Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 152-170).

published_or_final_version / Economics and Finance / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 83-85).

published_or_final_version / Environmental Management / Master / Master of Science in Environmental Management

Orientador: Célio Hiratuka / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T02:06:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cunha_SamanthaFerreirae_D.pdf: 2834795 bytes, checksum: 993585882a5e7c78fde325513425305b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Estudos recentes, utilizando classificações de mercadorias com um alto grau de detalhamento, constataram em um mesmo produto e mercado de destino, grandes diferenças de preços entre os países exportadores. Estabeleceu-se a visão de que a especialização comercial ocorre no interior da categoria de produto, ao longo de variedades. A princípio, variedades são mercadorias sob um mesmo código, mas vendidas a valores unitários distintos (diferenciação vertical de produto). A literatura emergiu nos países desenvolvidos, preocupada com os efeitos da concorrência com as variedades dos países de baixos salários. Essa nova visão da especialização comercial é o ponto de partida para tratar de um tema de grande apelo no contexto atual, o da concorrência com os produtos chineses em terceiros mercados. O trabalho procura contribuir com o tema, investigando a importância do comércio em produtos verticalmente diferenciados na caracterização do padrão de especialização comercial do Brasil comparativamente à China, considerando os principais mercados consumidores de manufaturados brasileiros (ALADI, MERCOSUL e NAFTA). A análise observa diretamente os valores unitários dos fluxos de comércio para inferir sobre a qualidade relativa dos produtos exportados entre o Brasil e a China. Alternativamente, por meio de uma equação de regressão com dados em painel, utiliza dados de preço e quantidade exportados para estimar a influência da `margem qualidade¿ no crescimento das exportações para cada mercado de destino selecionado. O período de análise são os anos 2001 a 2010; os dados são oferecidos por uma nova base de dados de comércio internacional, a BACI. Em geral, as evidências encontradas mostram que o Brasil resistiu melhor a concorrência com os produtos chineses nos segmentos de preço médio e superior, pois foram os segmentos em que ampliou a sua participação (até 10,0 pontos percentuais); esse resultado é observado nas diferentes indústrias e mercados de destino selecionados. Em relação à importância da `margem qualidade¿ no crescimento das exportações, os resultados das estimações mostraram que há diferenças entre os países exportadores quanto à qualidade das exportações nos diferentes mercados de destino; os países de renda per capita mais alta tendem a exportar maiores quantidades, a preços até 12,0% mais altos. Isso significa que há espaço para os países em desenvolvimento aumentarem a qualidade de suas exportações, o que deve ser complementar ao esforço de diversificação da pauta de exportações / Abstract: Recent studies, using highly detailed commodity classifications, have found large price differences among exporting countries, considering the same product and destination market. The idea that trade specialization occurs within product, along varieties, was established. Originally, varieties are goods under the same code but sold with different unit values (vertical product differentiation). The literature has emerged in developed countries, worried about the effects of competition with the varieties of low-wage countries. This new approach to trade specialization is the starting point for discussing a topic of great appeal in the current scenario of competition with Chinese products in third markets. This study aims to contribute to the discussions on that topic, investigating the importance of trade in vertically differentiated products in characterizing the patterns of trade specialization of Brazil in comparison with China, considering the main destination markets of Brazilian manufactures (LAIA, MERCOSUR and NAFTA). The analysis uses directly the unit values of trade flows to infer the relative quality of exported products between Brazil and China. Alternatively, by means of a regression equation with panel data, it uses price and quantity data to estimate the influence of the quality margin in the growth of exports for each selected destination market. The period of analysis comprises the years 2001 to 2010; the data are made available by a new international trade database, BACI. In general, the results show that Brazil has better resisted to the competition with Chinese products in the medium and upper segments of the market, because those were the segments in which Brazil has expanded its share (up to 10.0 percentage points); the observed results hold among different industries and selected destination markets. Considering the importance of the quality margin in the growth of exports, the results showed that there are differences between exporting countries regarding the quality of exports in the different destination markets; countries with higher per capita income export larger quantities, with prices up to 12% higher. This means that there is room for developing countries to raise the quality of their exports, and this should complement the efforts of export diversification / Doutorado / Teoria Economica / Doutora em Ciências Econômicas

Thesis (MBA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / The South African clothing and textile industry has historically benefited from import substitution industrialisation which protected the industry through tariff and non-tariff barriers from foreign competition. Factors such as the impact of globalisation, our accession to the World Trade Organisation and the associated effects on trade liberalisation changed South Africa‟s trade policy to move towards export lead growth at the threshold of South Africa‟s democracy, which paved the way for increased imports from foreign countries. The opening up of the South African economy to foreign competition negatively impacted on the competitiveness of these industries. The clothing and textile industry has been plagued by various challenges, amongst others, cheap imports especially from China (often illegal), South Africa‟s accelerated tariff reduction programme and currency fluctuations (especially the appreciation of the Rand), which culminated in factory closures and huge job losses. South Africa has since 1994 developed unstructured and uncoordinated sectoral responses to these challenges in the absence of a comprehensive industrial policy. The government‟s response to deal with the challenges facing the clothing and textile industry was to re-impose protectionist measures via import quotas on certain categories of products from China. These measures were intended to protect the industry and provide it with breathing space to reposition itself and regain its competitiveness, retain existing jobs and create additional jobs. The quest to regain global competitiveness should be founded on a combination of measures (e.g. the legislative and institutional environment, infrastructure, skilled workforce, innovation and networking) designed to satisfy consumer tastes and preferences that aims to improve the potential for growth in the medium to long-term. The objective of this research report was to assess whether the introduction of import quotas on Chinese goods positively contributed to the South African clothing and textile industry in regaining a measure of competitiveness and growth. The basis of the study is informed by a series of personal interviews with the key industry stakeholders which focused on examining the state of the industry, especially the impact of import quotas of certain categories of Chinese goods. The results revealed that the impact of import quotas on Chinese goods failed to provide any significant benefits to the clothing and textile industry since: (i) although there was a reduction in imports from China into South Africa in the quota categories, importers merely sourced their products from other low cost countries (e.g. Pakistan, Vietnam, Mauritius); (ii) there was no significant increase in local output and purchases; and (iii) there was no significant reduction in the number of jobs lost and none created during this period. These results although supported by business and other academic literature are contested by both labour and government. One conclusion was that a comprehensive approach should be pursued to arrest the challenges faced by the clothing and textile industry to reposition itself within the global environment to regain its competitiveness. This requires the active participation of all industry stakeholders and the implementation of appropriate strategies and tactics which is sequenced and coordinated to enhance their collective outcomes.

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of Government and Public Administration