In the field of software engineering, software architecture plays an important role particularly in areas of critical and large-scale software system development and over the years it has evolved as an important sub-discipline within the field of software engineering. However, software architecture is still an emerging discipline mainly attributed by the lack of standardized way for architectural representation and also due to lack of analysis methods that can determine if the intended architecture translates into correct implementation during the software development [HNS00]. Architecture compliance checking [KP07] is a technique used to resolve latter part of the problem and Fraunhofer SAVE (Software Architecture Visualization and Evaluation) is a compliance-checking tool that uses fact extraction. This master’s thesis provides fact extraction support to Fraunhofer SAVE for a system developed using Ruby on Rail framework by developing a fact extractor. The fact extractor was developed as an eclipse plug-in in Java that was integrated with SAVE platform, it consists of a parser that parses Ruby source code and then generates an abstract syntax tree. The architectural facts are extracted by analyzing these abstract syntax trees using a visitor pattern from which architecture of the system are generated. It is represented using the internal model of the SAVE platform. The fact extractor was validated using two reference systems of differing sizes developed using Ruby on Rails framework. A reference system with smaller size, which contains all the relevant Ruby language constructs, was used to evaluate correctness and completeness of the fact extractor. The evaluation result showed the correctness value of 1.0 or 100% and completeness value of 1.0 or 100%. Afterwards, a larger application with more complex architecture was used to validate the performance and robustness of the fact extractor. It has successfully extracted, analyzed and build the SAVE model of this large system by taking 0.05 seconds per component without crashing. Based these computations, it was concluded that the performance of the fact extractor was acceptable as it performed better than C# fact extractor.

A legislação brasileira de fertilizantes define que os micronutrientes sejam garantidos pelo seu total presente. Isto permite a utilização de produtos não considerados como fontes de micronutrientes na fabricação dos fertilizantes, como, por exemplo, subprodutos industriais, porém com eficiência agronômica ainda não devidamente comprovada. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a solubilidade do boro e do zinco contidos em fertilizantes, utilizando extratores químicos, e correlacionar com a disponibilidade desses elementos para plantas, procurando identificar o extrator que melhor avalie essa disponibilidade. A disponibilidade do boro avaliada por plantas testes de soja, foi a mesma em todos os produtos. Os resultados mostraram que tanto a garantia pelo teor total quanto pelo teor solúvel em soluções de ácido cítrico 20 g L-1 ou de citrato neutro de amônio (1+9), foram bons para indicar a disponibilidade deste micronutriente em todos os fertilizantes. O extrator citrato neutro de amônio (1+9), na relação 1:100 e com fervura por cinco minutos, apresentou uma satisfatória correlação com a absorção pelas plantas. Sua adoção contribuirá para o aumento da eficiência das adubações com zinco e também fortalecer a idoneidade de setor de fertilizantes, em especial o de micronutrientes. / The Brazilian fertilizer legislation only defines that micronutrients must be guaranteed by their total amount. This has allowed the use of by-products as source of micronutrients for fertilizers, which agronomic efficiencies are still doubtful. The purpose of this work was to characterize the solubility of boron and zinc from fertilizers through water, 20 g L-1 citric acid, neutral ammonium citrate (1+9) and DTPA extractant solutions. Correlation between solubilities of micronutrients in the fertilizers and their contents in test plants were tried in order to identify the extractor thatshowed the best evaluation of micronutrient availability on fertilizers for plants. Boron availability for soybean was the same in all fertilizers. The results showed that both solubility in citric acid or neutral ammonium citrate and total amount of boron was a good indication of this micronutrient availability in all fertilizers. The neutral ammonium citrate (1+9), relationship 1:100 and boiling for five minutes showed to be a good extractor to identify zinc availability for plants. Your adoption will contribute to improve fertizations and strengthening of the industry of fertilizers with micronutrients.

This thesis deals with fact extraction, which analyzes source code (and sometimes related artifacts) to produce extracted facts about the code. These facts may, for example, record where in the code variables are declared and where they are used, as well as related information. These extracted facts are typically used in software reverse engineering to reconstruct the design of the program. This thesis has two main parts, each of which deals with a formal approach to fact extraction. Part 1 of the thesis deals with the question: How can we demonstrate that a fact extractor actually does its job? That is, does the extractor produce the facts that it is supposed to produce? This thesis builds on the concept of semantic completeness of a fact extractor, as defined by Tom Dean et al, and further defines source, syntax and compiler completeness. One of the contributions of this thesis is to show that in particular important cases (when the extractor is deterministic and its front end is idempotent), there is an efficient algorithm to determine if the extractor is compiler complete. This result is surprising, considering that in general it is undecidable if two programs are semantically equivalent, and it would seem that source code and its corresponding extracted facts are each essentially programs that are to be proved to be equivalent or at least sufficiently similar. The larger part of the thesis, Part 2, presents Algebraic Refers-to Analysis (ARA), a new approach to fact extraction with emphasis on the Refers-to relation. ARA provides a framework for specifying fact extraction, based on a three-step pipeline: (1) basic (lexical and syntactic) extraction, (2) a normalization step and (3) a binding step. For practical programming languages, these three steps are repeated, in stages and phases, until the Refers-to relation is computed. During the writing of this thesis, ARA pipelines for C, Java, C++, Fortran, Pascal and Ada have been designed. A prototype fact extractor for the C language has been created. Validating ARA means to demonstrate that ARA pipelines satisfy the programming language standards such as ISO C++ standard. In other words, we show that ARA phases (stages and formulas) are correctly transcribed from the rules in the language standard. Comparing with the existing approaches such as Attribute Grammar, ARA has the following advantages. First, ARA formulas are concise, elegant and more importantly, insightful. As a result, we have some interesting discovery about the programming languages. Second, ARA is validated based on set theory and relational algebra, which is more reliable than exhaustive testing. Finally, ARA formulas are supported by existing software tools such as database management systems and relational calculators. Overall, the contributions of this thesis include 1) the invention of the concept of hierarchy of completeness and the automatic testing of completeness, 2) the use of the relational data model in fact extraction, 3) the invention of Algebraic Refers-to Relation Analysis (ARA) and 4) the discovery of some interesting facts of programming languages.

This thesis deals with fact extraction, which analyzes source code (and sometimes related artifacts) to produce extracted facts about the code. These facts may, for example, record where in the code variables are declared and where they are used, as well as related information. These extracted facts are typically used in software reverse engineering to reconstruct the design of the program. This thesis has two main parts, each of which deals with a formal approach to fact extraction. Part 1 of the thesis deals with the question: How can we demonstrate that a fact extractor actually does its job? That is, does the extractor produce the facts that it is supposed to produce? This thesis builds on the concept of semantic completeness of a fact extractor, as defined by Tom Dean et al, and further defines source, syntax and compiler completeness. One of the contributions of this thesis is to show that in particular important cases (when the extractor is deterministic and its front end is idempotent), there is an efficient algorithm to determine if the extractor is compiler complete. This result is surprising, considering that in general it is undecidable if two programs are semantically equivalent, and it would seem that source code and its corresponding extracted facts are each essentially programs that are to be proved to be equivalent or at least sufficiently similar. The larger part of the thesis, Part 2, presents Algebraic Refers-to Analysis (ARA), a new approach to fact extraction with emphasis on the Refers-to relation. ARA provides a framework for specifying fact extraction, based on a three-step pipeline: (1) basic (lexical and syntactic) extraction, (2) a normalization step and (3) a binding step. For practical programming languages, these three steps are repeated, in stages and phases, until the Refers-to relation is computed. During the writing of this thesis, ARA pipelines for C, Java, C++, Fortran, Pascal and Ada have been designed. A prototype fact extractor for the C language has been created. Validating ARA means to demonstrate that ARA pipelines satisfy the programming language standards such as ISO C++ standard. In other words, we show that ARA phases (stages and formulas) are correctly transcribed from the rules in the language standard. Comparing with the existing approaches such as Attribute Grammar, ARA has the following advantages. First, ARA formulas are concise, elegant and more importantly, insightful. As a result, we have some interesting discovery about the programming languages. Second, ARA is validated based on set theory and relational algebra, which is more reliable than exhaustive testing. Finally, ARA formulas are supported by existing software tools such as database management systems and relational calculators. Overall, the contributions of this thesis include 1) the invention of the concept of hierarchy of completeness and the automatic testing of completeness, 2) the use of the relational data model in fact extraction, 3) the invention of Algebraic Refers-to Relation Analysis (ARA) and 4) the discovery of some interesting facts of programming languages.

A legislação brasileira de fertilizantes define que os micronutrientes sejam garantidos pelo seu total presente. Isto permite a utilização de produtos não considerados como fontes de micronutrientes na fabricação dos fertilizantes, como, por exemplo, subprodutos industriais, porém com eficiência agronômica ainda não devidamente comprovada. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a solubilidade do boro e do zinco contidos em fertilizantes, utilizando extratores químicos, e correlacionar com a disponibilidade desses elementos para plantas, procurando identificar o extrator que melhor avalie essa disponibilidade. A disponibilidade do boro avaliada por plantas testes de soja, foi a mesma em todos os produtos. Os resultados mostraram que tanto a garantia pelo teor total quanto pelo teor solúvel em soluções de ácido cítrico 20 g L-1 ou de citrato neutro de amônio (1+9), foram bons para indicar a disponibilidade deste micronutriente em todos os fertilizantes. O extrator citrato neutro de amônio (1+9), na relação 1:100 e com fervura por cinco minutos, apresentou uma satisfatória correlação com a absorção pelas plantas. Sua adoção contribuirá para o aumento da eficiência das adubações com zinco e também fortalecer a idoneidade de setor de fertilizantes, em especial o de micronutrientes. / The Brazilian fertilizer legislation only defines that micronutrients must be guaranteed by their total amount. This has allowed the use of by-products as source of micronutrients for fertilizers, which agronomic efficiencies are still doubtful. The purpose of this work was to characterize the solubility of boron and zinc from fertilizers through water, 20 g L-1 citric acid, neutral ammonium citrate (1+9) and DTPA extractant solutions. Correlation between solubilities of micronutrients in the fertilizers and their contents in test plants were tried in order to identify the extractor thatshowed the best evaluation of micronutrient availability on fertilizers for plants. Boron availability for soybean was the same in all fertilizers. The results showed that both solubility in citric acid or neutral ammonium citrate and total amount of boron was a good indication of this micronutrient availability in all fertilizers. The neutral ammonium citrate (1+9), relationship 1:100 and boiling for five minutes showed to be a good extractor to identify zinc availability for plants. Your adoption will contribute to improve fertizations and strengthening of the industry of fertilizers with micronutrients.

In this thesis deep convolutional neural networks models and feature descriptor models are compared. Feature descriptors are paired with suitable chosen classifier. These models are a part of machine learning therefore machine learning types are described in this thesis. Further these chosen models are described, and their basics and problems are explained. Hardware and software used for tests is listed and then test results and results summary is listed. Then comparison based on the validation accuracy and training time of these said models is done.

This thesis deals with the image object detection using Contour cues. The text describes methods how to train and test object detector. The main contribution of this thesis consists in creation Feature extractor for creation object detector in Java programming. The functionality of object detector was demonstrated on medical images.

Orientador: Rogério Lopes Vieites / Resumo: A pitaya vermelha de polpa branca é uma fruta que vem conquistando o mercado devido a sua alta aceitação pelos consumidores e seus benefícios para a saúde. Objetivou-se avaliar a conservação pós-colheita dos frutos de pitaya vermelha de polpa branca durante o armazenamento refrigerado, após serem submetidos a diferentes doses de irradiação gama, visando a preservação da qualidade, bem como verificar as alterações no metabolismo secundário quanto aos compostos bioativos, e também identificar o melhor solvente extrator e o melhor peso da amostra, na extração de compostos bioativos e atividade antioxidante dos frutos. Os frutos foram colhidos em um pomar comercial localizado no município de Presidente Prudente-SP, e em seguida transportados para o Departamento de Horticultura da FCA-UNESP. Os frutos embalados foram transportados para o Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, onde foram submetidos as doses de irradiação gama. Após, foram armazenados em câmara fria no Departamento de Horticultura, onde foram realizadas as análises físico-químicas da polpa e bioquímicas da casca e polpa dos frutos. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 5 x 5, cinco doses de irradiação (0 KGy, 0,3 KGy, 0,6 KGy, 0,9 KGy e 1,2 KGy) e cinco dias de avaliação (zero, 5, 10, 15 e 20 dias). O delineamento para otimização da extração de compostos bioativos e atividade antioxidante foi o inteiramente casualisado com fator único e três repetições. A utilização da... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Red pitaya with white pulp is a fruit that has been conquering the market due to its high acceptance by consumers and its health benefits. The objective was to evaluate the postharvest conservation period of the fruits of the red white pulpy pitaya after being subjected to different doses of gamma irradiation, aiming at the preservation of the quality, as well as verifying the alterations in the secondary metabolism regarding the bioactive compounds, and also identify the best extractor solvent and the best weight of the sample, in the extraction of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of the fruits. The fruits were harvested in a commercial orchard located in the municipality of Presidente Prudente-SP, and then transported to the Horticulture Department of FCAUNESP. The packaged fruits were transported to the Energy and Nuclear Research Institute, where they were subjected to gamma irradiation doses. Afterwards, they were stored in a cold chamber at the Horticulture Department, where the physical-chemical analyzes of the pulp and biochemical analyzes of the skin and fruit pulp were carried out. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 5 x 5 factorial scheme, five irradiation doses (0 KGy, 0.3 KGy, 0.6 KGy, 0.9 KGy and 1.2 KGy) and five evaluation days (zero, 5, 10, 15 and 20 days). The design for optimizing the extraction of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity was completely randomized with a single factor and three replications. The use of gam... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Vacuum assisted delivery (VAD) is a common procedure used in the final stage of labor in the situation of a difficult natural delivery. Since the only biomechanical studies concerning the clinical safe traction force were conducted during 70s using simplified models to mimic the fetal head, concerns remain regarding the side effects of this medical intervention when applying high levels of traction forces. For experimental evaluation of VAD, a tissue-mimicking accurate fetal head phantom, having the same skull and brain dimension as a newborn, as well as, proper mechanical and acoustic properties of materials, can be used as a useful resource in terms of establishing safe levels of traction forces. The goal of this project is to develop a realistic patient-specific fetal head phantom that will be used to investigate the relation between applied traction force and imposed brain deformation in VAD in an experimental setting. A realistic fetal head phantom was developed using geometry accurate segmented meshes of pediatric skull and brain from a CT fetal head dataset. The fetal skull was 3D printed while the segmented mesh of the brain was used to create a fetal brain mold. The fetal brain phantom was developed using a PVA and graphite solution (10% and 3% mass concentration), whereas the sutures and fontanels, the scalp and the cerebrospinal fluid were mimicked using silicone, surgical latex and water, respectively. All the tissue-mimicking materials used corresponded with the biomechanical properties of the fetal head tissues. After the construction of the fetal head phantom, grey-scale long- and short- axis ultrasound images as well as the fetal brain phantom elasticity map were obtained. Furthermore, using sonomicrometry crystals, the reference strain values during manual hand pressure and VAD experimental procedures were acquired. The results showed negative strain values (compression) reaching 15% in the manual pressure experimental procedure, and higher positive strain values (stretching) reaching over 40% in the VAD experimental procedure. However, due to experimental limitations only one measurement using clinically realistic levels for both vacuum pressure (65 kPa) and traction force (70 N) was achieved. The developed fetal head phantom has potential to provide trustful biomechanical evidence to guide safe vacuum assisted delivery as well as to provide useful resource in terms of defining the clinical effective force of the vacuum extractor (VE). / I slutskedet av svåra vaginala förlossningar är assistans med sugklocka vanligt förekommande. Eftersom de enda biomekaniska studierna om kliniskt säkra dragkrafter genomfördes under 70 -talet med hjälp av förenklade modeller för att efterlikna fostrets huvud, finns det fortfarande oro om vilka skador användandet av sugklocka kan leda till när höga dragkrafter används. För att kunna fastställa en säker nivå av dragkrafter skulle en modell av fosterhuvudet, med realistiska dimensioner samt liknande mekaniska och akustiska egenskaper som en nyfödd, kunna användas.  Målet med detta projekt är att utveckla en realistisk patientspecifik modell av fosterhuvudet och sedan använda den för att experimentellt undersöka sambandet mellan applicerad dragkraft och hjärndeformation.  En realistisk fosterhuvudsmodell utvecklades från segmenterade datortomografibilder på ett fosterhuvud. Skallbenet tillverkades med en 3D-skrivare medan hjärnans gjöts i PVA och grafit (10% och 3% masskoncentration) i en 3D-utskriven form. Suturerna och fontanellerna, skalpen och cerebrospinalvätskan efterliknades med silikon, kirurgisk latex respektive vatten. Alla vävnadsimiterande material som användes motsvarade de biomekaniska egenskaperna hos ett fosters huvud.  När modellen var färdigkonstruerad togs ultraljudsbilder i gråskala i både lång- och kortaxel. Även hjärnmodellens elasticitet mättes med ultraljudsbaserad skjuvvågselastografi. Sonomikrometri –kristaller användes för att samla in referensvärden på hjärndeformation vid manuellt handtryck och experimentell rekonstruktion av förlossning med sugklocka. Resultaten visade att negativ deformation (kompression) på 15% i experimentella rekonstruktionen av förlossning. På grund av experimentella begränsningar uppnåddes dock endast en mätning med kliniskt realistiska nivåer för både vakuumtryck (65 kPa) och dragkraft (70 N).  Den utvecklade fosterhuvudsmodellen har i vidare studier potential att tillhandahålla tillförlitliga biomekaniska bevis för att vägleda säker vakuumassisterad förlossning samt för att definiera kliniska effektiva krafter i en sugklocka.

Les voies de valorisation actuelles ne permettent pas d'absorber la totalité des coproduits de l'industrie du bois (noeuds, écorces, souches), qui sont des matières riches en composés bioactifs tels que les polyphénols, préférentiellement extraits par des solvants comme l'éthanol ou le méthanol. Le fractionnement aqueux à l'aide d'extracteur bi-vis permet d'obtenir des extraits polyphénoliques à activité antioxydante. Après avoir déterminé l'extractabilité des polyphénols de chaque matière en eau subcritique, les paramètres d'extraction en bi-vis ont été optimisés de façon à d'atteindre des conditions de température et de pression caractéristiques de l'eau subcritique. La présence d'un marqueur spécifique dans les extraits étaye l'hypothèse selon laquelle l'extracteur bi-vis permet d'atteindre les conditions de l'eau subcritique. Les effets des extraits sur la biodégradabilité de pots horticoles dans lesquels ils ont été incorporés ainsi que sur la croissance de plantes mises en culture dans ces pots ont été déterminés. La valorisation de l'extrudat comme matériau pour le thermopressage en panneaux de particules a également été étudiée. / Actual exploitation procedures can not absorb all the wood by-products (knots, barks, stumps), which are potent sources of bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, preferentially extracted by solvents such as ethanol or methanol. Aqueous fractionation has been performed with twin-screw extractors to obtain polyphenolic extracts with antioxidant activity. After having determined the extractability of polyphenols from each byproduct with subcritical water, the parameters of twin-screw extraction were optimized in order to reach temperature and pressure conditions in subcritical water area. The presence of a specific marker in the extracts supports the hypothesis that a twin-screw extractor allows to reach subcritical water conditions. The effects of the extracts on the biodegradability of horticultural pots in which the extracts have been incorporated and on the development of the plants grown in these pots have been evaluated. The valorisation of the extrudate as raw material for thermopressing particle boards has also been studied.