various alteration projects then with 0 dollars( cancel subsidy) stand 40.91% is most consensus. Then the research suggests up, research method aspect can adopt again the depth interview method of the quality, aim at the background and financial power analysises of the candidate, to repair the shortage that the virtuous amount of method of Policy Delphi turns the data; The next in order, fix the method aspect suggestion the emendation office-holder's election to recall five of method Article 45ses provisionses to subsidize the amount of money and cancel the political party subsidy concerning the candidate; Finally, suggest the data that the camera pass integrity keeps to campaign the expenses subsidy, the is then to make the basis that the policy examines the hour in the future. Finally, suggest the data that the camera pass integrity keeps to campaign the expenses subsidy, the is then to make the basis that the policy examines the hour in the future.

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Abstract Background and Objectives: Since 1894, open appendectomy (OA) has been the treatment of choice for acute appendicitis. In 1981 Semm performed the first laparoscopic appendectomy (LA). More than 2 decades later, the benefits of LA are still controversial. The goal of the present investigation was to compare the effectiveness of LA and OA based on a large administrative (The Bureau of National Health Insurance, BNHI) Research Database. The source of data analyzed was the administrative claims data from the BNHI Research Database. Methods: The objective of this retrospective study was based on the ICD-9-CM procedure code of 4701 (Laparoscopic appendectomy, LA) and 4709 (Open appendectomy, OA) respectively from a database of 20 million insurance population, Separate analyses were performed for uncomplicated (ICD-9-CM, 540.9) and complicated (presence of appendiceal perforation or abscess; ICD-9-CM 540.0 and 540.1) appendicitis. Exclusive criteria were: (1) Average length of stay exceeds 3 S.D. (n=1,262). (2) Gender unmentioned (n=243). All these data will analyze in multiple dimensions including length of hospital stay, in-hospital complications, in-hospital mortality, and rate of routine discharge between laparoscopic (LA) and open appendectomy (OA) based on The Bureau of National Health Insurance (BNHI) database. Results: We enrolled 11,118 patients underwent LA and 47,725 patients underwent OA during 2004 to 2007. The prevalence of LA increases gradually from 6.97 per 100,000 populations in 2004 to 21 per 100,000 populations in 2007. The prevalence of OA decreases gradually from 57.5 per 100,000 populations in 2004 to 44.86 per 100,000 populations in 2007. Patients underwent LA (3.25¡Ó1.51day) have significant lower length of hospital stay than OA (3.57¡Ó1.49 day) (p<0.001). We also found the trend that the annual medical expenditure of LA increases gradually but OA decreases gradually. In general, LA spends higher medical expenditure than OA. With respect to medical expenditure, higher length of hospital stay and co-morbidity are associated with more medical expenditure significantly. Conclusions: LA is the current developing trend of surgical treatments for appendicitis. LA can reduce length of hospital stay significantly. OA can reduce the medical expenditure in Taiwan. In our opinion, the results represent the native data in Taiwan and are very important for a good administration of public resources distribution.

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Adolescence is a life history transition of individual and evolutionary importance: the body begins to allocate energy available above maintenance costs away from somatic growth and towards reproductive function. This study investigates how both distal, intergenerational effects and proximal, seasonal changes in energy availability impact the way adolescent female bodies allocate energy among linear growth, fat and lean mass, activity, and metabolic function. The research follows up on a prenatal supplementation study conducted by the British Medical Research Council in rural Gambia between 1989 and 1994. Pregnant women were randomized to receive daily supplements of 1015 kcal either from week 20 of pregnancy until delivery or during the first 20 weeks of lactation. The 67 adolescent daughters included in the follow up study were born to women in both groups during the rainy agricultural season, the period of the year associated with weight loss, poor perinatal outcomes, and high impact of the pregnancy supplement on birth weight. Anthropometry, body composition, daily saliva, weekly serum, and weekly fasting urine samples for C-peptide of insulin were collected during one month each in the 2009 rainy agricultural season, the 2010 dry harvest season, and the 2010 rainy agricultural season. Participant heart rates were calibrated to oxygen consumption each season, and 24-hr accelerometer and heart rate data were recorded to estimate free-living energy expenditure. It was found that pregnancy supplementation status did not predict infant or adolescent phenotype in the study sample. Maternal postpartum weight, however, was a powerful positive distal predictor of adolescent size. The daughters of heavier mothers produced less leptin per unit fat mass. Under conditions of high energy expenditure and low intake, adolescent women who were growing in height mobilized adipose stores and acquired lean mass, while developmentally older women maintained fat stores at the expense of lean mass. Married adolescents in the sample were older, had lower fasting C-peptide of insulin, had higher absolute energy expenditure, and spent more of their total energy budgets in activity than did unmarried peers. / Human Evolutionary Biology

Revised; Originally published: 10/2008 / 3 pp. / Recently, a number of global positioning system (GPS) devices have been introduced commercially which exploit GPS, transforming frequent measurements of time and location, into an estimate of energy expenditure. This fact sheet reviews how GPS watches (GPS fitness units) measure energy expenditure of individual during physical activity. We list popular GPS watches that are on the market and show pros and cons of these watches. After our field testing, we decided that the Garmin Forerunner 305 is our best pick for the GPS watch. We included information on geocaching, which is one of several popular outdoor activities using a GPS receiver or other navigational techniques.