Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-20T12:32:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 allan soljenitsin.pdf: 1043250 bytes, checksum: 3dbddc10d26558bcd99f96c64783a5f7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-30 / This multidisciplinary research starts from these premises and has as objective the press coverage of the droughts taken place in Amazonas from 2005 to 2010. The question that guided this investigation was: Was the Amazon written Press able to efficiently inform its public about the drought phenomenona and its implications? To answer that question it was necessary to use methodological tools and theoretical structures of various areas of Social Sciences like Communication, Journalism, Sociology, Political Sciences among others. As a general goal, we had the analysis of the scientific and environmental information quality passed through Diario do Amazonas and A Crítica newspapers during the press coverage of both extreme climatic events. The methodology used was the quantitative and qualitative. In the quantitative area, it was used the content analysis since it is used to detect tendencies and criteria analysis models of noticing, framing and scheduling. The method consisted of the collecting and analysis, based on the fixed categories taking into account the journalistic principles and environmental issues approach of journalistic texts that deal with the droughts taken place in Amazonas. In the qualitative area, interviews were used with the intent of broaden out the analytical image beyond the message (news) focusing the communication process in a broader way, including source studies, the messengers (journalists) and receptors (readers). Joining the content analysis results and the information obtained from the interviews, we are able to infer the lack of quality information received by the readers from both main newspapers in Manaus, having as ground the journalistic principles and its scientific and environmental types. The investigation also pointed out the small contribution of the journalistic droughts coverage in Amazonas in 2005 and 2010 to the decision taking cleared up by the citizens of the main Amazon capital over the issues regarding global climatic changes. We identified the fragilities of the coverage and proposed ways to meet the requirements of the informative content regarding the environmental issues and its consequences in the Amazon. / Esta pesquisa tem como objeto a cobertura jornalística das secas ocorridas na Amazônia nos anos de 2005 e 2010. Nosso objetivo geral foi a análise da qualidade das informações científicas e ambientais passadas pelos jornais Diário do Amazonas e A Crítica durante as coberturas jornalísticas destes dois eventos climáticos extremos. A pergunta que presidiu a investigação concentrou-se na indagação se a imprensa escrita do Amazonas conseguiu ou não informar eficientemente seu público sobre os fenômenos das secas e suas implicações para a vida das populações. Para dar conta da resposta, foi necessário lançar mão de ferramentas metodológicas e arcabouços teóricos de várias áreas das Ciências Sociais, como a Comunicação, o Jornalismo, a Sociologia, a Ciência Política e outras. A metodologia assumiu a perspectiva das abordagens qualitativas e quantitativas. No aspecto quantitativo, utilizamos a análise de conteúdo pelo fato de ser uma técnica para detectar tendências e modelos de análise de critérios de noticiabilidade, enquadramentos e agendamentos. Este método compreendeu o recolhimento e análise, com base em categorias estabelecidas levando em conta os princípios do jornalismo e a abordagem da questão ambiental, dos textos jornalísticos que tratam sobre o fenômeno das secas ocorridas no Amazonas. No aspecto qualitativo, fizemos uso de entrevistas com o intuito de ampliar o espectro analítico para além da mensagem (reportagens) focalizando o processo comunicacional de forma mais ampla, incluindo o estudo das fontes, dos emissores (jornalistas) e dos receptores (leitores). Aliando os resultados da análise de conteúdo com as informações obtidas nas entrevistas conseguimos aferir a falta de qualidade da informação recebida pelos leitores dos dois principais jornais impressos de Manaus tendo como base os princípios do jornalismo e de seus gêneros científico e ambiental. A investigação também apontou a pouca contribuição da cobertura jornalística das secas no Amazonas em 2005 e 2010 para tomadas de decisão esclarecidas por parte dos moradores da principal capital da Amazônia sobre as questões relacionadas às mudanças climáticas globais. Identificamos ainda as fragilidades da cobertura e propomos caminhos para qualificar o conteúdo informativo acerca da questão ambiental e seus desdobramentos na Amazônia.

Ce travail de thèse vise à reconstituer les conditions paléo-environnementales ayant eu lieu dans la vallée de l’Oisans à partir des archives naturelles représentées par les sédiments lacustres. Par une approche multi-marqueurs, nous visons à reconstituer tout à la fois : i) les fluctuations glaciaires en Oisans; ii) les modifications des activités humaines en montagne et leurs influence sur les flux de matière lors d’événements extrêmes ; iii) comprendre la relation entre changements climatiques, changements d’usage et évolution des aléas en haute montagne. Cette étude a permis de mettre en évidence les changements globaux, regroupant la variabilité climatique et les pratiques humaines, ayant influencés l’érosion autour des lacs de La Muzelle et du lac du Lauvitel durant les derniers millénaires.Les résultats principaux ont montrés que l’érosion du lac de la Muzelle a été largement dominé par l’activité glaciaire notamment avec la présence à certaines époques de fines particules détritiques liées à l’abrasion sous glaciaire. Ces dernières ont révélées une relation aux pluies torrentielles encore jamais observées auparavant, leur présence en période d’extension glaciaire étant synonyme d’une augmentation du nombre de dépôts lacustres de crues. Les activités humaines, en majeure partie représentées par l’utilisation agro-pastorale de l’espace avoisinant les lacs, ne sont clairement identifiables que lors des 300 dernières années au lac de la Muzelle. Le lac de Lauvitel est situé à une altitude moindre, dont la majorité du bassin versant est maintenant une réserve intégrale. Les études palynologiques ont mis en évidence certaines périodes d’activités humaines plus marquées. Les événements extrêmes enregistrés dans les sédiments dulac regroupent d’une part les crues, dont l’enregistrement permet une comparaison régionale de l’occurrence de ces événements et de mettre en évidence les changements de circulations atmosphériques à l’échelle des Alpes. D’autre part, les avalanches de neige lourde, dont peu d’enregistrements sont disponibles dans la bibliographie. Nous les avons identifiés grâce à l’utilisation du CT scan l’élaboration d’une nouvelle méthodologie basée sur la différence de densité relative des sédiments. Le comptage et la quantification des apports de matériel détritique grossier aux seins d’une matrice de sédiment lacustre fin, a permis d’identifier les apports liés à cet aléa au cours du temps. Nous avons ensuite reconstitué les événements d’avalanche de neige lourde déposés dans le lac de Lauvitel sur les derniers 3500 ans, dont l’occurrence intervient préférentiellement lors des périodes de retraits glaciaires. / This doctoral thesis aims to a paleo-environmental reconstitution of the Oisans valley based on the natural archive of lake sediments. From a multi-proxy approach, we aim to reconstruct: i) Glacial fluctuation reconstruction in Oisans valley; ii) human activities evolution in mountain area and their influences on sediment fluxes especially during extreme events; iii)understand the relationship between climate change, use of mountain lands and natural hazard.Through this study, we identified processes of global change, comprising natural climate variability and human practices, which affected erosion patterns around Lakes Muzelle and Lauvitel during the last millennia. Main results have shown that erosion in the lake Muzelle watershed was dominated in the past by glacial activity, in particular with the presence of fine detrital particles related to subglacial abrasion. They were identified to have a relationship never observed before; during glacial extension their presence is triggering a higher number of flood deposits. At this location, human activities were identified through agro-pastoral activities and more precisely by the coprophilous fungi spore counting, revealing cattle presence since 300 years. Lake Lauvitel is located at lower altitude, which most of the watershed is now situated in an Integral Reserve. Palynological investigations lead to identification of periods of higher human activities in the valley. Extreme events recorded in Lake Lauvitel sediment are on the one hand torrential floods, which allowed a comparison with other reconstructions highlighting changes in the climatic settings in the Alps. On the other hand, wet avalanches deposits were identified with the use of a CT scan and the development of a new methodology based on relative density differences in the sediment. The counting and the quantification of coarse detrital matter within the lacustrine fine sediment matrix allowed income identification of this hazard though time. We then reconstructed wet avalanches events deposited in Lake Lauvitel during the last 3500 years, which occurrence is preferentially during glacial retreats.