Esta dissertação objetiva investigar a evolução geomorfológica dos ambientes proglaciais (geleiras Ecology, Sphinx, Baranowski, Tower e Windy) da margem leste do campo de gelo Warszawa (62°12’0” S - 58°30’0” W) na Ilha Rei George, Antártica, entre 1956 - 2017. Dados obtidos por sensores remotos, como Aster GDEM2, imagens Sentinel-2 (2017) e WorldView-2 (2014), possibilitaram o mapeamento geomorfológico das formas de relevo de mesoescala proglaciais. A variação frontal e de área total das geleiras foi estimada e mapeada com dados de imagens de satélite (Sentinel-2 de 2017 e WorldView-2 de 2014) e vetores de variação frontal de 1956, 1979, 1988 e 2000. Evidenciou-se um contínuo processo de retração nas geleiras Ecology, Sphinx, Baranowski, Tower e Windy, com perda total de área de 33%, 25%, 37%, 71% e 30%, respectivamente, no período. A geleira Windy apresentou mudanças recentes em seu término de maré para terrestre, formando uma área proglacial com a exposição de formas de relevo deposicionais glaciais. Estimou-se um aumento das áreas livres de gelo de 6,3km² no período entre 1956-2017. Em resposta ao processo de retração glacial, há exposição de formas de relevo nos ambientes livres de gelo na área de estudo com a formação da rede de drenagem fluvioglacial e glaciolacustre e a formação de ambientes proglaciais com exposição de morainas laterais, frontais, latero-frontais e eskers. As áreas livres de gelo recentes são suscetíveis a processos de retrabalhamento por ação gravitacional, eólica e pluvial. Foram determinados três estágios de evolução do ambiente proglacial das geleiras associadas às feições geomorfológicas geradas em cada fase. Como mudança ambiental detectada está a sucessão de ambientes proglaciais, paraglaciais e periglaciais. / This dissertation aims to investigate the proglacial geomorphological evolution (Ecology, Sphinx, Baranowski, Tower and Windy glaciers) in the western sector of Warszawa Ice Cap (62°12’0” S 58° 30’ 0” W), Admiralty Bay coast, King George Island, Antarctica between 1956 and 2017. Data obtained by remote sensors, such as Aster GDEM2, Sentinel-2 (2017) and WorldView-2 (2014) images, were applied in geomorphological mapping of the proglacial mesoscale landforms. Glacial retreat and fluctuations of glaciers areas were estimated (using Sentinel-2 images, acquired in 2017, WorldView-2 data, acquired in 2014, and outline data of the 1956, 1979, 1988 and 2000). The results evidenced the continuous retreat processes in period for Ecology, Sphinx, Baranowski, Tower and Windy glaciers, with of 33%, 25%, 37%, 71% and 30% of the area lost, respectively. The Windy glacier changed of outlet glacier for land terminus conditions in latest decades, with a recent proglacial environment development. In response to glacial retreat processes there is a glacial landforms exposition in new ice-free environments in the study area. Was recorded an increase of the 6.3km² in ice-free land areas between 1956 and 2017 in in the western sector of Warszawa Ice Cap. As response the retreat processes there are the development of the glacio-fluvial drainage network, glacio-lacustrine landforms and the formation of proglacial ice marginal environments with lateral moraines, lateral-frontal moraines, frontal moraines, eskers. Recent ice-free areas are susceptible to gravitational, wind and pluvial reworking process. Three stages of evolution of the proglacial environments of the glaciers associated with the geomorphological features formed in each phase and environmental changes in response the glacier retreat was determined. Was detected the succession of proglacial for paraglacial and periglacial environments as evidence of the environmental change.

Esta dissertação objetiva investigar a evolução geomorfológica dos ambientes proglaciais (geleiras Ecology, Sphinx, Baranowski, Tower e Windy) da margem leste do campo de gelo Warszawa (62°12’0” S - 58°30’0” W) na Ilha Rei George, Antártica, entre 1956 - 2017. Dados obtidos por sensores remotos, como Aster GDEM2, imagens Sentinel-2 (2017) e WorldView-2 (2014), possibilitaram o mapeamento geomorfológico das formas de relevo de mesoescala proglaciais. A variação frontal e de área total das geleiras foi estimada e mapeada com dados de imagens de satélite (Sentinel-2 de 2017 e WorldView-2 de 2014) e vetores de variação frontal de 1956, 1979, 1988 e 2000. Evidenciou-se um contínuo processo de retração nas geleiras Ecology, Sphinx, Baranowski, Tower e Windy, com perda total de área de 33%, 25%, 37%, 71% e 30%, respectivamente, no período. A geleira Windy apresentou mudanças recentes em seu término de maré para terrestre, formando uma área proglacial com a exposição de formas de relevo deposicionais glaciais. Estimou-se um aumento das áreas livres de gelo de 6,3km² no período entre 1956-2017. Em resposta ao processo de retração glacial, há exposição de formas de relevo nos ambientes livres de gelo na área de estudo com a formação da rede de drenagem fluvioglacial e glaciolacustre e a formação de ambientes proglaciais com exposição de morainas laterais, frontais, latero-frontais e eskers. As áreas livres de gelo recentes são suscetíveis a processos de retrabalhamento por ação gravitacional, eólica e pluvial. Foram determinados três estágios de evolução do ambiente proglacial das geleiras associadas às feições geomorfológicas geradas em cada fase. Como mudança ambiental detectada está a sucessão de ambientes proglaciais, paraglaciais e periglaciais. / This dissertation aims to investigate the proglacial geomorphological evolution (Ecology, Sphinx, Baranowski, Tower and Windy glaciers) in the western sector of Warszawa Ice Cap (62°12’0” S 58° 30’ 0” W), Admiralty Bay coast, King George Island, Antarctica between 1956 and 2017. Data obtained by remote sensors, such as Aster GDEM2, Sentinel-2 (2017) and WorldView-2 (2014) images, were applied in geomorphological mapping of the proglacial mesoscale landforms. Glacial retreat and fluctuations of glaciers areas were estimated (using Sentinel-2 images, acquired in 2017, WorldView-2 data, acquired in 2014, and outline data of the 1956, 1979, 1988 and 2000). The results evidenced the continuous retreat processes in period for Ecology, Sphinx, Baranowski, Tower and Windy glaciers, with of 33%, 25%, 37%, 71% and 30% of the area lost, respectively. The Windy glacier changed of outlet glacier for land terminus conditions in latest decades, with a recent proglacial environment development. In response to glacial retreat processes there is a glacial landforms exposition in new ice-free environments in the study area. Was recorded an increase of the 6.3km² in ice-free land areas between 1956 and 2017 in in the western sector of Warszawa Ice Cap. As response the retreat processes there are the development of the glacio-fluvial drainage network, glacio-lacustrine landforms and the formation of proglacial ice marginal environments with lateral moraines, lateral-frontal moraines, frontal moraines, eskers. Recent ice-free areas are susceptible to gravitational, wind and pluvial reworking process. Three stages of evolution of the proglacial environments of the glaciers associated with the geomorphological features formed in each phase and environmental changes in response the glacier retreat was determined. Was detected the succession of proglacial for paraglacial and periglacial environments as evidence of the environmental change.

Esta dissertação objetiva investigar a evolução geomorfológica dos ambientes proglaciais (geleiras Ecology, Sphinx, Baranowski, Tower e Windy) da margem leste do campo de gelo Warszawa (62°12’0” S - 58°30’0” W) na Ilha Rei George, Antártica, entre 1956 - 2017. Dados obtidos por sensores remotos, como Aster GDEM2, imagens Sentinel-2 (2017) e WorldView-2 (2014), possibilitaram o mapeamento geomorfológico das formas de relevo de mesoescala proglaciais. A variação frontal e de área total das geleiras foi estimada e mapeada com dados de imagens de satélite (Sentinel-2 de 2017 e WorldView-2 de 2014) e vetores de variação frontal de 1956, 1979, 1988 e 2000. Evidenciou-se um contínuo processo de retração nas geleiras Ecology, Sphinx, Baranowski, Tower e Windy, com perda total de área de 33%, 25%, 37%, 71% e 30%, respectivamente, no período. A geleira Windy apresentou mudanças recentes em seu término de maré para terrestre, formando uma área proglacial com a exposição de formas de relevo deposicionais glaciais. Estimou-se um aumento das áreas livres de gelo de 6,3km² no período entre 1956-2017. Em resposta ao processo de retração glacial, há exposição de formas de relevo nos ambientes livres de gelo na área de estudo com a formação da rede de drenagem fluvioglacial e glaciolacustre e a formação de ambientes proglaciais com exposição de morainas laterais, frontais, latero-frontais e eskers. As áreas livres de gelo recentes são suscetíveis a processos de retrabalhamento por ação gravitacional, eólica e pluvial. Foram determinados três estágios de evolução do ambiente proglacial das geleiras associadas às feições geomorfológicas geradas em cada fase. Como mudança ambiental detectada está a sucessão de ambientes proglaciais, paraglaciais e periglaciais. / This dissertation aims to investigate the proglacial geomorphological evolution (Ecology, Sphinx, Baranowski, Tower and Windy glaciers) in the western sector of Warszawa Ice Cap (62°12’0” S 58° 30’ 0” W), Admiralty Bay coast, King George Island, Antarctica between 1956 and 2017. Data obtained by remote sensors, such as Aster GDEM2, Sentinel-2 (2017) and WorldView-2 (2014) images, were applied in geomorphological mapping of the proglacial mesoscale landforms. Glacial retreat and fluctuations of glaciers areas were estimated (using Sentinel-2 images, acquired in 2017, WorldView-2 data, acquired in 2014, and outline data of the 1956, 1979, 1988 and 2000). The results evidenced the continuous retreat processes in period for Ecology, Sphinx, Baranowski, Tower and Windy glaciers, with of 33%, 25%, 37%, 71% and 30% of the area lost, respectively. The Windy glacier changed of outlet glacier for land terminus conditions in latest decades, with a recent proglacial environment development. In response to glacial retreat processes there is a glacial landforms exposition in new ice-free environments in the study area. Was recorded an increase of the 6.3km² in ice-free land areas between 1956 and 2017 in in the western sector of Warszawa Ice Cap. As response the retreat processes there are the development of the glacio-fluvial drainage network, glacio-lacustrine landforms and the formation of proglacial ice marginal environments with lateral moraines, lateral-frontal moraines, frontal moraines, eskers. Recent ice-free areas are susceptible to gravitational, wind and pluvial reworking process. Three stages of evolution of the proglacial environments of the glaciers associated with the geomorphological features formed in each phase and environmental changes in response the glacier retreat was determined. Was detected the succession of proglacial for paraglacial and periglacial environments as evidence of the environmental change.

Ce travail de thèse vise à reconstituer les conditions paléo-environnementales ayant eu lieu dans la vallée de l’Oisans à partir des archives naturelles représentées par les sédiments lacustres. Par une approche multi-marqueurs, nous visons à reconstituer tout à la fois : i) les fluctuations glaciaires en Oisans; ii) les modifications des activités humaines en montagne et leurs influence sur les flux de matière lors d’événements extrêmes ; iii) comprendre la relation entre changements climatiques, changements d’usage et évolution des aléas en haute montagne. Cette étude a permis de mettre en évidence les changements globaux, regroupant la variabilité climatique et les pratiques humaines, ayant influencés l’érosion autour des lacs de La Muzelle et du lac du Lauvitel durant les derniers millénaires.Les résultats principaux ont montrés que l’érosion du lac de la Muzelle a été largement dominé par l’activité glaciaire notamment avec la présence à certaines époques de fines particules détritiques liées à l’abrasion sous glaciaire. Ces dernières ont révélées une relation aux pluies torrentielles encore jamais observées auparavant, leur présence en période d’extension glaciaire étant synonyme d’une augmentation du nombre de dépôts lacustres de crues. Les activités humaines, en majeure partie représentées par l’utilisation agro-pastorale de l’espace avoisinant les lacs, ne sont clairement identifiables que lors des 300 dernières années au lac de la Muzelle. Le lac de Lauvitel est situé à une altitude moindre, dont la majorité du bassin versant est maintenant une réserve intégrale. Les études palynologiques ont mis en évidence certaines périodes d’activités humaines plus marquées. Les événements extrêmes enregistrés dans les sédiments dulac regroupent d’une part les crues, dont l’enregistrement permet une comparaison régionale de l’occurrence de ces événements et de mettre en évidence les changements de circulations atmosphériques à l’échelle des Alpes. D’autre part, les avalanches de neige lourde, dont peu d’enregistrements sont disponibles dans la bibliographie. Nous les avons identifiés grâce à l’utilisation du CT scan l’élaboration d’une nouvelle méthodologie basée sur la différence de densité relative des sédiments. Le comptage et la quantification des apports de matériel détritique grossier aux seins d’une matrice de sédiment lacustre fin, a permis d’identifier les apports liés à cet aléa au cours du temps. Nous avons ensuite reconstitué les événements d’avalanche de neige lourde déposés dans le lac de Lauvitel sur les derniers 3500 ans, dont l’occurrence intervient préférentiellement lors des périodes de retraits glaciaires. / This doctoral thesis aims to a paleo-environmental reconstitution of the Oisans valley based on the natural archive of lake sediments. From a multi-proxy approach, we aim to reconstruct: i) Glacial fluctuation reconstruction in Oisans valley; ii) human activities evolution in mountain area and their influences on sediment fluxes especially during extreme events; iii)understand the relationship between climate change, use of mountain lands and natural hazard.Through this study, we identified processes of global change, comprising natural climate variability and human practices, which affected erosion patterns around Lakes Muzelle and Lauvitel during the last millennia. Main results have shown that erosion in the lake Muzelle watershed was dominated in the past by glacial activity, in particular with the presence of fine detrital particles related to subglacial abrasion. They were identified to have a relationship never observed before; during glacial extension their presence is triggering a higher number of flood deposits. At this location, human activities were identified through agro-pastoral activities and more precisely by the coprophilous fungi spore counting, revealing cattle presence since 300 years. Lake Lauvitel is located at lower altitude, which most of the watershed is now situated in an Integral Reserve. Palynological investigations lead to identification of periods of higher human activities in the valley. Extreme events recorded in Lake Lauvitel sediment are on the one hand torrential floods, which allowed a comparison with other reconstructions highlighting changes in the climatic settings in the Alps. On the other hand, wet avalanches deposits were identified with the use of a CT scan and the development of a new methodology based on relative density differences in the sediment. The counting and the quantification of coarse detrital matter within the lacustrine fine sediment matrix allowed income identification of this hazard though time. We then reconstructed wet avalanches events deposited in Lake Lauvitel during the last 3500 years, which occurrence is preferentially during glacial retreats.

Les lacs piègent des particules sédimentaires au fil du temps de manière à former des archives sédimentaires. Tracer l’origine des particules archivées avec une résolution stratigraphique particulièrement détaillée conduit à reconstituer une ou des informations paléoenvironnementales permettant d’identifier les changements environnementaux passés. Afin de décrypter ces informations, les techniques d’analyse des carottes sédimentaires nécessitent d’identifier des marqueurs de leur composition à haute résolution. L’imagerie l’hyperspectrale demeure une des rares techniques capables de représenter ces marqueurs en deux dimensions pour caractériser les variations de la composition du sédiment et les structures stratigraphiques les plus fines. Dans ce mémoire, le potentiel de l’imagerie est mis en valeur à travers l’étude de plusieurs cas. L’objectif est de reconstituer des changements environnementaux à partir de l’origine des matières organiques (MO) sédimentaires à hauterésolution rapidement et sans destruction des archives. Plusieurs marqueurs hyperspectraux permettant de comprendre l’origine des MO sont développés sur deux sites d’étude choisis pour leur potentielle signature organique sédimentaire. Dans un environnement méditerranéen, les apports en MO détritique dans les sédiments du lac Bresson tracent les épisodes d'incendie du couvert forestier alors que les variations de carbone organique total (COT) dans une série d’archives sédimentaires reconstruisent les fluctuations de l’érosion glaciaire dans un lac arctique. Dans ces deux cas, la MO d’origine détritique est tracée pour la première fois par une méthode non-destructive et le traçage de la MO issue de la productivitéprimaire aquatique (plus classique) est amélioré par un nouvel indice spectroscopique. Ces marqueurs sont validés par des méthodes utilisées en routine (HPLC, comptage des particules de charbon, pyrolyse Rock-Eval 6) puis calibrés par ces techniques pour reconstruire des concentrations en COT à haute résolution. L’imagerie hyperspectrale permet donc de tracer lacomposition sédimentaire, voire des variations géochimiques, pour quantifier l'origine des apports organiques. Ces résultats apparaissent comme prometteurs et fournissent les bases essentielles pour développer l'utilisation en routine de cette nouvelle technique afin de reconstituer finement les changements environnementaux passés. / Over time, lakes trap sedimentary particles that form sedimentary reserves. Tracing the origin of those particles with a precise stratigraphic resolution, involves reconstituting one or more paleo environmental information thus allowing the identification of past environmental changes. Decrypting that information requires a sedimentary carrot analysis technic to identify their high resolution composition indicators. Hyperspectral imagery remains one of the rare technics capable of showing those indicators in a two dimensional form so as to characterize the variations in the composition of the sediment as well as the finer stratigraphic structures. In comparison to the methods used routinely, hyperspectral imagery is a highresolution (nanometers resolution) technic that does not destroy the core of the sediment and is time efficient (1 hour per meter of sediment). In this thesis, the potential of the high resolution imagery is highlighted through the study of several case studies. The aim is to reconstitute environmental changes based on the origin of high resolution sedimentary organic matter (OM) quickly whilst preserving their history. Several hyperspectral indicators have been developed on two carefully chosen study sites to understand the origins of those OM. Those sites were chosen based on their potential sedimentary organic signature. In a Mediterranean environment, detrital OM inputs in the Bresson lake give a history of the various forest fires whereas the organic carbon variations in a series of reserve sediments, reconstruct the fluctuations of glacier erosion in an artic lake. In both cases, the OM of detrital origin is traced for the first time through a non-destructive method. Tracing OM issued from Primary aquatic production is improved with a new spectroscopic index. These indicators are validated by the methods routinely used (HPLC and RE6) then are calibrated by these technics in order to rebuilt high resolution COT concentrations. Hyperspectral imagery allows to trace the sedimentary composition and to see geo chemical variations in order to quantify the origin of organic inputs. Those results seem promising and bring essential foundations to develop the routine use of this new technic in order to reconstitute accurately past environmental changes.