<p>Waveguides are used to transmit electromagnetic signals.Their geometry is typically long and slender their particularshape can be used in the design of computational methods. Onlyspecial modes are transmitted and eigenvalue and eigenvectoranalysis becomes important.</p><p>We develop a .nite-element code for solving theelectromagnetic .eld problem in closed waveguides .lled withvarious materials. By discretizing the cross-section of thewaveguide into a number of triangles, an eigenvalue problem isderived. A general program based on Arnoldi’s method andARPACK has been written using node and edge elements toapproximate the .eld. A serious problem in the FEM was theoccurrence of spurious solution, that was due to impropermodeling of the null space of the curl operator. Therefore edgeelements has been chosen to remove non physical spurioussolutions that arises.</p><p>Numerical examples are given for homogeneous andinhomogeneous waveguides, in the homogeneous case the resultsare compared to analytical solutions and the right order ofconvergence is achieved. For the more complicated inhomogeneouswaveguides with and without striplines, comparison has beendone with results found in literature together with gridconvergence studies.</p><p>The code has been implemented to be used in an industrialenvironment, together with full 3-D time and frequency domainsolvers. The2-D simulations has been used as input for full3-D time domain simulations, and the results have been comparedto what an analytical input would give.</p>

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This master thesis has its main focus within embossing operations and how different factors influence the result. The work was performed at Stora Enso Research Centre in Karlstad, Sweden. Embossing is relatively complex operation to analyze since the paperboard can be exposed of both bending, shear and compression at the same time. The techniques used today for evaluating embossing on paperboard consist of experimental setups. These experimental techniques needed to be complemented in order to simplify the approach for embossing evaluations. The aim of this thesis was to develop a simulation material model, created with Finite Element Method by using Abaqus (2014), which capture the experimental behavior of embossed paperboard. The goals were to understand which material properties that are of high importance in embossing operations, and how sensitive the simulation material model is at small geometry changes of the embossing tool. A three dimensional finite element material model has been created in Abaqus (2014). The analysis was performed as dynamic quasi-static where an implicit solver was used. The simulation material model consisted of a continuum model, which describes the behavior of the plies, and an interface model implemented as cohesive elements, which describes the inelastic delamination between the plies. The continuum model was defined as an anisotropic linear elastic-plastic material model with isotropic linear hardening together with Hill´s yield criterion. The interface model was defined with an anisotropic elastic-plastic traction-separation law and an exponential damage evolution model. The purpose of the experimental tests was to capture the behavior of embossed paperboard and the goal was then to recreate the behavior in the simulation model. The results in this thesis focus on the relationship between the applied force and the displacement. An experimental and numerical study of out-of-plane compression has also been conducted, where the aim was to determine the out-of-plane elastic modulus, EZD. According to embossing results, the embossing results showed an exponential hardening behavior while the numerical results, unfortunately, showed a declining hardening behavior. Despite this, some understanding regarding which parameters that are of utmost importance have been achieved. The material parameters which had the highest influence on embossed paperboards seem to be the out-of-plane shear properties. This thesis also shows that the material model is sensitive of small changes of the tool geometry. The proportion of shear, bending and compression are strongly dependent on if the tool has sharp edges or if the edges are more rounded.

Wide spaced reinforced masonry (WSRM) walls that contain vertical reinforced cores at horizontal spacing up to 2000mm are commonly used in high wind zones of Australia although their inplane shear resistance is not well understood. This thesis aims at providing better insight into the behaviour of WSRM walls subjected to inplane lateral loading through experimental and numerical investigations. The interactions between the unreinforced masonry (URM) panels and vertical reinforced cores are first determined using an elastic finite element analysis and the potential failure paths hypothesized. The hypotheses are then validated using a series of full-scale WSRM and Non-WSRM wall tests under monotonic and cyclic lateral loading by keeping the spacing between the vertical reinforced cores as the main design variable. Load-displacement response of these shear walls indicates that the current classification of the WSRM in AS3700 (2001) as those walls containing vertical reinforced grouted cores at 2000mm maximum spacing is appropriate. A finite element model (FEM) based on an explicit solution algorithm is developed for predicting the response of the masonry shear walls tested under static loading. The FEM has adopted macroscopic masonry failure criteria and flow rules, damaged plasticity model for grout and tension-only model for reinforcing bars reported in the literature, and predicted crack opening and post-peak load behaviour of the shear walls. By minimising the kinetic energy using appropriate time scaling, the FEM has provided reasonable and efficient prediction of load flow, crack patterns and load–displacement curves of the shear walls. The FEM is further validated using full-scale tests on WSRM walls of aspect ratios and pre-compression different to that tested before. The validated FEM is used to examine the appropriateness of the prescriptive design details for WSRM concrete masonry shear walls provided in AS3700 (2001) allowing for a large scatter in material properties. It is shown that the inplane shear capacity formula provided in AS3700 (2001) for squat WSRM shear walls is non-conservative.

<p>This degree project was conducted in collaboration with Gremo AB located in Ätran.</p><p>The aim of the project was to develop a solution to secure quality and to help assembling</p><p>the locknut holding the vertical hinge on the harvesters and foresters from Gremo.</p><p>At this time the nut is assembled manually by the aid of an overhead crane. The nut is</p><p>tightened differently from time to time, and there was no specified torque to which it is</p><p>tightened. Another present problem was the locking washer which sometimes gets</p><p>damaged during assembly, when this happens the procedure has to be started over from</p><p>the beginning. The current assembly procedure is very time consuming and lengthy for</p><p>the employees.</p><p>Our task was to design a machine that could tighten the nut to a specified torque with a</p><p>margin of error of ± 3%. The assembly procedure will be held simple and the time</p><p>required at a minimum.</p><p>The project started by developing several principle solutions, the one solution that best</p><p>matched our specifications were developed to a primary solution.</p><p>Today we have started manufacturing and assembling our prototype. Our goal is that the</p><p>equipment will be taken into use by Gremo.</p>

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Genom att modellera bärverk med förskjutningsmetoden och programmera beräkningsprogram för takstolar i MS Excel har här visats att man kan uppnå motsvarande resultat som vanligt använda program i byggbranschen, baserade på förskjutningsmetoden. Resultaten visar på skillnader mellan förskjutningsmetoden och FEM. Det har dock inte framkommit om skillnaderna beror på grundläggande teorier i modellerna eller olika materialvärden i indata. / By learning how to model a structure by the direct stiffness method and programing a program for roof trusses in MS Excel have here by shown that you can achieve corresponding results as programs usually used in the building industry, based on the direct stiffness method. Results show differences between the direct stiffness method and FEM. It has not shown if the differences depends on fundamental theories in the models or disparities in material input.