Syftet med uppsatsen har varit att beskriva och analysera hur ärenden bereds och beslutas inom två landstingsorganisationer. Fyra forskningsfrågor har vi ställt oss: 1) aktualisering av ett ärende för att bli föremål för ett formellt beslut, 2) den formella och informella beredningen av ett aktualiserat ärende, 3) faktorer som påverkar det slutgiltiga beslutets kvalitet och innehåll, 4) formella krav på ärendeberedningen. En kvalitativ fallstudie av två händelsekedjor har genomförts där teorier kring beslutsprocessen har studerats för att ta reda på vilka faktorer som är av central betydelse i beslutsprocessen. Genom att jämföra hur beredningen inför beslut går till i empirin med teorier om beslutsprocessen har analys av två beslut genomförts - ersättningsmodell och uppdragsmodell. Avgränsningen var att studera beslutsprocessen på förvaltningsnivå från uppdrag till beslut. Slutsatser är att det finns olika sätt som ärenden aktualiseras inom offentlig verksamhet, vilket visar på att makten över dagordningen kan ses som delad mellan politikerna och tjänstemannaledningen. I de fall politikerna har en uttalad vilja att driva ärenden har de också makt att göra det. Samtidigt har tjänstemännen också möjlighet att utöva makt över dagordningen genom att driva ärenden de fångat upp i organisationen. De kan med sin expertkunskap påverka politikerna så att de får upp strategiska frågor på dagordningen. Tre områden har identifierats som påverkar beslutsprocessens kvalitet och innehåll dessa är brister i syfte och mål, tidsplanering och avsaknad av användbara kvalitetsanalyser.

The overarching purpose of this study is to examine the role of the corporation as it expresses itself in a public-private partnership in development cooperation. The research purpose is expressed in the overarching research question: How does the role of the corporation express itself in a PPP in development cooperation? A further purpose of this essay is also to define the characteristics of a successful public-private partnership. Due to limited time and resources the study will be based on the empirical material from a case study on the Growing Sustainable Business initiative of UNDP. Three Swedish corporations participated in this program: ABB, Tetra Pak, and Ericsson. Through studies of ABB and Tetra Pak the essay sets out to answer the empirical research questions: (1) What is considered to be a successful PPP from the Swedish experience? And (2) How does the Swedish experience match the model (of a PPP) presented in the theoretical literature? Stakeholder theory and the theory of corporate social responsibility will be used to explain the role of corporations in public-private partnerships in the context of development cooperation. Public-private partnerships in their theoretical conceptualization are hybrid organization between the state, the market and in some cases also civil society. In order to evaluate the success of such constellations this study draws on an article of Faranak Miraftab, in which not only the effectiveness but also the equity of a PPP is discussed. The material for this study was based on primary sources in the form of interviews conducted with ABB, Tetra Pak, and Sida. Theoretically, the study shows that an increased legitimate power for the corporation comes with a PPP. However, in order for the PPP to be successful for all partners there is a need for increased governmental regulation. The success of a PPP also depends on the behavior of the corporation, and what its interests are. The conclusions drawn from the empirical study is that the role of the corporation changes from the traditional role of shareholder interest to a wider responsibility towards stakeholders. The study can be seen as an initial study for further research in the field of PPPs and development cooperation, but also for studies relating to the responsibilities of corporations as they gain greater political influence.

Abstract     This paper examines the Copenhagen Climate Conference held in the Bella Center in Copenhagen, December 2009. The aim of this paper was to analyse the highly anticipated conference, and why it did not result in a binding protocol between the world’s states. The focus of this paper was to examine two key actors in the Copenhagen negotiations: the people’s republic of China and the European Union. These two actors were analysed by using Elinor Ostroms nobel prize winning theories on how to make common pool resources function. The method used to compare China and the EU was the qualitative text analysis; the texts that were analysed are official documents from the parts respective websites, as well as a number of second hand sources, such as newspaper articles. This paper presents that the EU acted more from a common goods point of view, whereas China acted more out of national interest.         Nyckelord: statsvetenskap, EU, Kina, klimatkonferens, Gemensamma resurser, spelteori, Elinor Ostrom.

The aim and purpose of the following study is twofold. The first part aims at clarifying different models of migration policy available within research of political science. The second part of the study applies the identified models onto an analysis of the official report ”Integrationens svarta bok” and the suggestions the reports presents. The findings of the study are multiple. Amongst other facts we identify a lack of consistently maintaining within the frames of one model, as well as a deficit of consistent usage of rhetoric. It is evident that the conceptions within the report and the report itself do not cohere with the conceptions and the theory of the models. Consequently we argue that the suggestions do not bring about a change in the hierarchical structures that divide and characterize the Swedish society of today. In many cases it is likely that the suggested changes will preserve and enhance these structures.

Friluftsdagar är ett inslag i skolans verksamhet som ofta förknippas med fysisk aktivitet. Dessa friluftsdagar förekommer som ett visst antal halv- eller heldagar per läsår och antalet dagar varierar mellan skolorna. Friluftsdagarna är sedan Lpo -94 inte statligt reglerade utan det är upp till rektor på varje skola att besluta om förekomsten av dessa dagar. Friluftsdagar har en lång historia och syftet med dagarna har förändrats över tid. Idag kan man dock skönja att fokus ligger på hälsa och miljö. Vår uppsats beskriver friluftsdagarnas utveckling kopplat till Bo Rothsteins teori om förhållandet mellan samhälleliga normer och politiska institutioner. Vi problematiserar friluftsdagarna och söker samband mellan statens intentioner och friluftsdagarnas syfte.   Folkhälsofrågan klättrar allt högre upp på den politiska dagordningen och man kan se en tydlig brytpunkt då staten tar till sig folkhälsofrågan och bildar statens folkhälsoinstitut. Statens folkhälsoinstitut arbetar idag utifrån det nationella folkhälsomålet att skapa samhälleliga förutsättningar för en god hälsa på lika villkor för hela befolkningen. Detta övergripande mål har brutits ned i 11 delmål och skolan har getts ansvar att arbeta särskilt med 6 av dessa mål. Regeringen talar idag om den hälsofrämjande skolan och pekar på att hela skolans verksamhet ska genomsyras av en hälsotanke.   Folkhälsofrågan får allt större fokus då staten beslutar att det är en viktig fråga och börjar arbeta aktivt med den. Trots detta, minskar friluftsdagarna i antal, vilket flera organisationer reagerar på. Minskningen av friluftsdagar väcker frågor, då friluftsdagarna många gånger symboliserar mer än en dag utanför skolans byggnad. Det är idag en lärodag där hälso- och miljöfrågor tas upp och lärs ut.

The aim of the present study is to investigate a multilateral law enforcement cooperation, the Baltic Sea Task Force, and explain some of the factors that may be the reasons for its successful implementation. Choosing to see the Baltic Sea Task Force framework similar to an attempt to create a cooperation forming one international epistemic community from several national ones, I investigate how and to what extent knowledge has been transferred between the communities, and how this was planned for in the original mission mandate. I investigate problems of knowledge transfer across the network of communities (national law enforcement agencies). Since knowledge is context based, the specific context encodes the knowledge, reflecting the nature of the subject area and the community’s norms and values. Explicit knowledge needs embedded tacit understanding to fully work. In turn, embeddedness needs trust, common processes, joint norms and values. Consequently, there must also be a transfer of these norms and values in order for the embeddedness to take place. I investigate how this context-dependent knowledge is received, and how such decoding is assisted by the framework. Where decoding seems to have been slow, I examine possible reasons for this, and study how the framework has dynamically altered its modi operandi to achieve its purpose. I conclude that the Baltic Sea Task Force framework’s enterprise policy contains a broad and holistic perspective, conforming to definitions of a holistic epistemic community.

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Funktionen Mina sidor ger medborgaren möjligheten att se och uträtta personliga ärenden på Gävle kommuns webbplats. Funktionen används idag i väldigt liten omfattning och Gävle kommun behöver svar på hur Mina sidor ska se ut och fungera i framtiden, om den överhuvudtaget är nödvändig. I den här studien har information om detta ämne samlats in med flera olika metoder. Inledningsvis gjordes en litteraturstudie som skapade en teoretisk bakgrund för kommande resultat. Sedan studerades Gävle kommuns webbplats, vilket gav en grundförståelse för nuläget och belyste en hel del problem. Vidare studerades 100 webbplatser kvantitativt för att ge en inblick i hur vanlig funktionen Mina sidor är och hur andra lösningar kan se ut. Till sist hölls tio kvalitativa intervjuer och ett fokusgruppsmöte med personer som har kunskap eller tankar kring detta område. Det resultat som den här datainsamlingen gett, presenteras i den här rapporten. På resultatet baseras fem rekommendationer för hur Gävle kommun bör arbeta med Mina sidor i framtiden.

Regional integration has gained keen drive since the 1980s throughout the world. Political and economic considerations complement each other in any kind of process; yet classical economic integration theory would advocate that regional integration is an economic process occurring largely as a result of greater interaction between neighboring states, functioning almost like a kind of invisible hand. This theory is based on the historical example of the development of the European Union, yet it completely discounts the fact that the European Union was first and foremost a political project. Such also has been the case with the Southern African Customs Union (SACU), the world’s oldest customs union, and with the Southern African Development Cooperation Conference (SADCC) and its successor, the Southern African Development Community (SADC).   Using the new regionalisms approach, with focus on SADC as a representative regional economic community, the purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the extent to which politics rather than economic considerations, has determined the establishment and functioning of SADCC (1980-1992) and thereafter of SADC (from August 17, 1992) and to point out the impact, that these political-driven processes has had on the development of the southern African region integration. A qualitative content analysis is used for data collection while policy analysis is brought out using the Institutional Analysis and Development framework. The results of this study reveal divergence between policy formulation (political) and policy implementation (economic) when it comes to enhancing the developmental aspects in the unfolding regional integration process, yet both equally influential. Moreover, policy formulation at the collective-action level still lacks concrete strategies and plans for the harmonization and implementation of regional initiatives. Some of the strategies for deepening the regional integration process would include prioritizing regional commitments to external ones and improving policy formulation as well as establishing linkages between different regional policies and strategies. Keywords: Regional integration; regionalism, political economic development; regional and Southern African Development Community.

The debate about a possible crisis of democracy has been present over 30 years. Questionable is what researchers mean when talking about a potential crisis. What are the factors that are causing it? Are we in a crisis of democracy in Western European countries?The goal of this thesis is to evaluate how different authors characterize what some call a crisis of democracy, to define core topics and to test one of these on empirical data. This will be achieved by firstly, analyzing pieces of literature related to the scientific crisis of democracy debate. Secondly, using Hirschmann’s theory of exit and voice, mass data from will be categorized and analyzed under the light of participation and trust in political institutions.Issues that return are overload on government, individualism, participation and a new culture versus old structure. Analyzing people’s trust in political institutions depending on their intention to go to national elections shows trends: people lose trust in the institutions government, parliament and political parties. Separating the data into groups of potential voters, non-voters and blank voters shows that the latter two show a greater mistrust in political institutions and less interest in politics.Overall, the debate on a potential crisis of democracy is multifaceted and varies between different authors. People are less active in traditional ways of participating, but that does not mean that Western European democracies stand before collapse. It could however mean that new forms of participation are needed to engage people in politics again.