The purpose of this study was to investigate the relation between generalized expectancies of internal versus external control and sociometric status.

This investigation sought to explore the relationship of Julian Rotter's concept of internal versus external control (I-E) to stages of moral judgment. The I-E dimension is defined as the attribution by the individual of responsibility for behavioral outcomes to either oneself or to outside entities. The internal oriented person believes that the events in which he is involved lie within his control. Conversely, the external oriented person believes that the events that happen to him are controlled by other factors.

This thesis proposes three hypotheses: first, that persons with a high generalized expectancy for internal control of reinforcement will react to many of life's situations in a problem-solving or need-persistent way; second, that those persons high in the belief of external control will be more extra-punitive in their reactions to frustrating situations; third, that persons with a high belief in internal control of reinforcement are more ready to learn in chance situations.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of three factors, the expectation of events, situational control and situational anxiety, on the coping effort of parents of acutely ill hospitalized children. A secondary purpose was to determine the influence of the parents' locus of control orientation on the parents' coping effort. Coping effort was defined as the amount of behavior, both action oriented and intrapsychic, employed by parents to master, tolerate, reduce or minimize stressful events encountered during their child's hospitalization. The study utilized a mathematical correlational design with a causal modeling approach to assess a four-stage theory. The convenience sample selected for the study was 45 Anglo mothers of acutely ill hospitalized children between the ages of one and 24 months. A four-scale instrument based on magnitude estimation measurement strategy was constructed to index the theoretical concepts. Reliability, validity and cross modality matching were conducted to estimate the psychometric properties of the instrument. The theory was estimated using correlational and multiple regression statistical techniques. Residual analysis was conducted to estimate violations of the causal model and statistical assumptions. Expectation of events showed a direct effect on situational anxiety (R² = .35) and thus, an indirect impact on parental coping effort. Situational anxiety had a strong, direct, positive influence on coping effort (R² = .97). Situational control did not significantly influence the parents' coping effort directly nor indirectly and was not influenced by the expectation of events. The impact of the parents' locus of control orientation on their coping effort could not be determined since the locus of control index was found to be psychometrically inadequate for this sample. Parents who knew what events to expect experienced less anxiety and, as a result, expended less effort to cope with the stresses of their child's hospital experience. By knowing what factors influence the parents' coping effort, the pediatric nurse is able to manipulate the parents' hospital experience to provide as therapeutic an environment for the child and the parents as possible.

Background – Due to the increased complexity of the Swedish financial market, the increased demand for financial services and the increased number of financial advisors, the role of financial advisors is important on the financial market. The external control from Finansinspektionen has been increased in order to eliminate rogue advisors and this type of control often affects employees’ motivation in a negative way. Because of the important role financial advisors have on the financial market, it is essential that they are motivated in order to perform well in their profession.  Purpose – The purpose of this study is to investigate how the external control affects the work motivation of financial advisors and how motivational factors could be used when designing a management control system in a context characterized by high external control. To answer this purpose, this thesis answers these following three research questions: What do financial advisors perceive to be the most effective motivational factors? How does the external control influence the motivation of financial advisors? How could the work be designed to maximize the motivation of financial advisors? Method – In order to fulfill the purpose of this study, we have a qualitative approach were we conducted ten semi-structured interviews with financial advisors. The financial advisors are working at two large Swedish financial advisory companies. Findings/Conclusion – After analyzing the empirical data, with relevant theories, interesting findings were made. In general, the external control from Finansinspektionen is interpreted as unmotivating by financial advisors. To counter this, it is important that the employers invest resources to develop IT-systems that minimize the time spent on these work tasks. The administrative work, which arises from the external control, would become more effective and not so time consuming. The management control systems must be designed so that they maximize the motivation of the advisors. Employers must also use correctly designed reward systems in order to have motivated employees. Practical Implications – This study contributes to important findings for managers in Swedish financial advisory companies. Since the management control systems could be designed in another way to maximize the motivation of the financial advisors, this study is an important contribution to the financial sector, where the financial advisors operate.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1989.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1989.

The problem of this study was to determine the relationship between the nature of an individual's self-concept and belief system to his orientation toward internal versus external control of reinforcement. This study was designed to investigate the relationship of two variables, self-concept and open versus closed belief system, to a third variable, locus of control.

Viena iš viešųjų finansų kontrolės sistemos rūšių – viešųjų finansų išorės kontrolės sistema, kurios esminis bruožas – nepriklausomumas nuo kontroliuojamojo objekto. Magistro baigiamojo darbo tikslas – išanalizuoti teisės normas, reguliuojančias viešųjų finansų išorės kontrolės sistemos funkcionavimą, atskleidžiant teisinio reglamentavimo ypatumus bei šios kontrolės rūšies svarbą. Baigiamajame darbe nagrinėjami Lietuvos teisės aktai, reglamentuojantys viešųjų finansų išorės kontrolės subjektų teisinio statuso ypatumus, analizuojamas jų efektyvumo įgyvendinimas, palyginami Lietuvos ir Švedijos teisės aktai, apibrėžiantys aukščiausios audito institucijos kompetenciją. Magistro baigiamajame darbe naudojami tiek teoriniai, tiek empiriniai: dokumentų analizės (teisinių dokumentų – Konstitucijų, įstatymų, poįstatyminių aktų, ataskaitų – analizės), kontent – analizės, sisteminės analizės, lyginimo (darbe palyginama Lietuvos ir Švedijos Aukščiausiųjų audito institucijų teisinio reglamentavimo ypatumai, atskleidžiant panašumus, trūkumus), lyginamasis istorinis (apžvelgiama Valstybės kontrolės veiklą reglamentuojančių teisės aktų istorinė kaita), apibendrinimo (analizuojamos autorių nuomonės dėl atitinkamų sąvokų apibrėžties ) metodai. Išanalizavus teisės aktus, reglamentuojančius Lietuvos viešųjų finansų išorės kontrolės sistemą pateikiamos rekomendacijos, autorės nuomone, reikalingos nustatytiems trūkumams pašalinti. / One of sort of control system of public finance is the external control system of public finance, which basic aspect is independence of controlled object. The goal of master work is to analyze legal acts, which regulate the system of external control of public finance, emphasizing the peculiarities of legal regulation and the importance of this control system. Legal acts of Lithuania, which regulate the legal position of the subject of external control system of public finance were studied and the effectiveness of their implementation was analyzed; also they were compared with the legal acts of Sweden, which regulate the competence of institutions of national audit. Both theoretical and empirical methods are used in this master work. There are the analysis of documents (legal documents such as Constitutions, laws, other legal documents, annual reports), the content-analysis, systematic analysis, comparative (features of legal regulation of national audit offices in Lithuania and Sweden differences and similarities, disadvantages), comparative historical (historical perspective of legal regulation of National Audit Office in Lithuania), summation (the analysis of various authors opinions about definitions of concepts) methods. In conclusion author of this master work offers some recommendations about possible ways to correct disadvantages of legal acts, regulating the external control system of public finance in Lithuania.

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