Submitted by Deyse Queiroz (deysequeirozz@hotmail.com) on 2018-06-14T13:14:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DYEGO DA COSTA SANTOS - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEA 2012..pdf: 41520705 bytes, checksum: 086b1fdd0714560722d1e4b02d15c2b0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-14T13:14:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DYEGO DA COSTA SANTOS - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEA 2012..pdf: 41520705 bytes, checksum: 086b1fdd0714560722d1e4b02d15c2b0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02 / Os grãos residuais de urucum constituem o subproduto da extração dos pigmentos bixina e norbixina na indústria de alimentos. Atualmente, a maioria desses grãos vem sendo descartada, o que gera a necessidade de aproveitamento desses resíduos, inclusive com estudos no sentido de incorporá-los à alimentação humana. Ante o exposto, objetivouse secar grãos residuais de urucum e farinhas de grãos residuais de urucum por meio convencional (secagem em estufa) e utilizando energia solar. Os grãos e as farinhas foram secados em estufa com circulação forçada de ar, nas temperaturas de 40, 50, 60 e 70 °C. Nas secagens por meio de energia solar foram utilizados dois secadores, um para secagem diurna, denominado secador solar, e o outro para secagem noturna, denominado Secador Acumulador de Calor para Secagem Noturna (ACSN). O secador ACSN é composto por dois circuitos de circulação de água independentes. No período diurno funcionava o circuito coletor solar/reservatório, o qual era interrompido durante a noite e aberto o circuito reservatório/câmara de secagem. Na secagem por exposição direta ao sol as amostras eram colocadas em bandejas em base de concreto recoberta com lona plástica (polietileno) preta. Para a representação da cinética de secagem dos grãos e das farinhas de urucum desidratados em estufa, secadores solar e noturno e por exposição direta ao sol foram empregados os modelos matemáticos de Aproximação da Difusão, Dois Termos, Midilli, Page e Thompson. Nas secagens convencionais, o aumento da temperatura de desidratação promoveu reduções nos tempos de secagem. A utilização do secador ACSN no período notumo evitou a absorção de água pelas amostras e promoveu sua secagem, o que possibilitou a obtenção de produto com menor teor de água. Para as amostras cuja secagem se iniciou no período notumo, a utilização do secador ACSN no período notumo possibilitou maiores taxas de secagem, em comparação com a testemunha, com obtenção de produto com menor teor de água. As secagens solares apresentaram tempos de desidratação menores que as observadas nas secagens convencionais. Os modelos de Aproximação da Difusão, Dois Termos, Midilli, Page e Thompson propiciaram bons ajustes aos dados experimentais da cinética de secagem das amostras de grãos e farinhas de grãos residuais de urucum com e sem óleo pelos métodos convencional e solar. / Residual annatto seeds are a subproduct derived from the extraction of bixin and norbixin pigments in the food industry. The fact that most of these seeds are typically discarded demonstrates the need for making better use of these residues, through studies aimed at incorporating them into the human diet. The objective of this study was to dry residual annatto seeds and annatto seed powder using conventional means (oven-drying) and solar energy. The seeds and powder were oven dried with forced air circulation at temperatures of 40, 50, 60 and 70 °C. Two dryers were used in the solar energy method, one for daytime drying, called a solar dryer, and the other for nighttime drying, denominated a heat accumulator for nighttime drying (ACSN). The ACSN dryer is composed of two independent water circulation circuits. The solar collector circuit/reservoir was in operation in the daytime. This was interrupted during the night, whereupon the reservoir circuit/drying chamber was opened. In solar drying, samples were collected in concrete trays covered with a black plastic tarp (polyethylene). Diffusion approximation, two term, Midilli, Page and Thompson mathematical models were used to represent the drying kinetics of annatto seeds and powder dried in an oven and solar and nighttime dryers, as well as by direct exposure to the sun. In conventional drying, an increase in temperature promoted reductions in drying time. Using the ACSN dryer at night avoided water absorption by the samples, promoting their drying and resulting in a product with lower water content. For samples dried at night, employing the ACSN dryer led to greater drying rates compared to the control sample, generating a product with lower water content. Solar dryers exhibited shorter drying times than those observed in conventional dryers. Diffusion Approximation, Two Term, Midilli, Page and Thompson models showed a good fit to experimental data derived from the drying kinetics of annatto seed samples and residual powder, with and without oil, using conventional and solar methods.

This Diploma thesis deals with the production of the concentrate from the Elderberry marc extract (Sambucus nigra L.). The basic chemical characteristics in this concentrate were determined. The theoretical part of the thesis deal with the botanic characteristic of the Elderberry and its berries. The characteristic of the phenolic compounds, mainly anhocyanins was summarized. The use of the anthocyanin pigments in the food industry, the possibilities of their extraction and the concentrate production was discussed. Thereafter the methods of the anthocyanin content and the phenolic content determination were described. In the experimental part of study, the production of the anthocyanin rich extract from Elderberry marc was optimized. The extraction of the marc by the 1:1 ethanol/water (V/V) solvent with the ratio marc/solvent 1:2 (w/V) showed the most convenient. The production of the concentrate followed. During the concentration on the rotary evaporator the pigment degradation was investigated. The degradation decreased with the decrease of the temperature. The final concentrate was prepared from the extract on the rotary evaporator by 45 °C for 15 minutes. This product had the 7times lower volume compared to the initial extract. In the final concentrate come of the chemical characteristic were determined. By liquid chromatography (HPLC) the major pigments cyanidin-3-sambubiosid and cyanidin-3-glucosid were determined. Their total content was determined to 34,9 gl-1. The total anthocyanin content was determined by pH differential method to 7,1 gl-1 (expressed as cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalent). The total phenolic content was determined to 27,1 gl-1 (expressed as gallic acid equivalent) by Folin-Ciocalteu method. By electron paramagnetic resonance the increase in antioxidant activity with the increase in concentration was found. Up to 42 aromatic compounds was determined in Elderberry marc, its extract and the final concentrate.