Det här examensarbetet inriktar sig på att med ett simuleringsprogram försöka utröna om det skulle gå att använda feedback control av löphju-let på en kaplanturbin för att reglera frekvensen ut på elnätet. Detta görs idag med hjälp av att öka eller minska magnetiseringen av generatorn. Det blir också en jämförelse för att se om det blir någon skillnad på resultatet mellan PID/PI. Resultatet mellan PID och PI är väldigt snar-lika och på frågan om det skulle gå att frekvens styra med löphjulet är svaret antagligen, det beror på hur mycket turbinens svängmassa på-verkar varvtalsändringen. Det skulle däremot ge ökat underhåll och större förslitning på lager och packningar. / This degree project focuses on using a simulation program to try to find out if it would be possible to use feedback control of the impeller on a Kaplan turbine to regulate the frequency on the power grid. This is done today by increasing or decreasing the magnetization of the genera-tor. There will also be a comparison to see if there is any difference in the result between PID/PI. The result between PID and PI is very close, and to the question of whether it would be possible to control the fre-quency with the impeller, the answer is probably, it depends on how much the turbine's swing mass affects the speed change. However, this would result in increased maintenance and greater wear and tear on bearings and seals.

Direct-fed microbials (DFM) are a method to increase bird performance and health when antibiotics are removed or limited in the diet. The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of a single strain Bacillus subtilis DFM on pullet performance, layer performance, and egg quality when fed from day of hatch until 70 weeks of age. In total, 576 Hy-Line W-36 laying hen pullets were randomly divided between two treatments (Control and DFM) on day of hatch across 12 cages for each of the treatments and maintained on those respective treatments for 70-weeks. The DFM was added at a target dose of 300,000 cfu/kg of feed. At the end of the 17-week pullet phase, DFM fed pullets resulted in reduced feed intake, improved FCRm with both similar body weights (P = 0.98) and body composition (P > 0.05) to the control fed pullets. At 17 weeks, 72 birds were randomly selected from each treatment and moved to 12 laying hen cages. At the end of the 52-week laying hen phase, DFM-fed hens had significantly higher hen-day egg production (P = 0.02), but decreased egg weights. No differences were reported in egg mass or feed intake, but FCR was significantly improved (P = 0.02) on a per dozen eggs basis, and improved (P = 0.06) on a g/g basis by 7.1 points with DFM-fed hens having an FCR of 2.016 and control fed hens having and FCR of 2.087. Supplementation of diets with DFM resulted in a trend in egg specific gravity, but no differences were reported in shell breaking strength or shell weight. Overall, supplementation of the DFM lowered feed intake and improved FCR without affecting body composition in the pullet phase, and increased production and improved FCR during the egg laying phase. / Master of Science / Due to the decreased use of antibiotics across the poultry industry, producers and allied companies are developing new methods to increase bird health and performance when antibiotics are removed from or limited in the diet. One such method is through the use of "good" bacteria or technically called Direct-Fed Microbials (DFM). Direct-fed microbials are defined as live microorganisms that when fed, confer a health benefit to the host. The goals of this thesis were to determine the effects of a Bacillus subtilis based DFM on pullet performance, laying hen performance, and egg quality when fed from day of hatch until 70 weeks of age. In the pullet phase, DFM-fed pullets had reduced feed intake and improved feed conversion ratio (the ratio of feed intake to body weight gain), with no differences in body weights or body composition at the end of the 17-week growth period. In the laying phase, DFM fed hens had significantly improved egg production, but lighter eggs compared to the control fed hens. Addition of the DFM significantly improved feed conversion ratio per dozen eggs by 5.3 points and reduced feed conversion ratio on a g/g basis by 7.1 points in the 52-week laying phase. Small improvements were noted in specific gravity, but no differences were reported in shell weight or shell breaking strength. When fed from day of hatch until 70 weeks of age, the Bacillus subtilis DFM allowed the pullets to reduce their feed intake, but maintain body development for egg production resulting in an improved feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the growth phase before egg production and once hens initiated egg production resulted in smaller eggs, but increased egg production and FCR in laying hens with minimal differences in egg quality. Therefore, the DFM may be able to be used in place of growth promoting antibiotics to help support efficient protein production.

Frequency control systems are used to keep the grid frequency at the nominal value of 50.00 Hz. Vattenfall employ hydropower plants for this purpose as they can easily adapt their production to counteract frequency deviations. This master thesis focuses on trying to improve Vattenfall’s mechanism to provide FCR-N (Frequency Containment Reserve in Normal operation) for primary frequency control, i.e. the turbine governor. The efforts are made to operate the plants more efficiently, decreasing distribution losses and thus increasing the profits. The current control system was modelled in MATLAB’s simulation tool Simulink to understand its complexity and to be used as base for comparison. Then a new model was developed based on the idea to introduce a global governor for the frequency control in each plant which controls the input signal to the individual turbine governors of each unit. OPT-data (tabulated data indicating how to operate a plant at the highest possible efficiency) was used to determine how to optimally distribute the FCR-N among the active units in a plant in real-time. The conclusions which can be drawn from this master thesis are that it is possible to make a more optimal distribution of FCR-N in real-time. However, it has not been possible to make a good comparison between the two models and the results regarding the profits which can be made by introducing this new type of governor are therefore inconclusive. It is of crucial importance to make a better match of the regulating strengths of the two models in order to perform the comparison. Improving the parameter values for the proportional and integral gains of the individual controllers and the precision of the OPT-table lookups may further improve the new model and also make it possible to perform a valid comparison between the two models.

This diploma thesis deals with the nutrition and evaluation of salmonid fish species, more precisely Riverine brown trout. In the practical part, I have dealt with two studies, by monitoring the growth of fish from 50 g to market weight and monitoring the growth of fish from 125 g to market weight. In both studies, food that was used to fed was a feed Aller gold 3 mm, Aller gold 4,5 mm and Coppens ultra 4,5 mm. In the first test, I fed fish on an average for 180 days to achieve a market weight of 268,14 g. In second test on an average for 108 days to achieve a market weight of 342,72 g. Furthermore, on these fish were performed partial tests such as the FCR fodder, the specific growth rate of the SGR, fish survival per period, cumulative fish survival, relative fish gain over the reference period, and the relative ratio of FCR/SGR. The system in which the fish were kept was flowing. As a result, the values evaluated by the software differed from the measured values, mainly because the software evaluated the values for all the ponds and only for the whole time of breeding from the input and final data, whereas I evaluated the values only for the individual ponds and the individual stages of the breeding, which take into account interventions in the pond stock. Therefore, all FCR feed rates and survival percentages differ from those measured. Deviations are noticeable in the first test, the "KASA" program evaluated the FCR at an average of 1.31 and my value was 0.93; the survival rate was 63.82% on average, and my score was 88.41%. In the second test, the results differed again for the same reason. The software evaluated the FCR on average at 0.97 and my average score was 0.94; the survival rate for the second test evaluated the program at 102.61% and my score was 97.05%. Comparing the test period, the more favorable results were obtained when using fish with an average weight of 125 g.

Les maladies du blé causées par Fusarium, comme la brulure de l’épi (FHB) et la pourriture de la tige (FCR), entrainent une réduction de production, de la qualité du blé et des problèmes de sécurité alimentaire liés à la présence de mycotoxines affectant la santé de l’Homme et des animaux: la plus représentée étant le déoxynivalénol (DON). Le DON est un inhibiteur de la synthèse protéique qui agit durant l’infection comme un facteur de virulence. La glycosylation du DON en D3G (DON-3-O-glicoside) catalysée par des UDP-glycosyltransférases (UGTs) est le principal mécanisme de protection des plantes contre sa toxicité. Dans ce travail, nous avons démontré que la détoxification du DON par l’UGT confère une résistance à large spectre contre les champignons produisant DON F.graminearum et F.culmorum. Nous avons produit des plants de blé dur exprimant de manière constitutive le gène HvUGT13248 (Ubi-UGT) et des plants de blé panifiables exprimant ce gène au niveau du tissu floral (Lem-UGT). Les plants Ubi-UGT ont montré une réduction significative des symptômes de FHB durant les stades précoces et médians de l’infection, et de FCR à tous les stades de l’infection. De plus, les plants Lem-UGT ont montré une corrélation entre les niveaux d’expression de l’UGT et de protection observée. Finalement, nous avons démontré que la pyramidation des gènes associés à des mécanismes de résistance différents peut renforcer la résistance de l’hôte à l’infection. Des plants de blé ont été générés exprimant à la fois l’enzyme HvUGT13248, et des inhibiteurs de glycosidases: AcPMEI ou PvPGIP2, impliqués dans la dégradation de la paroi cellulosique, et qui ont montré une résistance accrue à la FHB. / Fusarium diseases, including Fusarium head blight (FHB) and Fusarium crown rot (FCR) represent major agricultural problems worldwide, causing reduction of grain yield and quality and food safety. In particular, grain contamination by Fusarium mycotoxins, mainly deoxynivalenol (DON), is responsible for health problems in humans and animals. DON is a protein synthesis inhibitor, acting as a virulence factor during pathogenesis. The principal mechanism involved in enhancing plant tolerance to DON is glycosylation, forming DON-3-β-D-glucoside (D3G), performed by specific UDP-glucosyltransferases (UGTs). In this work, we demonstrated that DON-detoxification by UGT confers a broad-spectrum resistance against the DON-producing fungi F. graminearum and F. culmorum, characterized by different time of infection and target organs. We produced transgenic durum wheat plants (Ubi-UGT) constitutively expressing the barley HvUGT13248 and bread wheat plants (Lem-UGT) expressing HvUGT13248 in flower tissues. Ubi-UGT plants revealed significant reduction of FHB symptom, during early-mid stages of infection, and of FCR symptom, throughout the infection timing. The floral-specific expression highlighted a dose-dependent efficacy of the UGT detoxification mechanism. In addition, we demonstrated that pyramiding of genes controlling different resistance mechanisms can further reinforce the host response by stacking transgenes controlling the DON-to-D3G conversion and the inhibition of cell wall degrading enzymes by glycosidase inhibitors in the same wheat genotype. We obtained plants expressing HvUGT13248 and AcPMEI or HvUGT13248 and PvPGIP2, which exhibited increased FHB resistance.

I takt med att Sveriges elsystem byggs ut och allt större andel elenergi kommer från förnybar och väderberoende elproduktion såsom vind, så ökar även behovet av stödtjänster som kan balansera frekvensen i elsystemet. Frekvensen i elsystemet fungerar som en indikator på om elsystemet är i balans och för att elsystemet ska vara i balans krävs att elproduktionen hela tiden motsvarar elanvändningen. Examensarbetet har utrett möjligheterna att leverera stödtjänster från en redan befintlig vindkraftpark och har även undersökt hur möjligheterna ser ut i framtiden i och med att marknaderna för stödtjänster utvecklas. I dagsläget finns fem olika frekvensreglerande stödtjänster i Sverige. Dessa är Fast frequency Reserve (FFR), Frequency Containment Reserve-Normal (FCR-N), Frequency Containment Reserve-Disturbance (FCR-D), automatic Frequency Restoration Reserve (aFRR) och manual Frequency Restoration Reserve (FRR). Dessa stödtjänster upphandlas av Svenska kraftnät för att upprätthålla balans mellan produktion och konsumtion i elsystemet. För varje stödtjänst finns olika krav och specifikationer som bland annat vilken frekvens som de aktiveras vid, hur lång tid aktiveringen får ta samt hur långt i förväg de upphandlas etcetera. I kontakt med sakkunniga och i litteratur så framgår det att det är möjligt att leverera någon typ av frekvenstjänst från de allra flesta vindparker. För att börja leverera stödtjänster krävs att vindturbinen har en effektomriktare, vilket de flesta vindkraftverk har i dagsläget. Därefter handlar det främst om program och mjukvaruinställningar i effektomriktaren. Annars fungerar det i stort sett som vanlig pitch-reglering av turbinerna. Inom detta projekt så har även driftdata från en verklig vindpark i Blaiken studerats, där tre olika testkörningar genomförts. I testkörningarna har man testat att styra produktionen från turbinerna genom att göra nedregleringar och uppregleringar för att dokumentera hur parken reagerar. Utifrån data från testkörningarna som jämförs med krav för olika stödtjänster kan slutsatser dras om att stödtjänsterna mFRR, aFRR samt FCR-N bör kunna levereras från Blaiken. De är stödtjänsterna med de mest generösa aktiveringstiderna. Resultatet visar även på möjligheter att jobba med parkstyrningssystemet för att förbättra parkens reglerförmåga och i bästa fall skulle detta kunna medföra att parken även klarar kraven för aktiveringstid av FCR-D.

The ongoing change towards completely renewable power production in Sweden entails new challenges in maintaining a stable power system and puts greater demands on the frequency control. Hydropower caters for all frequency control in the Swedish grid today. However, the new challenges make it necessary to explore other technologies that potentially could provide frequency control. The aim of this master thesis is thus to map different technologies that potentially could deliver the reserves FCR and aFRR, with the main focus of investigating the economic potential of these technologies and their competitiveness during different seasons. The technologies investigated were lithium-ion batteries, flywheels, demand response and wind power plants. Different applications for these technologies were also investigated. The different investment alternatives were evaluated by calculating the net present value and the net present value ratio. The results show that the economic potential is greatest in cases where existing infrastructure could be used. Investments in stand-alone energy storage systems are not profitable today but might be so in the future as the prices continue to decrease. The results also show that many of the technologies and applications are competitive alternatives to hydropower during different seasons, which shows that there is potential in participating in the balancing markets with these technologies. However, it seems relevant to investigate further if, and if so how, the regulations on endurance can be adapted to actual conditions to further opening up the markets to more actors while maintaining a stable power system.

The increasing amount of renewable energy in the power system have led to new challenges to balance supply and demand in the electric grid. To maintain the balance in the power system the system operator can activate power reserves to restore the balance at a frequency deviation. Today these reserves consist exclusively of hydropower in Sweden. With more volatile power generation new types of technologies to provide these reserves are desirable. The aim of this master thesis is to investigate the technical potential for using wind power, demand response and energy storage for automatic frequency control in the Swedish power system. The thesis examines the performance of the different technologies to see if they meet the technical requirements for delivering reserves set by the TSO. Moreover, the available capacity from the technologies throughout the year are estimated. The results show that all three technologies potentially could be used for frequency control. However, the technical requirements are not always fulfilled. In order to enable new technologies to provide power reserves some of the requirements needs to be modernized. Generally, demand response proved to have the largest available capacity for frequency control today. The study shows that demand response from industries and electric heated households could potentially provide all automatic frequency control. Modern wind turbines can be used for frequency control and for down regulation of the frequency the potential is considerable. Energy storages are not yet widely used in Sweden but with reduced costs they can play an important role in regulating the frequency in the future.

An ideal drinking water distribution system (DWDS) must supply safe drinking water with free chlorine residual (FCR) in the form of HOCI and OCIֿ at a required concentration level. Meanwhile the FCR is consumed in the bulk liquid phase and at the DWDS pipes wall as the result of chemical reactions. Because of these, an optimized chlorine dosing for the DWDS using model-based predictive control (MBPC) is developed through the steps of modelling the FCR transport along the main pipes of the DWDS, designing chlorine dosing and implementing a multiple-input multiple-output system control scheme in Matlab 7.0.1 software. Discrete time-space models (DTSM) that can be used to predict free chlorine residual (FCR) concentration along the pipes of the DWDS over time is developed using explicit finite difference method (EFDM). Simulations of the DTSM using step and rectangular pulse input show that the effect of water flow rate velocity is much stronger than the effect of chlorine effective diffusivity coefficient on the FCR distribution and decay process in the DWDS main pipes. Therefore, the FCR axial diffusion in single pipes of the DWDS can be neglected. Investigating the effect of injection time, initial chlorine distribution, and overall chlorine decay rate constant involved in the process have provided a thorough understanding of chlorination and the effectiveness of all the parameters. This study proposed a model-based chlorine dosing design (MBCDD) based on a conventional-optimum design process (CODP) (Aurora, 2004), which is created for uncertain water demand based on the DTSM simulation. / In the MBCDD, the constraints must be met by designing distances between chlorine boosters and optimal value of the initial chlorine distribution in order to maintain the controlled variable (CV), i.e. FCR concentration with a certain degree of robustness to the variations of water flow rate. The MBCDD can cope with the simulated DWDS (SDWDS) with the conditions; the main pipe is 12 inch diameter size with the pipe length of 8.5 km, the first consumers taking the water from the point of 0.83 km, the assumed pipe wall chlorine decay rate constant of 0.45 m/day, and the value of chlorine overall decay rate constants follow Rosman's model (1994), by proposing a set of rules for selecting the locations for additional chlorine dosing boosters, and setting the optimal chlorine dosing concentrations for each booster in order to maintain a relatively even FCR distribution along the DWDS, which is robust against volumetric water supply velocity (VWS) variations. An example shows that by implementing this strategy, MBCDD can control the FCR along the 8.5 km main pipe of 12 inch diameter size with the VWS velocity from 0.2457 to 2.457 km/hr and with the assumed wall and bulk decay constants of 0.45 and 0.55 m/day, respectively. An adaptive chlorine dosing design (ACDD) as another CODP of chlorine dosing which has the same concept with the MBCDD without the rule of critical velocity is also proposed in this study. The ACDD objective is to obtain the optimum value of initial chlorine distribution for every single change in the VWS. Simulation of the ACDD on the SDWDS shows that the ACDD can maintain the FCR concentration within the required limit of 0.2-0.6 mg/1. / To enable water quality modelling for studying the effectiveness of chlorine dosing and injection in the form of mass flow rate of pure gaseous chlorine as manipulated variable (MV), a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system is developed in Simulink for Matlab 7.0.1 software by considering the disturbances of temperature and circuiting flow. The MIMO system can be used to design booster locations and distribution along a main pipe of the DWDS, to monitor the FCR concentration at the point just before injection (mixing) and between two boosters, and to implement feedback and open-loop control. This study also proposed a decentralized model-based control (DMBC) based on the MBCDD-ACDD and centralized model predictive control (CMPC) in order to optimize MV to control the CV along the main pipe of the DWDS in the MIMO system from the FCR concentration at just after the chlorine injection (CVin) to the FCR concentration (CVo) before the next chlorine injection with the constraints of 0.2-0.6 ppm for both the CVin and CVo. A comparison of the performances of decentralized PI (DPI) control, DMBC and CMPC, shows that the performances of the DMBC and CMPC in controlling the MIMO system are almost the same, and they both are significantly better than the DPI control performance. In brief, model-based predictive control (MBPC), in this case a decentralized model-based control (DMBC) and a centralized predictive control (CMPC), enable optimization of chlorine dosing for the DWDS.

With the increase in the world energy demand and environmental incentives, renewable energy sources (RES) need to determine their place as some of the primary power sources in future power systems. However, due to uncertain energy production, renewable energy sources cause unbalance in the power system due to the unsynchronized supply and electricity demand. The intermittent power production causes undesired power fluctuation, affecting the power quality and reliability of the power source. Energy storage is one solution that is debated to increase the reliability of renewable energy production. This thesis aims to model and simulate hybrid energy storage system (HESS), constructed of hydrogen and ultracapacitor energy storage, to investigate different operation strategies for everyday use and crises. The two different energy storage technologies complement each other, where hydrogen fuel cells can produce power for long periods of time while the ultracapacitor can quickly maintain the balance of production and consumption of electricity for a short instance. The HESS showed promising results for emergency power supply and supported service operation strategies. In case of a power shortage, the HESS could cover for the disconnected production. The ultracapacitor proved to be a suitable component due to its ability to support the shortcomings of a hydrogen energy storage system. Moreover, the HESS could meet the requirements to deliver support services. However, further studies have to be done to investigate how the HESS can deliver multiple support services to increase profit and help maintain the power system's balance and security.