To date, the majority of research on attractiveness judgements has focused on identifying factors that influence judgements of facial attractiveness.  This thesis reports a series of empirical studies that investigated the extent to which factors that are known to influence women’s preferences for masculine characteristics in men’s faces (e.g., measures of women’s attractiveness and personality traits attributed to masculine men) also influence women’s preferences for masculine characteristics in men’s voices.  These studies suggest that own attractiveness and perceptions of personality traits have similar effects on women’s face and voice preferences.  Additionally, further studies demonstrated that vocal cues signal information about women’s long term health and facial attractiveness and suggested that women’s masculinity preferences are affected by their circum-menopausal status (pre-menopausal versus post-menopausal).  Collectively, these findings present new evidence for the utility of deriving predictions about attractiveness judgements from evolutionary theories of mate choice.

Este diagnóstico teve como objetivo desenvolver uma análise minuciosa do setor produtivo da habitação em madeira no Brasil, avaliando a sua atual situação, suas singularidades produtivas e seus produtos. Um formulário padrão dividido em três enfoques (produto, empresa e setor) foi aplicado aos empresários das empresas que produzem casas de madeira. Os dados foram coletados mediante a realização de entrevistas estruturadas face-a-face e reunidos para a avaliação em amostragem do setor brasileiro de casas de madeira em 2015, os quais foram organizados em dezesseis eixos. Paralelamente, a metodologia de buscas em websites corporativos permitiu a identificação de 210 produtores de casas de madeira no Brasil, um índice muito acima do que a literatura difundia até então, as quais foram estimadas devido à ausência de uma entidade de classe para o setor. Quinze técnicas construtivas em madeira foram identificadas como exemplos em oferta no Brasil. Na amostragem principal das entrevistas face-a-face, 107 empresas foram analisadas, apresentando uma margem de erro de 6,65%, isto é, ±3,325%. Verificou-se que o setor estudado ainda sofre com as seguintes dificuldades para a sua consolidação: desarticulação e desunião entre os produtores, oferta elevada de madeiras nativas, demanda de profissionais capacitados no ofício com a madeira e os seus derivados, escassez de financiamentos habitacionais, barreira cultural da população, baixa oferta de financiamentos voltados para a melhoria das empresas, etc. Contudo, o setor também alcançou os seguintes resultados positivos: quantidade expressiva de produtores, portes compactos das empresas, elevada concentração de fábricas próprias e parcerias industriais, altas fixações de carbono e de dióxido de carbono, custos básicos de venda competitivos perante a alvenaria, ampla oferta de madeira exótica, tempos de produção integralmente mais eficientes que a alvenaria, pluralidade nas ofertas de padrão de acabamento para todas as classes sociais, entre outros. Espera-se que os resultados e as suas potencialidades apontadas auxiliem em novas discussões e estudos paralelos para incentivar o aprimoramento, expansão e consolidação do referido setor por meio de políticas públicas assertivas, mitigando suas falhas, dificuldades e demandas. Por fim, foram propostas as criações de entidades e comitês para representar e promover o setor. / This study aimed to develop a thorough analysis of the production sector of timber housing in Brazil, evaluating the current situation, industrial singularities, and their products. A standard questionnaire divided in three focuses (product, company and sector) was applied to the entrepreneurs of the wooden housing sector. Data were collected by face-to-face structured interviews and they were gathered to the sample evaluation of the Brazilian wooden housing sector in 2015, which were organized in sixteen research axes. At the same time, the corporative website search method allowed the identification of 210 wooden housing producers in Brazil; an index higher than what the literature had disseminated until then, which where estimated due to the absence of a sector association. Fifteen wooden construction techniques were identified as sale examples in Brazil. In the main sampling process of face-to-face interviews, 107 companies were analyzed, presenting a margin of error of 6.65%, in other words, ±3,325%. It was verified the studied sector still suffers with the following difficulties to its consolidation: disarticulation and disunity among the producers, high native timber supply, woodworker demand, shortage of housing financing, population\'s cultural barrier, low supply of financing to improve the companies, etc. However, the sector also achieved the following positive results: expressive producer amount, compact companies, high concentration of own prefabrication plants and industrial partnerships, high levels of carbon and carbon dioxide fixations, competitive basic selling costs regarding masonry, wide availability of exotic wood, production times that are more efficient than masonry, plurality in the finishing standards availability for all social classes, among others. It is hoped that the results and the highlighted potentialities will help in new discussions and parallel studies to encourage the improvement, expansion and consolidation of this sector through assertive public policies, mitigating their failures, difficulties and demands. Finally, the creation of associations and committees was proposed to represent and promote this sector.

Qu, Zhiyi. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 110-118). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

Tang Ho-Man. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 85-92). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgement --- p.iv / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Background --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Face Recognition --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- Contributions --- p.4 / Chapter 1.4 --- Organization of this Thesis --- p.6 / Chapter 2 --- Literature Review --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1 --- Committee Machine --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Static Structure --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Dynamic Structure --- p.10 / Chapter 2.2 --- Face Recognition Algorithms Overview --- p.11 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Eigenface --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Fisherface --- p.17 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Elastic Graph Matching --- p.19 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Support Vector Machines --- p.23 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Neural Networks --- p.25 / Chapter 2.3 --- Commercial System and Applications --- p.27 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- FaceIT --- p.28 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- ZN-Face --- p.28 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- TrueFace --- p.29 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Viisage --- p.30 / Chapter 3 --- Static Structure --- p.31 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.31 / Chapter 3.2 --- Architecture --- p.32 / Chapter 3.3 --- Result and Confidence --- p.33 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- "Eigenface, Fisherface, EGM" --- p.34 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- SVM --- p.35 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Neural Networks --- p.36 / Chapter 3.4 --- Weight --- p.37 / Chapter 3.5 --- Voting Machine --- p.38 / Chapter 4 --- Dynamic Structure --- p.40 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.40 / Chapter 4.2 --- Architecture --- p.41 / Chapter 4.3 --- Gating Network --- p.42 / Chapter 4.4 --- Feedback Mechanism --- p.44 / Chapter 5 --- Face Recognition System --- p.46 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.46 / Chapter 5.2 --- System Architecture --- p.47 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Face Detection Module --- p.48 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Face Recognition Module --- p.49 / Chapter 5.3 --- Face Recognition Process --- p.50 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Enrollment --- p.51 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Recognition --- p.52 / Chapter 5.4 --- Distributed System --- p.54 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Problems --- p.55 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Distributed Architecture --- p.56 / Chapter 5.5 --- Conclusion --- p.59 / Chapter 6 --- Experimental Results --- p.60 / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.60 / Chapter 6.2 --- Database --- p.61 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- ORL Face Database --- p.61 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Yale Face Database --- p.62 / Chapter 6.2.3 --- AR Face Database --- p.62 / Chapter 6.2.4 --- HRL Face Database --- p.63 / Chapter 6.3 --- Experimental Details --- p.64 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- Pre-processing --- p.64 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- Cross Validation --- p.67 / Chapter 6.3.3 --- System details --- p.68 / Chapter 6.4 --- Result --- p.69 / Chapter 6.4.1 --- ORL Result --- p.69 / Chapter 6.4.2 --- Yale Result --- p.72 / Chapter 6.4.3 --- AR Result --- p.73 / Chapter 6.4.4 --- HRL Result --- p.75 / Chapter 6.4.5 --- Average Running Time --- p.76 / Chapter 6.5 --- Discussion --- p.77 / Chapter 6.5.1 --- Advantages --- p.78 / Chapter 6.5.2 --- Disadvantages --- p.79 / Chapter 6.6 --- Conclusion --- p.80 / Chapter 7 --- Conclusion --- p.82 / Bibliography --- p.92

Fung Cheuk Luk. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 104-107). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.ii / 論文摘要 --- p.v / Acknowledgement --- p.v / Notations --- p.vi / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Summary of our approach --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2 --- Summary of our contributions --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- Report Outline --- p.3 / Chapter 2 --- Related Work --- p.4 / Chapter 2.1 --- Face Detection and Tracking literature --- p.4 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Face Detection approaches --- p.5 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Face Tracking approaches --- p.6 / Chapter 2.2 --- Overview of Face Detection Procedure --- p.7 / Chapter 2.3 --- Haar-like Feature Cascade Upright Face Detector --- p.12 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Face Detector Design --- p.12 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Rectangular Edge Feature f(.) --- p.15 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Fast Feature Computation Structure: Integral Image --- p.22 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Feature Selection and parameter estimation --- p.25 / Chapter 2.4 --- Other Related Work --- p.29 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Rotated Summed Area Table --- p.29 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Condensation Framework --- p.33 / Chapter 3 --- Rotated Face Detector and Interleaved Face Tracker --- p.35 / Chapter 3.1 --- Rotated Detector Overview --- p.36 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Parameter Transform and Rotated Face Detection --- p.38 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Sample Transformation of Detector Parameters --- p.44 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Post-processing of the detector responses --- p.48 / Chapter 3.2 --- Face Tracking Modeling --- p.51 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Interleaved Detection --- p.51 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- CONDENSATION filter modeling --- p.53 / Chapter 4 --- Experiments --- p.57 / Chapter 4.1 --- Experiments on Rotated Face Detector --- p.57 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Rotated Image Face Detector --- p.58 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Face Image Rotation Test --- p.58 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Real-life Image Experiment --- p.70 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- CMU Rotated Face Image Test --- p.74 / Chapter 4.2 --- Experiments on Interleaved Face Tracker --- p.82 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Experiment Parameter Settings --- p.82 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Moving Face Video Experiment --- p.84 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Scale Varying Face Video Experiment --- p.90 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Rotating Face Video Experiment --- p.94 / Chapter 5 --- Conclusion and Discussion --- p.98 / Chapter A --- Feature Selection and Parameter Estimation --- p.101 / Bibliography --- p.104

Face recognition is an important biological authentication technology. In this thesis, we study face recognition using structural approach, in which structural information of the face is extracted and used for the recognition. / The first part of this thesis discusses the methods for the detection of some facial features and their applications in face recognition. Generally, the more features with good accuracy are detected and used for face recognition, the better is the recognition result. We first propose a method to extract the eyebrow contours from the face image by an enhanced K-means clustering algorithm and a revised Snake algorithm. The reliable part of the extracted eyebrow contour is then used as a feature for face recognition. Then we introduce a novel method to estimate the chin contour for face recognition. The method first estimates several possible locations of chin and check points which are used to build a number of curves as chin contour candidates. Based on the chin like edges extracted by a modified Canny edge detector, the curve with the largest degree of likeliness to be the actual chin contour is selected. Finally, the estimated chin contours with high enough likeliness are used as a geometric feature for face recognition. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithms can extract eyebrows and chin contours with good accuracy and the extracted features are effective for improving face recognition rates. / The second part of this thesis deals with pose estimation and pose invariant face recognition. Pose estimation is achieved based on the detected structural information of the face. We first propose a method for recognition of a face at any pose from a single frontal view image. The first step of the method is feature detection. In this step, we detect the ear points by a novel algorithm. Then, a set of 3D head models is constructed for each test image based on the geometric features extracted from both the input image and each frontal view image in the gallery. Using this set of potential models, we can obtain a set of potential poses. Based on these potential models and poses, feature templates and geometric features of the input face are then rectified to form the potential frontal views. The last step is the feature comparison and final pose estimation. The major contribution of the proposed algorithm is that it can estimate and compensate both sidespin and seesaw rotations while existing model based algorithms from a single frontal view can only handle sidespin rotation. We also propose a method of pose invariant face recognition from multi-view images. First, the 3D poses of face in 2D images are estimated by using a 3D reference face model in three-layer linear iterative processes. The 3D model is updated to fit a particular person using an iterative algorithm. Then we construct the virtual frontal view face images from the input 2D face images based on the estimated poses and the matched 3D face models. We extract the waveletfaces from these virtual frontal views based on wavelet transform and perform linear discriminant analysis on these waveletfaces. Finally, the nearest feature space classifier is employed for feature comparison. These proposed methods were tested using commonly used face databases. Experimental results show that the proposed face recognition methods are robust and compare favourably with existing methods in terms of recognition rate. / Chen Qinran. / "September 2006." / Adviser: Wai Kuen Cham. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-03, Section: B, page: 1814. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 134-154). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Psicologia, Departamento de Processos Psicológicos Básicos, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências do Comportamento, 2018. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES). / Movimentos faciais do próprio observador ou ausência deles podem servir como pistas para interpretar estados emocionais de pessoas observadas. Neste sentido, o presente estudo teve por objetivo analisar a capacidade de reconhecimento de expressões emocionais enquanto o observador tensiona a própria face ou imita a face-alvo. O experimento foi realizado com dois grupos (Imitação e Ruído), cada um com 30 participantes. Foi apresentada ao participante uma tarefa de reconhecimento de expressão emocional em face. Dependendo do grupo que foi alocado, o participante imitou (grupo imitação) a face-alvo ou tencionou a própria face (grupo ruído) durante 10 segundos, antes de responder qual emoção foi apresentada. A hipótese central deste experimento foi a de que indivíduos que tensionam sua própria face ou imitam a expressão da emoção facial possuem menor ou maior probabilidade de acertos na execução de tarefas de reconhecimento de expressões emocionais em faces respectivamente. Os resultados apresentaram diferenças significativas quando comparadas as tarefas de tensionar ou imitar a face-alvo, sugerindo que a alteração da própria face do observador pode influenciar durante o desempenho de uma tarefa de reconhecimento de emoção em faces. / Facial movements of the observer or absence of them can serve as clues to interpret the emotional state of observed persons. The aim of this work was to analyze the capacity of recognition of emotional expressions while the observer tensions his own face or imitates the target face. The experiment was performed with two groups (imitation and noise), each with 30 participants. It was presented to the participant a task of recognition of facial emotional expression, depending on the group that was allocated, the participant imitated the target face (imitation) or tensioned his own face (noise group) for 10 seconds, before answering which emotion was presented. The central hypothesis of this experiment is that individuals who stress their own face or imitate facial emotional expression have a lower or greater probability of success in performing tasks of recognition of emotional expressions on faces respectively. The results presented significant differences when comparing the tasks of tensioning or imitating the target face, suggesting that the alteration of the observer's own face may influence during the performance of a task of emotion recognition on faces.

Li Zhifeng. / Thesis submitted in: December 2002. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 49-53). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgments --- p.v / Table of Contents --- p.vi / List of Figures --- p.viii / List of Tables --- p.ix / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Face Recognition Problem and Challenge --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Applications --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- Face Recognition Methods --- p.3 / Chapter 1.4 --- The Relationship Between the Face Recognition Performance and Different Training Data --- p.5 / Chapter 1.5 --- Thesis Overview --- p.6 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- PCA-based Recognition Method --- p.7 / Chapter 2.1 --- Review --- p.7 / Chapter 2.2 --- Formulation --- p.8 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Karhunen-Loeve transform (KLT) --- p.8 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Multilevel Dominant Eigenvector Estimation (MDEE) --- p.12 / Chapter 2.3 --- Analysis of The Effect of Training Data on PCA-based Method --- p.13 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- LDA-based Recognition Method --- p.17 / Chapter 3.1 --- Review --- p.17 / Chapter 3.2 --- Formulation --- p.18 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- The Pure LDA --- p.18 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- LDA-based method --- p.19 / Chapter 3.3 --- Analysis of The Effect of Training Data on LDA-based Method --- p.21 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Experiments --- p.23 / Chapter 4.1 --- Face Database --- p.23 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- AR face database --- p.23 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- XM2VTS face database --- p.24 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- MMLAB face database --- p.26 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- Face Data Preprocessing --- p.27 / Chapter 4.2 --- Recognition Formulation --- p.29 / Chapter 4.3 --- PCA-based Recognition Using Different Training Data Sets --- p.29 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Experiments on MMLAB Face Database --- p.30 / Chapter 4.3.1.1 --- Training Data Sets and Testing Data Sets --- p.30 / Chapter 4.3.1.2 --- Face Recognition Performance Using Different Training Data Sets --- p.31 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Experiments on XM2VTS Face Database --- p.33 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Comparison of MDEE and KLT --- p.36 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Summary --- p.38 / Chapter 4.4 --- LDA-based Recognition Using Different Training Data Sets --- p.38 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Experiments on AR Face Database --- p.38 / Chapter 4.4.1.1 --- The Selection of Training Data and Testing Data --- p.38 / Chapter 4.4.1.2 --- LDA-based recognition on AR face database --- p.39 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Experiments on XM2VTS Face Database --- p.40 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Training Data Sets and Testing Data Sets --- p.41 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Experiments on XM2VTS Face Database --- p.42 / Chapter 4.4.5 --- Summary --- p.46 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Summary --- p.47 / Bibliography --- p.49

Wang Xiaogang. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 88-91). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgments --- p.v / Table of Contents --- p.vi / List of Figures --- p.viii / List of Tables --- p.x / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Face recognition --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Subspace based face recognition technique --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- Unified framework for subspace based face recognition --- p.4 / Chapter 1.4 --- Discriminant analysis in dual intrapersonal subspaces --- p.5 / Chapter 1.5 --- Face sketch recognition and hallucination --- p.6 / Chapter 1.6 --- Organization of this thesis --- p.7 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Review of Subspace Methods --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1 --- PCA --- p.8 / Chapter 2.2 --- LDA --- p.9 / Chapter 2.3 --- Bayesian algorithm --- p.12 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- A Unified Framework --- p.14 / Chapter 3.1 --- PCA eigenspace --- p.16 / Chapter 3.2 --- Intrapersonal and extrapersonal subspaces --- p.17 / Chapter 3.3 --- LDA subspace --- p.18 / Chapter 3.4 --- Comparison of the three subspaces --- p.19 / Chapter 3.5 --- L-ary versus binary classification --- p.22 / Chapter 3.6 --- Unified subspace analysis --- p.23 / Chapter 3.7 --- Discussion --- p.26 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Experiments on Unified Subspace Analysis --- p.28 / Chapter 4.1 --- Experiments on FERET database --- p.28 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- PCA Experiment --- p.28 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Bayesian experiment --- p.29 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Bayesian analysis in reduced PCA subspace --- p.30 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- Extract discriminant features from intrapersonal subspace --- p.33 / Chapter 4.1.5 --- Subspace analysis using different training sets --- p.34 / Chapter 4.2 --- Experiments on the AR face database --- p.36 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- "Experiments on PCA, LDA and Bayes" --- p.37 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Evaluate the Bayesian algorithm for different transformation --- p.38 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Discriminant Analysis in Dual Subspaces --- p.41 / Chapter 5.1 --- Review of LDA in the null space of and direct LDA --- p.42 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- LDA in the null space of --- p.42 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Direct LDA --- p.43 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- Discussion --- p.44 / Chapter 5.2 --- Discriminant analysis in dual intrapersonal subspaces --- p.45 / Chapter 5.3 --- Experiment --- p.50 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Experiment on FERET face database --- p.50 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Experiment on the XM2VTS database --- p.53 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Eigentransformation: Subspace Transform --- p.54 / Chapter 6.1 --- Face sketch recognition --- p.54 / Chapter 6.1.1 --- Eigentransformation --- p.56 / Chapter 6.1.2 --- Sketch synthesis --- p.59 / Chapter 6.1.3 --- Face sketch recognition --- p.61 / Chapter 6.1.4 --- Experiment --- p.63 / Chapter 6.2 --- Face hallucination --- p.69 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Multiresolution analysis --- p.71 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Eigentransformation for hallucination --- p.72 / Chapter 6.2.3 --- Discussion --- p.75 / Chapter 6.2.4 --- Experiment --- p.77 / Chapter 6.3 --- Discussion --- p.83 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Conclusion --- p.85 / Publication List of This Thesis --- p.87 / Bibliography --- p.88

The effects of expertise, such as better recognition of own-race than other-race faces, have been attributed either to poor encoding of configural information (the dual-mode theory) or to representation of faces on dimensions attuned to own-race faces and, hence, inappropriate for coding of other-race faces (the ABC model). Neither framework alone has been able to account for the variety of past results. It is proposed that a composite account derived from the dual-mode theory and the ABC model may offer a more complete explanation of the effects of race. To evaluate the composite account, six experiments using perceptual paradigms were carried out. The structure of face space and the effects of expertise on configural processing were assessed in a dissimilarity perception task (Experiment 1). Caucasian and Chinese participants judged dissimilarity of own-race and other-race faces with various configural distortions relative to their unaltered versions. As predicted by the composite account, face spaces derived from the dissimilarity ratings for own-race and other-race faces were comparable. Consistent with the premise that expertise affects configural coding, Caucasian participants exhibited greater sensitivity to configural changes of own-race than other-race faces. The effects of expertise on configural encoding were further examined in a bizarreness perception paradigm (Experiments 2-4). Caucasian participants rated bizarreness of unaltered and distorted faces rotated from upright to inverted in 15� increments. The distortions involved either simple component alterations (i.e., whitened pupils and blackened teeth), global configural changes (i.e., inverted eyes and mouth), or more local configural transformations (e.g., moving the eyes closer together and upwards, and shifting the mouth down). Similar bizarreness ratings for all faces with component distortions confirmed that expertise does not affect processing of simple component information. Differences in the perceived bizarreness of own-race and other-race faces in the unaltered and global configural distortion conditions corroborated the hypothesis that expertise influences holistic configural encoding. Variations in the perceived bizarreness of faces with more local configural changes, however, indicated that expertise might also affect local configural coding. The effects of expertise on local configural processing were further examined in a discrimination paradigm (Experiments 5 and 6). Participants made same-different decisions with upright and inverted face pairs comprising either two identical faces (same trials) or unaltered and distorted versions of the same face (different trials). To distinguish between holistic and local processing of configural information, partial faces were created in addition to whole faces. Higher accuracy for own-race than other-race faces at both upright and inverted orientations in both whole and partial face conditions substantiated the argument that expertise modulates local configural encoding. Altogether, the present investigation offers direct evidence for the composite account of the effects of race. As ventured by the composite account, the own-race face bias in face perception was shown to be due to variations in configural processing. In addition, the reported experiments support the argument that configural information can be encoded both locally and holistically.