My master thesis aim to propose a vistors observation center in abisko natural park in the north of sweden.As a center the program this building aim to provide a interesting place between to learn and exprience nordic arctic climate and astronomy for public.At same time.This building also want to exihibit the local sami culture.The building perspective considers how to integrate with the relation to landscape in a new norrland understanding of place and identity.The architectural objective is try to find balance between Big structure intervention and original nature. to create a place connect mountain and lake.while providing a space for interesting and engaging learing-envrionment.

The structure of molten Au0.81Si0.19, Au0.72Ge0.28 and Ag0.74Ge0.26 alloys with a composition at or near to the eutectic was investigated by using neutron diffraction (ND). The results suggest that the Au-Au distance in the alloys is similar to that of liquid Au, there is a preference for Au-Si bonds and show that there are pre-peaks in the total structure factors for Au0.72Ge0.28 and Ag0.74Ge0.26 at 1.3(2) and 1.6(3) ˚, A−1 respectively. The asymptotic decay of the pair correlation functions was found to agree both with a theoretical prediction based on simple pair potentials and a fractal model for metallic glasses. The structure of glassy (R2O3)0.2(Al2O3)0.2(SiO2)0.6, where R denotes Dy, Ho or a 50:50 mixture of Dy and Ho, was investigated by using the method of isomorphic substitution in ND, x-ray diffraction (XRD) and extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy. The network is made from SiO4 tetrahedral units with a distribution of AlO4, AlO5 and AlO6 units giving an average coordination number of 4.5(1). There is a distribution of RO5, RO6, RO7, RO8 and RO9 units with an average coordination number of 7.2(3) and an average R-O distance of 2.33(2) ˚ A. The EXAFS results confirmed that Dy and Ho are isomorphic and were used to refine an RMC model of the structure. R-Al and R-Si nearest neighbour shells with average distances of 3.15(3) and 3.6(1) ˚A were required to fit the EXAFS results. The structure of glassy and liquid ZnCl2 was studied by using ND and XRD. The material has a network structure made from ZnCl4 tetrahedra units which is retained in the liquid at temperatures near to the boiling point. An increase of temperature promotes edge sharing connectivity as inferred from a decrease of the Zn-Zn nearest neighbour distance and average Zn-Cl coordination number. An EXAFS study on crystalline ZnCl2 at room temperature shows that Zn remains 4fold coordinated at pressures less than 1 GPa, is 4+2-fold coordinated at 2-4 GPa, and is 6-fold coordinated above 4 GPa. For liquid ZnCl2, Zn is 4-fold coordinated by Cl at a pressure of about 1 GPa and could be 6-fold coordinated at 2-3 GPa.

abstract: In this thesis, we present the study of several physical properties of relativistic mat- ters under extreme conditions. We start by deriving the rate of the nonleptonic weak processes and the bulk viscosity in several spin-one color superconducting phases of quark matter. We also calculate the bulk viscosity in the nonlinear and anharmonic regime in the normal phase of strange quark matter. We point out several qualitative effects due to the anharmonicity, although quantitatively they appear to be relatively small. In the corresponding study, we take into account the interplay between the non- leptonic and semileptonic weak processes. The results can be important in order to relate accessible observables of compact stars to their internal composition. We also use quantum field theoretical methods to study the transport properties in monolayer graphene in a strong magnetic field. The corresponding quasi-relativistic system re- veals an anomalous quantum Hall effect, whose features are directly connected with the spontaneous flavor symmetry breaking. We study the microscopic origin of Fara- day rotation and magneto-optical transmission in graphene and show that their main features are in agreement with the experimental data. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Physics 2013

Cette thèse porte sur l'étude des chalcogénures de bore sous conditions extrêmes. Après un bref examen de la littérature (Chapitre I) sur le bore et ses composés sous haute pression (HP), la partie expérimentale (Chapitre II) donne une description des appareils HP utilisés dans ce travail de thèse. Les techniques d'analyses employées sont décrites ainsi que les grands principes des calculs théoriques ab initio utilisés. La partie suivante est consacrée à β-B2O3 et r-BS. Le chapitre III présente les résultats de diffraction X in situ à HP et les mesures de phonons (Raman et IR) de β-B2O3 à température ambiante. Les données expérimentales ont été examinées et complétées par des calculs ab initio. Avec le jeu de données obtenues, les descriptions complètes des modifications sous pression de la structure de β-B2O3 et du comportement des phonons en compression à température ambiante ont été faites. Le chapitre IV présente les résultats de diffraction X in situ à HP et de spectroscopie vibrationnelle sur r-BS à température ambiante. En combinaison avec les calculs théoriques, la structure et la nature des phonons de r-BS sur une large plage de pression à température ambiante sont décrites. En outre, la formation d'une nouvelle phase HP métastable de BS est présentée et sa structure probable ainsi que son équation d’état sont discutés. Le chapitre V concerne la première étude in situ de diffraction X sous HP-HT du système B-Se. Selon les résultats de diffraction X et des mesures Raman effectuées sur les échantillons récupérés, un nouveau composé a été synthétisé. Ce composé est métastable à l’ambiante. Sa composition chimique et sa structure probable sont discutées. / This thesis deals with the study of the boron chalcogenides under extreme conditions. After a short review of boron and boron compounds under extreme conditions (Chapter I), the experimental part (Chapter II) provides a brief description of the high-pressure devices used in this PhD work. The employed analytical techniques are described as well as the main principles of the performed ab initio theoretical calculations. The following part is devoted to our experimental and theoretical studies of β-B2O3 and r-BS. Chapter III presents the results of in situ high pressure XRD and phonon measurements (Raman and IR) of β-B2O3 at room temperature. The experimental data were considered and completed with results of ab initio calculations. Based on the total obtained dataset the complete description of β-B2O3 structure change and phonon behavior under compression at room temperature are detailled. Chapter IV contains the results of in situ high pressure XRD and vibrational spectroscopy studies on r-BS at room temperature. In combination with results of theoretical calculations the structure and phonon nature of r-BS in a wide pressure range at ambient temperature are described. Also, the formation of a new metastable high-pressure phase of BS is described and its probable structure and EoS are discussed. The last part (Chapter V) concerns the primary in situ XRD HP-HT studies in B-Se system. Based on the results of XRD and Raman measurements of the recovered samples, a new compound was synthesized. This compound was found to be metastable at ambient conditions. Its probable chemical composition and structure are discussed.