Current physical activity recommendations are being met by less than 21 % of children between 5-15 y. Recent Government initiatives are aiming to increase children’s participation in exercise. However, the effects on an imposed bout of exercise-induced energy expenditure (EE) on energy intake (EI) and appetite (hunger, fullness and prospective consumption) in normal weight children have received a limited research focus to date. Therefore, this thesis aimed to investigate how an imposed bout of exercise-induced energy expenditure (EE) on energy intake (EI) and appetite in normal weight children The first study investigated whether 17 habitually active girls were able to accurately increase their EI to match the EE following 60 min moderate intensity walking exercise. On average 17% of the EE was compensated for by an increase in EI. However, the ranged for EI change was -160% to +166% indicating large individual responses. The second study investigated whether 30 min of maximal sprint intermittent sprint cycling exercise would significantly alter EI or appetite in 13 boys and 13 girls. In the boys, hunger and prospective consumption were suppressed whilst fullness increased immediately following the exercise, whilst EI was significantly increased in response to the exercise condition. No significant changes to appetite or EI were observed in the girls. The third study investigated whether a mid-morning snack, moderate intensity cycling exercise (energy matched to snack) or both would alter EI or appetite in 20 boys and 18 girls. Irrespective of sex, hunger and prospective consumption were suppressed whilst fullness increased following the mid-morning snack, however this change in appetite did not alter EI as no significant differences were found between conditions. The fourth study investigated whether 99 recreational sports players (males/females, adults/children) were able to conceptualise their EE following 1 h habitual training into quantifiable amounts of food (chocolate) or drink (sports drink). Only 36 % of the EE from the exercise was met by the estimated amounts of food or drink. Age, sex nor sports participation significantly altered the participants’ accuracy of estimation. The fifth study investigated whether sex or dietary restraint impacted brain activation responses to visual food stimuli in 15 boys and 14 girls between a fed and fasted condition. Significant differences in brain activation were found between conditions, sexes and dietary restraint, potentially suggesting the differences observed in the previous experimental studies could be attributed to neurological alterations between participants. In conclusion, the findings presented demonstrate the changes in EI between young adolescents in response to an imposed bout of exercise are extremely variable. Whilst eating behaviours failed to correspond to the EI differences observed between participants, potentially brain activation differences may be responsible. The sex of the participant is more likely to impact EI and appetite following maximal sprint intensity exercise, more so than a bout of moderate intensity exercise. Future research should focus on determining what underpins the variable change in EI between participants following a bout of exercise.

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited / This thesis evaluates the impact of spending by the Department of Defense and the Federal Government upon the economic growth of the states in which funds are expended. A pooled cross-section and time-series analysis is performed on a data base describing the period 1976-1985 and including the forty-eight contiguous states. Personal income is used as a proxy to measure economic growth. The econometric models are estimated using three separate regression methodologies. Consistent parameter estimates permit the author to conclude that Defense Investment spending is highly associated with economic growth. Defense Expense spending is less highly associated with growth. Federal spending other than for defense or intergovernmental aid to state and local governments exhibits an inconclusive relationship with economic growth. / http://archive.org/details/effectsofdepartm00anas / Lieutenant Commander, United States Navy

Fiber-rich (HF) diets are typically supplemented with enzymes to improve their nutritive value and to offset their negative effects on pig growth. However, studies on enzyme effect in pigs have yielded inconsistent results on nutrient digestibility and growth. Although the inconsistencies observed could be explained by differences in substrate and experimental conditions and enzyme characteristics among studies, how enzymes influence metabolic and physiological responses in pigs is still not clear. Therefore, three experiments were conducted, using 3 dietary treatments (control, HF and HF diet supplemented with enzymes), to elucidate the effects of supplementing an HF diet with enzymes in growing pigs. Experiment one investigated HF and enzyme supplementation on energy and nutrient digestibility, digesta volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations, and gut microbial profile in pigs. Compared with the HF diet, enzymes improved dry matter, starch, energy and some amino acid (AA), but not nitrogen digestibility. Further, the enzymes stimulated the growth of gut bacterial groups, which have xylanolytic and cellulolytic properties in the HF-fed pigs, but enzymes did not influence digesta VFA concentration or fiber fermentation. Experiment 2 evaluated the effects of enzyme supplementation on growth performance, glucose uptake in jejunum tissue samples mounted in Ussing chambers, and intestinal nutrient transporter mRNA levels in pigs. Diet had no effect on feed intake and jejunal glucose uptake. The enzymes influenced nutrient transporter mRNA levels but did not improve pig growth rate and feed efficiency relative to the HF diet. The third experiment investigated the effect of supplementing the HF diet with enzymes on postprandial portal vein-drained viscera (PDV) nutrient fluxes and energy expenditure (measured as O2 consumption) by the PDV and whole-animal in pigs. Diet had no effect on energy expenditure. The HF diet reduced portal glucose, VFA and essential AA absorption and insulin production. Enzyme supplementation improved portal glucose and VFA absorption, but not essential AA absorption and insulin production. Overall, improvements in nutrient utilization due to enzyme supplementation did not improve the growth rate of pigs, which appears to be due to the lack of enzyme effect on essential AA and energy use by the PDV and insulin production / October 2016

The aim of this work were examinations of septic patiens to determinate energy expenditure and the utilization of nutritional substrates and to compare results of examinations to standart recommendations of ESPEN for patient's nutrition. For investigations was used indirect calorimetry. Our group of septic patients consisted of three men and three women from 58 to 73 years old. The lenght of the hospital stay was different, so the group was heterogenous and each patient was in different phase of sepsis. Five of six patients were in hypermetabolism. The value of energy expenditure was from 87,3 % to 176,2 %. Average energy expenditure was 1790,3 ± 414,9 kcal/ kg/ day and average energy of nutrition was 2080,2 ± 754,7kcal/ kg/ day. As for nutritional substrates, average income of carbohydrates was 257,9 ± 109,9 g/ den. Average utilization of carbohydrates was 83,9 ± 62,1 g/ day. So the intake of carbohydrates were significantly higher, than the utilization. Average income of lipids was 63,6 ± 15,7 g/ day and average utilization was 102,1 ± 61,8 g/ day. There was also significant diference between lipid utilization and lipid intake. Average income of proteins was 127,4 ± 61,7 g/ day. Average utilization of proteins was 132,5 ± 53,6 g/ day. To conclusion, the results of examinations, measured by...

TAX AND NON-TAX EXPENSES Abstract Master thesis "Tax and non-tax expenditures" deals with the definition of tax and non- tax expenditures in terms of their classification in the tax system. It also clarifies what expenses are, and it further explains some tax expenditures in more detail. The second chapter deals with the tax system and basic distribution of taxes. It also generally describes the basic tax calculation. The last section of this chapter mentions taxes which encompasses the term "expenses". In the third chapter, the income tax is discussed in more detail. The method of calculating the basic tax value for both individuals and legal entities is examined here. Entities dealing with income taxes are also listed and subsequently divided into two categories: (i) entities required to pay the tax and (ii) entities responsible for collecting the tax. Further subdivision of entities is also mentioned. The income tax is further explained from both perspectives of legal and natural persons. Chapter Four is the most comprehensive part of the thesis. The expenses are defined with respect to income tax. This chapter also describes the relationship between costs and expenses and their differences. In the next section of this chapter fixed expenses and their importance are analysed. The fixed expenses applied...

The aim of this study was to determine and evaluate resting energy expenditure (REE) and the utilization of nutritional substrates in 14 polytrauma patients in the ICU. Was also assessed level of impact Overhydration (OH) on the accuracy of the determination. Diagnostic investigations using indirect calorimetry (IC) was performed in 9 men and 5 women (age 30 ± 15 years, BMI 27.5 ± 9.4 kg·m-2) with polytrauma (ISS 41 ± 16). For more accurate sizing of REE and extent of utilization of nutritional substrates were used equations derived from the equation of Weir, not Softwear calorimeter. Using IC volumes were determined only inspired an expired oxygen and carbon dioxide. To determine the rate of OH was used bioimpedance analysis methods using BCM. Almost 86% (8 men and 4 women) examined patients showed hypermetabolism. Average REE value was 2241.38 ± 854.27 kcal·day-1, which represented an average increase of prediction of 38.09 ± 49.09% due to the physiological condition. A statistically significant relationship was demonstrated between REE determined using the Weir equation according and the Harris-Bennedict equation without (P = 0,01) with deduction of OH (P = 0,007) only in men. In clinical practice, significant correlations were established between the REE-IC and BSA (P < 0,01), LTM (P < 0,05),...

There are many models used to estimate demand elasticities. We present a complex review of these studies in our thesis. Our empirical goal is to compare LES, Translog and QUAIDS demand systems according to their performance. In parallel, we estimate the elasticities of meat demand in the Czech Republic for the period 2010 - 2015 using the data of the household budget survey. Comparing the systems by the Akaike and Schwarz criterion, LES demonstrates the best fit for this kind of data. The average of price elasticity for different kinds of meat in the examined period is -0.99, income elasticity then equals to 1.12. These results can have important implications for tax policy, or for commercial use. JEL Classification F12, F21, F23, H25, H71, H87 Keywords Demand, comparison, LES, Translog, QUAIDS, meat Author's e-mail 55606678@fsv.cuni.cz Supervisor's e-mail milan.scasny@czp.cuni.cz

Master of Public Health - MPH / Background: The largest focus areas for the department of health is ensuring access to quality healthcare. The district health system (DHS) model remains the vehicle used by the district managers to deliver on the health department’s goals, objectives and priority focus areas. Strengthening the district health system platform is therefore important to the department to improve access and quality of care to the clients serviced in the province. The district hospitals play a fundamental role since they support primary health care (PHC) and serve as the entry point to more specialised care. The efficient management of beds in the district hospitals is the key in ensuring access to care and preventing bed blocking. Bed Utilisation Rate (BUR) and Average Length of Stay (ALOS) are indicators used to measure the efficiency of hospital beds. This study provides a description of the trends in bed utilisation within the inpatient wards of eight district hospitals in the Cape Town metro district in the 2016-2017 financial period. Methodology: To analyse and compare wards a quantitative approach was used. Inpatient ward activity reports for eight district hospitals were accessed from the department of health’s routine data collection repository. A total of fifty-five wards were compared across small and large hospitals for BUR and ALOS during the financial year period 1 April 2016 to 31 March 2017. Data entry was done in MS EXCEL and analyses were done using STATA 11.0.

Introduction The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international financial institution that acts as a lender of the last resort for countries experiencing balance of payments problems. Its loans to national authorities come with conditions, which typically include tighter control of public spending, though the nature and extent of conditions as well as the emphasis on social protection may vary according to the type of lending agreement. A subject of intense debate has been the effects of these loans on the capacity of health systems to meet health need. This study investigates the effects of IMF agreements on one crucial determinant of that capacity: government health expenditure (GHE). To do so, it evaluates: (i) the effects of IMF agreements on GHE across low- and middle-income countries; (ii) how these effects vary across different country income groups; and (iii) how these effects vary according to the type of agreement. Methods The study employs a dataset that includes GHE for 127 countries for the years 1995-2012, estimates the effects of IMF agreements using the Fixed Effects estimator, controls for determinants of GHE and accounts for endogeneity using a Heckman-style selection model. Results When controlling for endogeneity and important determinants of government health expenditure, the results suggest that, across all countries, agreements do not have a statistically significant effect on GHE. However, the effect differs according to country income group, with low-income countries experiencing increases in spending during agreement, lower-middle income countries seeing decreases in expenditure, for upper-middle income countries no effect on spending are observed. In addition, the effect differs according to agreement type: agreements with a social protection component are associated with increases in spending in low-income countries but have no statistically significant effects among middle-income countries. Agreement types with no social protection component are associated with decreases in spending among lower-middle income countries; and there is no statistically significant effect among low-income and upper-middle income countries. Conclusions The results indicate that, contrary to claims in the existing literature, IMF agreements do not have a statistically significant effect on GHE (positive or negative). However, this aggregate finding obscures the effect of particular agreement types in particular contexts. In low-income countries, agreements with an emphasis on social protection are associated with increases in GHE. When agreements have no social protection component they are associated with decreases in GHE for lower-middle-income countries, but not in other countries. In such contexts, IMF agreements either fail to enhance, or actually reduce, the capacity of health systems to meet health need.

Obesity is a disorder of energy imbalance in which energy intake exceeds energy expenditure (EEX). Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is unique in that it can increase whole body EEX when it is adrenergically activated. The thermogenic capacity of BAT is mediated by mitochondrial uncoupling through the activation of Uncoupling Protein 1 which uncouple respiration from ATP production. Mitochondria is a dynamic organelle that undergo continuous cycles of fusion and fission. Alteration in mitochondrial dynamics correlates with changes in energy efficiency in different cell types; however, its role in regulating EEX in BAT has not been investigated. Here we describe that mitochondrial dynamics is a physiological regulator of adrenergically-induced changes in EEX in BAT. Norepinephrine (NE) induces mitochondrial fragmentation in brown adipocytes (BA) though posttranslational modifications - phosphorylation and proteolytic cleavage -of mitochondrial dynamic proteins. NE-induced EEX is reduced in fission-deficient brown adipocytes while forced mitochondrial fragmentation increases the respiration in response to exogenous free fatty acids (FFAs) indicating increase in EEX. We further investigated whether forced mitochondrial fragmentation in BAT could be utilized as an approach to increase whole body EEX is response to FFA in vivo. We found that a mouse model with forced mitochondrial fragmentation in BAT (BAT-Mitofusin2-KO) gained less body weight and less fat mass and remained more glucose tolerant and insulin sensitive under high fat diet (HFD) compared to the wild type. Additionally, FFA oxidation was enhanced in BAT-Mitofusin2-KO mice indicated by lower respiratory exchange ratio. We also found that subcellular heterogeneity in dynamics leads to the generation of subpopulations of mitochondria with diverse bioenergetics characteristics within the same cell. We described that a subpopulation of mitochondria surrounding the lipid droplet in BA had higher ATP synthesis capacity, supported by higher ATP synthase protein expression and elongated morphology. We suggest that this subpopulation of mitochondria is responsible for addressing the ATP demand of the BA when it is not activated. In conclusion, changes to mitochondrial dynamics are required for BAT thermogenic activity and for the control of EEX efficiency from sub-cellular to the whole body level. Additionally, mitochondrial dynamics in BAT can regulate fatty acid oxidation. / 2018-06-15T00:00:00Z