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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Prediction of Extrapyramidal Effects of Neuroleptic Therapy Using Visuomotor Tasks

Hopewell, Clifford Alan 05 1900 (has links)
The present study attempted to predict the serious side effects of akathisia and parkinsonism on the basis of individualized measurement of changes in visuomotor functioning. The following were the hypotheses for this investigation. 1. A deterioration of visuomotor ability as measured by a modification of Haase and Janssen' s (1965) Handwriting Test will predict which patients undergoing neuroleptic therapy will experience the extrapyramidal symptoms of akathisia and parkinsonism (symptom group) and which will not (no-symptom group). 2. A deterioration of visuomotor ability as measured by the Bender-Gestalt will predict which patients undergoing neuroleptic therapy will experience the extrapyramidal symptoms of akathisia and parkinsonism (symptom group) and which will not (no-symptom group). It was not possible to predict the symptom group as a whole on the basis of the Handwriting Test scores since a t test of the difference was not significant between group means. However, inspection of these scores showed clear deterioration of performance among the patients who experienced parkinsonian reactions as opposed to those who experienced akathisia or who did not experience extrapyramidal symptoms at all. The symptom group was separated into akathisic and parkinsonian groups and compared to the subjects who did not experience extrapyramidal side effects (no-symptom group). A one-way ANOVA showed a nonsignificant difference between the three groups. Similar analysis of the Bender-Gestalt scores failed to support the second hypothesis since no significant difference was found between groups.
2

Estudo da ação antipsicótica e efeitos colaterais do haloperidol nanoencapsulado em ratos / Antipsychotic action and adverse side effects study of haloperidol-loaded nanocapsule in rats

Benvegnú, Dalila Moter 29 June 2012 (has links)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Haloperidol is a typical neuroleptic widely used in the treatment of several psychotic disorders and it remains the most prescribed antipsychotic worldwide, due to its high potency and low cost. Despite its good therapeutic efficacy, the use of this drug is related to development of serious side effects of endocrine and cognitive nature, besides movement disturbances. Of particular importance, the motor disorders may be manifested in an irreversible and disabling form, whose pathophysiology has been linked to free radical generation, oxidative stress and dopaminergic neuronal death in extrapyramidal regions. Currently, polymeric nanoparticles are important terapeutic tools in the pharmaceutical area, because they permit a vectorization and a control drug release, it increasing the therapeutic efficacy and reducing adverse side effects. In this context, the present study aimed to perform a comparative evaluation among formulations of haloperidol-loaded nanocapsules and the free drug considering to its therapeutic action and side effects in rats. Firstly, it was prepared suspensions containing nanocapsules of haloperidol whose physicochemical characterization showed that haloperidol can be satisfactory encapsulated. After a first study using a pseudo-psychosis animal model, the haloperidol nanoencapsulated formulation demonstrated qualitative and quantitative therapeutic superiority, which were observed by the higher eficacy and action duration. In relation to extrapyramidal side effects, encapsulated formulation was able to prevent and/or minimize the characteristic acute and chronic movement disturbances, frequently observed with the free drug. In order to improve the results already obtained, a new formulation containing haloperidol nanocapsules was developed from the replacement of the oily core composed of caprylic and capric triglycerides in fish oil rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, that has been described by its neuroprotective and antiapoptotic properties. This formulation showed physicalchemical suitability and reduced side effects in relation to the free drug, showing also ability to act in the prevention of oxidative stress which was observed by lower levels of lipid peroxidation, as well as an increase of antioxidant defenses in extrapyramidal regions. A third experimental phase was developed from the preparation of a new formulation of haloperidol containing grape seed oil in place of medium chain fatty acids mentioned above, which did not reach the necessary properties for a nanoformulation, but it was included for the comparative study of different nanocapsules formulations. The nanoformulation of haloperidol containing fish oil showed higher ability to prevent the motor side effects commonly seen with the free drug, which were observed by the maintenance of cell viability and control of free radical generation. Taken together, the results of this study point favorably to the development of nanocapsules formulations containing haloperidol, characterizing a positive perpective for minimizing of motor side effects consequent to the free drug. In this sense, these formulations can reduce the disabling physical limitations that cause embarrassment, contributing to a better quality of life of psychiatric patients. / O haloperidol é um neuroléptico típico comumente utilizado no tratamento de desordens psicóticas e continua sendo o antipsicótico mais prescrito no mundo, por sua elevada potência e baixo custo. Apesar da boa eficácia terapêutica, o uso do fármaco é relacionado ao desenvolvimento de sérios efeitos adversos de natureza endócrina, cognitiva e motora. De particular importância, os distúrbios motores podem se manifestar de forma irreversível e incapacitante e sua fisiopatologia tem sido associada à geração de radicais livres, estresse oxidativo e morte neuronal dopaminérgica em regiões extrapiramidais. Atualmente, as nanopartículas poliméricas constituem uma importante ferramenta na farmacologia, pois possibilitam uma vetorização e liberação controlada de fármacos, o que pode aumentar a eficácia terapêutica e reduzir os efeitos adversos. Neste contexto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo geral fazer uma avaliação comparativa entre formulações de haloperidol nanoencapsulado e o fármaco livre, considerando sua atividade terapêutica e efeitos colaterais em ratos. Inicialmente, foram desenvolvidas suspensões contendo nanocápsulas de haloperidol, cuja caracterização físico-química mostrou que o fármaco foi satisfatoriamente nanoencapsulado. Após um primeiro estudo utilizando um modelo animal de pseudo-psicose, a formulação de haloperidol nanoencapsulado mostrou superioridade terapêutica qualitativa e quantitativa, observadas através da maior eficácia e maior tempo de ação antipsicótica. Em relação aos efeitos colaterais extrapiramidais, a formulação nanoencapsulada foi capaz de prevenir e/ou minimizar os distúrbios motores agudos e subcrônicos característicos, os quais são frequentemente observados com o fármaco livre. Com o objetivo de otimizar os resultados até então observados, foi desenvolvida uma nova formulação contendo nanocápsulas de haloperidol a partir da substituição do núcleo oleoso composto por triglicerídeos cápricos e caprílicos por óleo de peixe, o qual é rico em ácidos graxos poliinsaturados e tem sido descrito por suas propriedades neuroprotetoras e antiapoptóticas. Esta formulação mostrou adequabilidade físico-química e redução de efeitos adversos motores em relação ao fármaco livre; demonstrando também capacidade de atuar na redução do estresse oxidativo, observado através dos menores níveis de peroxidação lipídica, bem como aumento das defesas antioxidantes em regiões extrapiramidais. Uma terceira etapa experimental foi desenvolvida a partir de uma nova formulação de haloperidol contendo óleo de semente de uva em substituição aos ácidos graxos de cadeia média acima referidos, a qual não atingiu completamente as propriedades necessárias para uma nanoformulação, mas mesmo assim foi incluída no estudo comparativo entre as diferentes formulações de nanocápsulas. Neste estudo, a nanoformulação de haloperidol com óleo de peixe mostrou maior capacidade de prevenir os efeitos colaterais motores comuns com o fármaco livre, atuando na manutenção da viabilidade celular e no controle da geração de radicais livres. Tomados em conjunto, os resultados do presente estudo apontam de forma favorável quanto ao desenvolvimento de formulações de nanocápsulas contendo haloperidol, o que caracteriza uma perspectiva positiva para a minimização de efeitos adversos motores decorrentes do uso do fármaco livre. Neste sentido, estas formulações poderiam colaborar na redução das limitações físicas incapacitantes e causadoras de constrangimento frequentemente descritas, contribuindo para uma melhor qualidade de vida dos pacientes psiquiátricos.

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