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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Estudo sobre notas explicativas / Study on explanatory notes

Costa, Raquel Sales 14 August 2019 (has links)
Este trabalho investiga os efeitos da OCPC07 na legibilidade e no tamanho das notas explicativas divulgadas por empresas de capital aberto. Como objetivo complementar, buscou-se entender qual o conjunto de características das empresas determinam o grau de legibilidade e o comprimento de suas notas explicativas. Foi coletada uma amostra de 163 empresas de capital aberto com dados para os anos de 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016 e 2017. Como proxy para medir a complexidade dos textos foram utilizados o Flesch Index e o logaritmo natural número de palavras dos textos presentes nas notas explicativas. Para testar os efeitos da OCPC07 nos aspectos formais das divulgações de Instrumentos Financeiros e Gestão de Riscos foi realizado um teste de média para verificar se a diferença entre as médias das proxies de complexidade é significativa nos períodos pré e pós-divulgação da norma. Para encontrar os fatores que influenciam o tamanho e a legibilidade das notas explicativas utilizou-se uma técnica exploratória (Análise de Correspondência) e uma técnica confirmatória (Dados em Painel) com o objetivo de medir a relação entre as proxies de complexidade e os possíveis influenciadores. Os resultados encontrados mostram que a legibilidade das notas explicativas não mudou desde 2013 até 2017. A diferença de médias do Flesch Index mostrou-se não significativa. Por outro lado, o tamanho das notas explicativas diminuiu no período estudado de modo que a diferença de médias do número de palavras mostrou-se significativa. O teste de associação mostrou que empresas com melhor performance estão associadas a notas explicativas mais legíveis, porém mais longas. A técnica de dados em painel mostrou relação estatisticamente significante e positiva entre o setor de atuação da empresa e legibilidade das notas explicativas. O porte da empresa, o fato de serem auditadas por grandes firmas, emitirem ou não ADR e a performance no período também apresentaram relação estatisticamente significativa e positiva com o tamanho das notas explicativas divulgadas. Este trabalho contribui para a literatura nacional ao demonstrar que os esforços por parte de órgãos reguladores e agentes de mercado em busca de melhor qualidade nas divulgações contábil-financeiras estão surtindo algum efeito na elaboração das notas explicativas. / This paper investigates the effects of OCPC07 on the readability and length of explanatory notes issued by publicly traded companies. As a complementary objective, we sought to understand which set of characteristics of the companies determine the degree of legibility and the length of its explanatory notes. A sample of 163 publicly traded companies with data for the years 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017 was collected. As a proxy for measuring the complexity of the texts were used the Flesch Index and the natural logarithm number of words in the texts of explanatory notes. To test the effects of OCPC07 on Financial Instruments and Risk Management on formal aspects of disclosures, a mean test was performed to verify if the difference between the means of the complexity proxies is significant in the pre- and post-disclosure periods of the guidance. To find the factors that impact the readability and length of the explanatory notes, an exploratory technique (Correspondence Analysis) and a confirmatory technique (Panel Data) were used to measure the relationship between complexity proxies and possible determinants factors. The results show that the readability of the explanatory notes did not change from 2013 to 2017. The difference in means of the Flesch Index was not significant. On the other hand, the size of the explanatory notes decreased during the studied period, so that the mean difference in the number of words was significant. The association test showed that companies with better performance are associated with more legible but longer explanatory notes. The panel data technique showed a statistically significant and positive relationship between the company\'s sector of activity and readability of the explanatory notes. The size of the company, the fact that large firms audited them, whether or not they issued ADR and the performance in the period also showed a statistically significant and positive relationship with the size of the explanatory notes disclosed. This work contributes to the national literature by demonstrating that efforts by regulatory agencies and market agents seeking better quality in accounting and financial disclosures are having some effect in the preparation of explanatory notes.
2

Daugiafunkcė architektūrinė struktūra - Marijampolės miesto branduoli pamatas / Multifunctional Architectural Structure as Continuation of The Present Center of Marijampole Town

Čėplaitė, Šarūnė 03 July 2014 (has links)
Teoriniame darbe ištyrus Marijampolės miesto branduolio urbanistines ir architektūrines vertes, šiame praktiniame darbe siūlomas tolimesnis esamo miesto raidos modelis. Kuriant naujos architektūrinės išraiškos daugiafunkcę architektūrinę struktūrą, sukuriama jauki, humaniška viešoji erdvė tenkinanti šiuolaikinius miestietiškos gyvensenos poreikius. Kuriant naują struktūrą, atsižvelgiama į istorinį miesto aikštės perimetro užstatymą. / Explanatory notes.
3

Custo de capital de terceiros em empresas do segmento Novo Mercado de Governança Corporativa da BOVESPA no período de 2001 a 2005: uma comparação de formas de apuração / Cost of debt in companies from the segment New Market of Corporate Governance of Bovespa, between 2001 and 2005: a comparison of assessment methods

Queiroz, Lísia de Melo 25 February 2008 (has links)
O presente estudo tem como objetivo verificar se há diferença significativa entre o custo do capital de terceiros (Ki) apurado com base nas Demonstrações Contábeis (DC) e, a partir das informações contidas nas Notas Explicativas (NE) das empresas do segmento Novo Mercado de Governança Corporativa (NMGC) da Bovespa, para o período de 2001 a 2005, além de identificar os fatores que as determinam. Faz-se, assim, uma comparação entre duas formas de apuração do Ki, uma que já é utilizada e outra proposta neste estudo. O segmento NMGC foi escolhido porque as empresas que o compõem comprometem-se a melhorar a qualidade das informações prestadas aos stakeholders. No Teste de Hipóteses realizado, H0 indica que não há diferenças significativas entre as duas formas de apuração; e H1, que há diferenças significativas entre elas. O Teste de Postos com Sinais de Wilcoxon indicou que há evidência insuficiente contra a hipótese nula, ou seja, não há evidência amostral para afirmar que há diferença entre as duas formas de apuração, (α = 5%). Apesar disso, a análise gráfica permite levantar algumas suposições acerca das divergências visualizadas: 1 - lançamentos herméticos das receitas e despesas financeiras; 2 - valores operacionais lançados nas despesas financeiras com a permissividade da lei; e 3 - a presença de instrumentos financeiros que interferem no total das despesas financeiras. Contudo, a apuração do Ki pelas NE apresenta-se mais satisfatória que pelas DC, pois eliminam-se as deficiências levantadas, e fornecem aos usuários informações compreensíveis, relevantes, confiáveis, comparáveis e sobretudo, úteis para a tomada de decisões. / The aim of this study is to verify whether there is any significant difference between the cost of debt (Ki), which was assessed based on Accounting Statements (AS), and that from the information contained in Explanatory Notes (EN) of the companies in the segment New Market of Corporate Governance (NMGC) of Bovespa, between 2001 and 2005. In addition, it also identifies the factors that determine this difference. Therefore, we are able to compare both methods of assessing Ki, one which is already used and another which is proposed in this study. The segment NMGC was chosen because the companies that constitute it are committed to improving the quality of information given to stakeholders. In the Hypothesis Test carried out, H0 indicates that there are no significant differences between the two assessment methods; on the other hand, H1 indicates that there are significant differences between them. The Wilcoxon Sign Rank Test showed that there is not enough evidence against the null hypothesis, that is, there is no evidence in the sample in order to state that there is any difference between the two ways of assessing (α = 5%). Despite that, the graphic analysis allows us to make some assumptions about the divergences that were brought up: 1 - hermetic revenue entries; 2 - operational values released on financial expenditure with permission from the law; and 3 - the presence of financial instruments which interfere in the total financial expenditures. However, assessing Ki through NE is more satisfactory than through DC, because the deficiencies raised are eliminated, and it offers the users understandable, relevant, reliable, comparable and, above all, useful information for the decision-making process.
4

Do auditors communicate financial misstatement risk in audit report? Evidence from subsequent accounting restatements in China

YEUNG, Hau Yi 31 August 2018 (has links)
Regulators worldwide are considering expanding current audit reporting model to include key audit matters (KAM). Proponents argue that current audit reports are standardized and uninformative to financial statement users. Auditors in current reporting regime can choose to add explanatory notes in audit reports, however, few current studies have investigated the information content of these explanatory notes. This thesis conducts a textual analysis of explanatory notes in auditor reports and examines the predictability of auditors’ explanatory notes consisting of both unqualified and qualified opinions in determining the incidence of subsequent restatements. I hand collect material accounting restatements disclosed by the public companies in China from 2003 to 2017 and obtain modified audit reports from the CSMAR database during the period between 2003 and 2015. Based on a sample of 22,850 firm-years from 2003 to 2015 in China, I find that modified audit opinions, in general, can communicate financial misstatement risks, and the probability of such risks increases when the type of audit opinion is more severe. I also find that compared with unmodified audit opinion, modified ones containing explanatory notes have a higher possibility of subsequently being restated. Further, the predictive power is not the same across different types of explanatory notes. I have shown that explanatory notes including notes emphasizing contingencies and uncertainties and those relating to audit scope limitations have greater predictive power in explaining subsequent accounting restatements. My findings are robust with a set of additional tests. The findings of this thesis indicate that auditors do communicate financial misstatement risks in modified audit opinions (MAOs). Moreover, the findings are consistent with and provide evidence to support policy changes in developing new enhanced auditor reports introduced by the standard setters in China.
5

Custo de capital de terceiros em empresas do segmento Novo Mercado de Governança Corporativa da BOVESPA no período de 2001 a 2005: uma comparação de formas de apuração / Cost of debt in companies from the segment New Market of Corporate Governance of Bovespa, between 2001 and 2005: a comparison of assessment methods

Lísia de Melo Queiroz 25 February 2008 (has links)
O presente estudo tem como objetivo verificar se há diferença significativa entre o custo do capital de terceiros (Ki) apurado com base nas Demonstrações Contábeis (DC) e, a partir das informações contidas nas Notas Explicativas (NE) das empresas do segmento Novo Mercado de Governança Corporativa (NMGC) da Bovespa, para o período de 2001 a 2005, além de identificar os fatores que as determinam. Faz-se, assim, uma comparação entre duas formas de apuração do Ki, uma que já é utilizada e outra proposta neste estudo. O segmento NMGC foi escolhido porque as empresas que o compõem comprometem-se a melhorar a qualidade das informações prestadas aos stakeholders. No Teste de Hipóteses realizado, H0 indica que não há diferenças significativas entre as duas formas de apuração; e H1, que há diferenças significativas entre elas. O Teste de Postos com Sinais de Wilcoxon indicou que há evidência insuficiente contra a hipótese nula, ou seja, não há evidência amostral para afirmar que há diferença entre as duas formas de apuração, (α = 5%). Apesar disso, a análise gráfica permite levantar algumas suposições acerca das divergências visualizadas: 1 - lançamentos herméticos das receitas e despesas financeiras; 2 - valores operacionais lançados nas despesas financeiras com a permissividade da lei; e 3 - a presença de instrumentos financeiros que interferem no total das despesas financeiras. Contudo, a apuração do Ki pelas NE apresenta-se mais satisfatória que pelas DC, pois eliminam-se as deficiências levantadas, e fornecem aos usuários informações compreensíveis, relevantes, confiáveis, comparáveis e sobretudo, úteis para a tomada de decisões. / The aim of this study is to verify whether there is any significant difference between the cost of debt (Ki), which was assessed based on Accounting Statements (AS), and that from the information contained in Explanatory Notes (EN) of the companies in the segment New Market of Corporate Governance (NMGC) of Bovespa, between 2001 and 2005. In addition, it also identifies the factors that determine this difference. Therefore, we are able to compare both methods of assessing Ki, one which is already used and another which is proposed in this study. The segment NMGC was chosen because the companies that constitute it are committed to improving the quality of information given to stakeholders. In the Hypothesis Test carried out, H0 indicates that there are no significant differences between the two assessment methods; on the other hand, H1 indicates that there are significant differences between them. The Wilcoxon Sign Rank Test showed that there is not enough evidence against the null hypothesis, that is, there is no evidence in the sample in order to state that there is any difference between the two ways of assessing (α = 5%). Despite that, the graphic analysis allows us to make some assumptions about the divergences that were brought up: 1 - hermetic revenue entries; 2 - operational values released on financial expenditure with permission from the law; and 3 - the presence of financial instruments which interfere in the total financial expenditures. However, assessing Ki through NE is more satisfactory than through DC, because the deficiencies raised are eliminated, and it offers the users understandable, relevant, reliable, comparable and, above all, useful information for the decision-making process.
6

Modelo de Aprendizagem Integral (MAI): um novo modelo para o ensino de contabilidade / Integral Learning Model (ILM): a new model for accounting education

Gomes, Gilvania de Sousa 29 May 2018 (has links)
Ante a demanda do mercado por profissionais com formação integral, transposta por competências abrangentes, também se adicionam ao contexto o alto grau de envolvimento dos estudantes com tecnologias, o papel das instituições de ensino e dos docentes na formação dos indivíduos e as evidências de que o processo de ensino-aprendizagem focado no estudante produz experiência de aprendizagem significativa. Esse cenário enseja identificar quais são as competências necessárias à formação integral. A literatura mostra estruturas que contribuem para o desenvolvimento de competências sem contemplar aquelas da formação integral, por completo, o que ensejou o delineamento do MAI, o qual se funda sobre os princípios do construtivismo e se apropria de modelos, estratégias e tecnologias para ensino-aprendizagem eficaz, com elementos aproveitados de forma sinérgica. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar um modelo instrucional para a formação integral do indivíduo por meio do ensino de contabilidade. O Modelo concebido foi transposto ao Moodle, em um curso sobre notas explicativas com a finalidade de constatar o alcance da formação integral e, ainda, verificar indícios de sua validade. Sua avaliação se deu por meio de duas edições do curso, nas modalidades semipresencial e online. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de levantamentos e analisados com base em estatística descritiva, testes não paramétricos e análises de conteúdo. Os resultados demonstraram a efetividade do MAI em conduzir ao desenvolvimento de comunicação, pensamento crítico, colaboração e solução de problemas no processo instrucional contábil, ao que se considera formação integral. O MAI acrescenta-se à literatura como alternativa viável ao ensino de contabilidade. Suas contribuições alcançam os estudantes, por proporcionarem experiência de formação integral, bem como os docentes, por migrarem de transmissões de conhecimentos para facilitadores, e as instituições de ensino superior, por demonstrarem como se pode realizar uma formação contextualizada pelo perfil digital dos estudantes e demandas do mercado. Com base nos achados, recomenda-se que disciplinas, cursos de contabilidade e áreas relacionadas sejam planejados, considerando o uso de modelos instrucionais como o MAI. / Given the market demand for fully educated professionals transposed by comprehensive competences, the high degree of student engagement with technology, the role of teaching institutions and teachers in the training of individuals, and the evidence that the process of student-centered teaching-learning produces meaningful learning experience. This scenario identifies the competences required for integral training. The literature shows structures that contribute to the development of competences, without contemplating those of integral formation, in full, which led to the design of the ILM, which is based on the principles of constructivism and appropriates models, strategies and technologies for teaching and learning, with elements used synergistically. The objective of this research was to evaluate an instructional model for the integral training of the individual through the teaching of accounting. The designed Model was transposed to Moodle, in a course on explanatory notes, with the purpose of verifying the scope of the integral formation, and still verify indications of its validity. His evaluation was made through two editions of the course, in the mixed and online modalities. The data were obtained through surveys and analyzed based on descriptive statistics, non-parametric tests and content analyzes. The results demonstrated the effectiveness of the ILM in leading to the development of communication, critical thinking, collaboration and problem solving, in the accounting instructional process, which is considered integral formation. ILM is added to literature as a viable alternative to accounting education. Their contributions reach the students, by providing full training experience, the teachers, by migrating from transmissions of knowledge to facilitators, to higher education institutions, for demonstrating how a contextualized training can be carried out by students\' digital profile and market demands. Based on the findings, it is recommended that disciplines and accounting courses and related areas be planned considering the use of instructional models such as MAI.
7

Modelo de Aprendizagem Integral (MAI): um novo modelo para o ensino de contabilidade / Integral Learning Model (ILM): a new model for accounting education

Gilvania de Sousa Gomes 29 May 2018 (has links)
Ante a demanda do mercado por profissionais com formação integral, transposta por competências abrangentes, também se adicionam ao contexto o alto grau de envolvimento dos estudantes com tecnologias, o papel das instituições de ensino e dos docentes na formação dos indivíduos e as evidências de que o processo de ensino-aprendizagem focado no estudante produz experiência de aprendizagem significativa. Esse cenário enseja identificar quais são as competências necessárias à formação integral. A literatura mostra estruturas que contribuem para o desenvolvimento de competências sem contemplar aquelas da formação integral, por completo, o que ensejou o delineamento do MAI, o qual se funda sobre os princípios do construtivismo e se apropria de modelos, estratégias e tecnologias para ensino-aprendizagem eficaz, com elementos aproveitados de forma sinérgica. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar um modelo instrucional para a formação integral do indivíduo por meio do ensino de contabilidade. O Modelo concebido foi transposto ao Moodle, em um curso sobre notas explicativas com a finalidade de constatar o alcance da formação integral e, ainda, verificar indícios de sua validade. Sua avaliação se deu por meio de duas edições do curso, nas modalidades semipresencial e online. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de levantamentos e analisados com base em estatística descritiva, testes não paramétricos e análises de conteúdo. Os resultados demonstraram a efetividade do MAI em conduzir ao desenvolvimento de comunicação, pensamento crítico, colaboração e solução de problemas no processo instrucional contábil, ao que se considera formação integral. O MAI acrescenta-se à literatura como alternativa viável ao ensino de contabilidade. Suas contribuições alcançam os estudantes, por proporcionarem experiência de formação integral, bem como os docentes, por migrarem de transmissões de conhecimentos para facilitadores, e as instituições de ensino superior, por demonstrarem como se pode realizar uma formação contextualizada pelo perfil digital dos estudantes e demandas do mercado. Com base nos achados, recomenda-se que disciplinas, cursos de contabilidade e áreas relacionadas sejam planejados, considerando o uso de modelos instrucionais como o MAI. / Given the market demand for fully educated professionals transposed by comprehensive competences, the high degree of student engagement with technology, the role of teaching institutions and teachers in the training of individuals, and the evidence that the process of student-centered teaching-learning produces meaningful learning experience. This scenario identifies the competences required for integral training. The literature shows structures that contribute to the development of competences, without contemplating those of integral formation, in full, which led to the design of the ILM, which is based on the principles of constructivism and appropriates models, strategies and technologies for teaching and learning, with elements used synergistically. The objective of this research was to evaluate an instructional model for the integral training of the individual through the teaching of accounting. The designed Model was transposed to Moodle, in a course on explanatory notes, with the purpose of verifying the scope of the integral formation, and still verify indications of its validity. His evaluation was made through two editions of the course, in the mixed and online modalities. The data were obtained through surveys and analyzed based on descriptive statistics, non-parametric tests and content analyzes. The results demonstrated the effectiveness of the ILM in leading to the development of communication, critical thinking, collaboration and problem solving, in the accounting instructional process, which is considered integral formation. ILM is added to literature as a viable alternative to accounting education. Their contributions reach the students, by providing full training experience, the teachers, by migrating from transmissions of knowledge to facilitators, to higher education institutions, for demonstrating how a contextualized training can be carried out by students\' digital profile and market demands. Based on the findings, it is recommended that disciplines and accounting courses and related areas be planned considering the use of instructional models such as MAI.
8

Notas explicativas: utilidade das informações financeiras divulgadas no Brasil com a adoção das normas internacionais de contabilidade (IFRS) / Explanatory notes: usefulness of financial information disclosed in the Brazilian market upon international financial reporting standards (IFRS) adoption

Souza, Estela Maris Vieira de 07 October 2014 (has links)
Esse estudo investigou se as notas explicativas às demonstrações financeiras, preparadas de acordo com as International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), cumprem seu objetivo principal de fornecer informações úteis a investidores e credores no mercado brasileiro. A análise foi desenvolvida a partir de dados obtidos junto a usuários externos, investidores e credores, de informações financeiras divulgadas em notas explicativas às demonstrações financeiras de companhias abertas brasileiras, listadas na BM&FBovespa, no período de 1º de outubro de 2013 a 28 de fevereiro de 2014. Foram identificadas, também, as opiniões de preparadores de informações financeiras e contrapostas às dos usuários externos quanto às características da informação financeira útil, emanadas do The Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting IASB (2010); foi ainda analisada a influência do processo adotado pelo IASB para definir requerimentos de divulgação incluídos em suas normas e pronunciamentos contábeis associado à confiabilidade trazida por auditores independentes (Big four) quanto ao enforcement à aderência a esses requerimentos, no âmbito da utilidade da informação financeira. De forma geral, os resultados indicaram que as notas explicativas às demonstrações financeiras atingem parcialmente seu objetivo principal de fornecer informações úteis a investidores e credores no mercado brasileiro, uma vez que preparadores da informação financeira norteiam-se pelos requerimentos de divulgação definidos nos IFRS de forma bastante literal, inclusive com auxílio de disclosure check list, propiciando a inclusão de informações imateriais em notas explicativas devido à ausência de orientação específica sobre determinação de materialidade nas normas do IASB. / In this study we have examined whether the explanatory notes to financial statements prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) achieve their main objective of providing useful information to investors and creditors in the Brazilian market. The analysis was based on data obtained from external users, investors and creditors with respect to financial information disclosed in the explanatory notes of financial statements of Brazilian public companies listed on the BM&FBovespa, during the period from October 1, 2013 to February 28, 2014. It was identified the opinions of the preparers of financial information and compared them with those of external users regarding the characteristics of useful financial information described in The Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting IASB (2010). It was also analyzed the influence of IASB´s process to define the disclosure requirements in their accounting standards and pronouncements, together with the reliability resulting from independent auditors (Big Four) regarding the enforcement of compliance with these requirements, as they relate to the usefulness of financial information. Overall, the results revealed that the explanatory notes to the financial statements partially achieve their main goal of providing useful information to investors and creditors in the Brazilian market, since preparers of financial information are guided by the disclosure requirements defined in the IFRS quite literally, sometimes with the assistance of a disclosure checklist, resulting in the inclusion of immaterial information in the notes, due to the lack of specific guidance in the IFRS regarding materiality.
9

A Study on Zhu He-Ling's "Explanatory Notes of the Poetry Collection of Li Yi-Shan"

Hsieh, Tsung-jung 21 July 2012 (has links)
Among those who interpreted the poetry of Li Shang-Yin in the early Qing Dynasty, Zhu He-Ling was the one that took the lead. He interpreted the poetry of Li Shang-Yin on Qian Qian-Yi¡¦s instructions. It was a time of dynasty changes and literary inquisition, similar to the late Tang Dynasty. The poetry of Li Shang-Yin, poet of the late Tang, was ambiguous and obscure, which provided an opportunity for Zhu who was in the same situation as Li-Shang-Yin to display his commentary ability. Zhu adopted the method of ¡§zhi ren lun shi¡¨ to interpret Li¡¦s poems, which is a method of understanding a person by researching the historical background. After ¡§Explanatory Notes of the Poetry Collection of Li Yi-Shan¡¨ was published, it evoked resonance among readers. Therefore, it is now an important book for studying Li¡¦s poems. If the process of how Zhu finished the book could be understood and the essence and features of the book could be outlined and summarized, it would be beneficial for researching the poet Li Shang-Yin and his poems. This dissertation is composed of five chapters. The first chapter- introduction- contains the purpose and method of the study. The life and characteristics of Zhu and the gist of ¡§Explanatory Notes of the Poetry Collection of Li Yi-Shan¡¨ were also introduced. The second chapter-the historical background of Zhu He-ling¡¦s interpretation of Li Yi-Shan¡¦s poems-indicates that the author wrote and developed the concept of shishi (¸Ö¥v) and bixin (¤ñ¿³) under the influence of the political and social environment and the academic atmosphere at that time. This chapter also discusses the process of how Zhu finished the book and compares the differences in different versions in order to highlight the outcomes of Zhu¡¦s studies. In chapter three-the style and structure of ¡§Explanatory notes of the poetry collection of Li-Yi-Shan¡¨- the style and structure of the explanation, interpretation and quotation in the book were analyzed. By doing this, Zhu¡¦s devotion to interpreting Li¡¦s poems and to preserving predecessors¡¦ works could be easily seen. Chapter four-the contribution and defect of ¡§Explanatory notes of the poetry collection of Li-Yi-Shan¡¨-depicts the contribution and defect of the book for those who study Li Shang-Yin¡¦s poems. Chapter five-conclusion- summarizes the main ideas from chapter two to four in the hope that the whole picture of ¡§Explanatory notes of the poetry collection of Li-Yi-Shan¡¨ could be understood.
10

Notas explicativas: utilidade das informações financeiras divulgadas no Brasil com a adoção das normas internacionais de contabilidade (IFRS) / Explanatory notes: usefulness of financial information disclosed in the Brazilian market upon international financial reporting standards (IFRS) adoption

Estela Maris Vieira de Souza 07 October 2014 (has links)
Esse estudo investigou se as notas explicativas às demonstrações financeiras, preparadas de acordo com as International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), cumprem seu objetivo principal de fornecer informações úteis a investidores e credores no mercado brasileiro. A análise foi desenvolvida a partir de dados obtidos junto a usuários externos, investidores e credores, de informações financeiras divulgadas em notas explicativas às demonstrações financeiras de companhias abertas brasileiras, listadas na BM&FBovespa, no período de 1º de outubro de 2013 a 28 de fevereiro de 2014. Foram identificadas, também, as opiniões de preparadores de informações financeiras e contrapostas às dos usuários externos quanto às características da informação financeira útil, emanadas do The Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting IASB (2010); foi ainda analisada a influência do processo adotado pelo IASB para definir requerimentos de divulgação incluídos em suas normas e pronunciamentos contábeis associado à confiabilidade trazida por auditores independentes (Big four) quanto ao enforcement à aderência a esses requerimentos, no âmbito da utilidade da informação financeira. De forma geral, os resultados indicaram que as notas explicativas às demonstrações financeiras atingem parcialmente seu objetivo principal de fornecer informações úteis a investidores e credores no mercado brasileiro, uma vez que preparadores da informação financeira norteiam-se pelos requerimentos de divulgação definidos nos IFRS de forma bastante literal, inclusive com auxílio de disclosure check list, propiciando a inclusão de informações imateriais em notas explicativas devido à ausência de orientação específica sobre determinação de materialidade nas normas do IASB. / In this study we have examined whether the explanatory notes to financial statements prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) achieve their main objective of providing useful information to investors and creditors in the Brazilian market. The analysis was based on data obtained from external users, investors and creditors with respect to financial information disclosed in the explanatory notes of financial statements of Brazilian public companies listed on the BM&FBovespa, during the period from October 1, 2013 to February 28, 2014. It was identified the opinions of the preparers of financial information and compared them with those of external users regarding the characteristics of useful financial information described in The Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting IASB (2010). It was also analyzed the influence of IASB´s process to define the disclosure requirements in their accounting standards and pronouncements, together with the reliability resulting from independent auditors (Big Four) regarding the enforcement of compliance with these requirements, as they relate to the usefulness of financial information. Overall, the results revealed that the explanatory notes to the financial statements partially achieve their main goal of providing useful information to investors and creditors in the Brazilian market, since preparers of financial information are guided by the disclosure requirements defined in the IFRS quite literally, sometimes with the assistance of a disclosure checklist, resulting in the inclusion of immaterial information in the notes, due to the lack of specific guidance in the IFRS regarding materiality.

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