Osseointegration, or the direct integration of an implant into bone tissue, is necessary for implant success. Titanium is commonly used clinically in dental and orthopaedic implants because of its passivating oxide layer, which facilitates osseointegration, and its mechanical properties such as a modulus of elasticity similar to bone. Diverse studies have shown that surface microtopography, chemistry, and surface energy affect osteoblast behavior. The problem with these studies is that they access the average behavior of a culture in response to a substrate and not the behavior of individual cells. The objective of this study was to develop a method for correlating the behavior of individual cells with the characteristics of the surface underneath them. More specifically, this work developed a method to correlate integrin beta-1 (β1) expression with the surface characteristics under individual cells. Integrins are cell surface receptors that bind to specific proteins in the extracellular matrix adsorbed on the implant surface. Previous work has shown that expression of certain integrins is increased when osteoblasts on titanium substrates develop a more differentiated phenotype, and that integrin β1 is necessary for osteoblast response to roughness on titanium substrates. This study used molecular beacons specific to integrin β1 to quantify integrin β1 expression of MG63 cells cultured on titanium disks. A template was designed to coordinate the location of cells using fluorescence microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in reference to laser etchings on the disks. After live cell imaging, cells were fixed, dried, and critical point dried for focused ion beam (FIB) milling. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) sections of cells identified with high and low integrin β1 molecular beacon intensity were milled, and cells with high and low integrin β1 molecular beacon intensity were also serial sectioned. While our TEM results were inconclusive, SEM images from serial sectioning showed contact points between the cell body and the substrate, consistent with previous results. Cells cultured on pretreatment (PT) or sandblasted acid etched (SLA) titanium surfaces were also serial sectioned, showing that cells on SLA surfaces have more regions of contact between the cells and the substrate than cells on PT surfaces. This work is significant as it is the first study to develop a method to correlate individual cell behavior with the substrate surface characteristics under the individual cells. Previous studies have reported the average cell behavior in response to their substrates, while this work allows for the study of substrate surface characteristics that positively affect integrin β1 expression in individual cells. Further optimization of the fluorescence imaging process and FIB milling process could be done, and the method developed in this study could be used in future studies to investigate surface characteristics after using other fluorescent analyses of cell behavior, such as immunocytochemistry.

Dans cette thèse, nous avons développé et étudié des miroirs absorbants saturables ultra-rapides, pour des applications au traitement de signaux optiques à très haut débit et la génération d’impulsions laser ultra-courtes à 1.55 µm. Dans une première partie, nous avons développé un miroir absorbant saturable ultra-rapide basé sur le semi-conducteur In₀.₅₃Ga₀.₄₇As soumis à une implantation ionique à température élevée de 300 °C. Des ions Fe ont été utilisés car il a été démontré que les niveaux Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ peuvent agir comme des centres de recombinaison efficaces pour les électrons et les trous dans In₀.₅₃Ga₀.₄₇As. Nous avons étudié la durée de vie des porteurs en fonction de la dose ionique, la température et le temps de recuit. A part la durée de vie rapide, les caractéristiques de réflectivité non-linéaire, telles que l’absorption linéaire, la profondeur de modulation, les pertes non saturables ont été étudiées dans différentes conditions de recuit. Après un recuit à 600 °C pendant 15 s, un échantillon présentant une grande amplitude de modulation de 53,9 % et une durée de vie de porteurs de 2 ps a été obtenu. Dans une seconde partie, la gravure par faisceau d’ions focalisés (FIB) a été utilisée pour fabriquer une structure en biseau ultrafin sur de l’InP cristallin, pour réaliser un dispositif photonique multi-longueur d’onde à cavité verticale. Les procédures de balayage FIB et les paramètres appropriés ont été utilisés pour contrôler le re-dépôt du matériau cible et pour minimiser la rugosité de surface de la zone gravée. Le rendement de pulvérisation de la cible en InP cristallin a été déterminé en étudiant la relation entre la profondeur de gravure et la dose ionique. En appliquant les conditions de rendement optimales, nous avons obtenu une structure en biseau ultrafin dont la profondeur de gravure est précisément ajustée de 25 nm à 55 nm, avec une pente horizontale de 1:13000. La caractérisation optique de ce dispositif en biseau a confirmé le comportement multi-longueur d’onde de notre dispositif et montré que les pertes optiques induites par le procédé de gravure FIB sont négligeables. Dans une troisième partie, nous avons démontré que la réponse optique non-linéaire du graphène est augmentée de manière résonnante quand une monocouche de graphène est incluse dans une microcavité verticale comportant un miroir supérieur. Une couche mince de Si₃N₄ a été déposée selon un procédé de dépôt par PECVD spécialement développé pour agir comme couche de protection préalable avant le dépôt du miroir supérieur proprement dit, permettant ainsi de préserver les propriétés optiques du graphène. En incluant une monocouche de graphène dans une microcavité appropriée, une profondeur de modulation de 14,9 % a été obtenue pour une fluence incidente de 108 µJ/cm². Cette profondeur de modulation est beaucoup plus élevée que la valeur maximale de 2 % obtenue dans les travaux antérieurs. De plus un temps de recouvrement aussi bref que 0,7 ps a été obtenu. / In this thesis, we focus on the development of ultrafast saturable absorber mirrors for applications to ultra-high speed optical signal processing and ultrashort laser pulse generation at 1.55 μm. In the first part, we have developed an ultrafast In₀.₅₃Ga₀.₄₇As -based semiconductor saturable absorber mirror by heavy ion implantation at the elevated temperature of 300 ºC. Fe ion has been employed as the implant since it has been shown that Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ level can act as efficient recombination centers for electrons and holes in In₀.₅₃Ga₀.₄₇As. We studied the carrier lifetime of Fe-implanted sample as a function of ion dose, temperature and annealing time. Apart from the fast carrier lifetime, the characteristics of nonlinear reflectivity for the Fe-implanted sample, such as linear absorption, modulation depth, nonsaturable loss, have are also been investigated under different annealing temperature. Under annealing at 600 ºC for 15 s, the Fe-implanted sample with a big modulation depth of 53.9 % and a fast carrier lifetime of 2 ps has been achieved. In the second part, focused ion beam milling has been applied to fabricate an ultra-thin taper structure on crystalline indium phosphide to realize a multi-wavelength vertical cavity photonic device. The appropriate FIB scanning procedures and operating parameters were used to control the target material re-deposition and to minimize the surface roughness of the milled area. The sputtering yield of crystalline indium phosphide target was determined by investigating the relationship between milling depth and ion dose. By applying the optimal experimentally obtained yield and related dose range, we have fabricated an ultra-thin taper structure whose etch depths are precisely and progressively tapered from 25 nm to 55 nm, with a horizontal slope of about 1:13000. The optical characterization of this tapered device confirms the expected multi-wavelength behavior of our device and shows that the optical losses induced by the FIB milling process are negligible. In the third part, we demonstrate that the nonlinear optical response of graphene is resonantly enhanced by incorporating monolayer graphene into a vertical microcavity with a top mirror. A thin Si₃N₄ layer was deposited by a developed PECVD process to act as a protective layer before subsequent top mirror deposition, which allowed preserving the optical properties of graphene. Combining monolayer graphene with a microcavity, a modulation depth of 14.9 % was achieved at an input energy fluence of 108 µJ/cm². This modulation depth is much higher than the value of about 2 % in other works. At the same time, an ultrafast recovery time of 0.7 ps is retained.

This thesis describes the study and characterization of secondary created structures in PN junction of silicon solar cells. Secondary created structure is the term which means the structures created for the purpose of suppressing the negative influence of local defects and edges of the solar cell. This means in particular laser notches used to isolate the edges. Furthermore, the secondary created structure means modification defective area using focused ion beam milling. Theoretical part of this work deals with short introduction to the topic of solar cells. There are mentioned the physical nature of the solar cell and the technology associated with the issue of solar cells. Experimental section begins with a description of the experimental methods. For diagnostic methods were used both electrical (UI characteristics, noise characteristics) and optical methods (measuring local radiation - CCD camera, thermal imager, lock-in thermography). Furthermore, there was also used a scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with technology using Focused Ion Beam (FIB). Sequentially there are presented individual results of characterization of created structures by laser. These partial results are incorporated into a comprehensive methodology developed for characterizing laser-created structures. The experimental part is finished by a presentation of the results of the research use of focused ion beam technology for sputtering defective areas of solar cells.

This thesis focuses on the effect of microstructural variation on the mechanical properties and deformation behavior of ductile iron. To research and determine these effects, two grades of ductile iron, (i) GJS-500-7 and (ii) high silicon GJS-500-14, were cast in a geometry containing several plates with different section thicknesses in order to produce microstructural variation. Microstructural investigations as well as tensile and hardness tests were performed on the casting plates. The results revealed higher ferrite fraction, graphite particle count, and yield strength in the high silicon GJS-500-14 grade compared to the GJS-500-7 grade. To study the relationship between the microstructural variation and tensile behavior on macroscale, tensile stress-strain response was characterized using the Ludwigson equation. The obtained tensile properties were modeled, based on the microstructural characteristics, using multiple linear regression and analysis of variance (ANOVA). The models showed that silicon content, graphite particle count, ferrite fraction, and fraction of porosity are the major contributing factors that influence tensile behavior. The models were entered into a casting process simulation software, and the simulated microstructure and tensile properties were validated using the experimental data. This enabled the opportunity to predict tensile properties of cast components with similar microstructural characteristics. To investigate deformation behavior on micro-scale, a method was developed to quantitatively measure strain in the microstructure, utilizing the digital image correlation (DIC) technique together with in-situ tensile testing. In this method, a pit-etching procedure was developed to generate a random speckle pattern, enabling DIC strain measurement to be conducted in the matrix and the area between the graphite particles. The method was validated by benchmarking the measured yield strength with the material’s standard yield strength. The microstructural deformation behavior under tensile loading was characterized. During elastic deformation, strain mapping revealed a heterogeneous strain distribution in the microstructure, as well as shear bands that formed between graphite particles. The crack was initiated at the stress ranges in which a kink occurred in the tensile curve, indicating the dissipation of energy during both plastic deformation and crack initiation. A large amount of strain localization was measured at the onset of the micro-cracks on the strain maps. The micro-cracks were initiated at local strain levels higher than 2%, suggesting a threshold level of strain required for micro-crack initiation. A continuum Finite Element (FE) model containing a physical length scale was developed to predict strain on the microstructure of ductile iron. The material parameters for this model were calculated by optimization, utilizing the Ramberg-Osgood equation. The predicted strain maps were compared to the strain maps measured by DIC, both qualitatively and quantitatively. To a large extent, the strain maps were in agreement, resulting in the validation of the model on micro-scale. In order to perform a micro-scale characterization of dynamic deformation behavior, local strain distribution on the microstructure was studied by performing in-situ cyclic tests using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). A novel method, based on the focused ion beam (FIB) milling, was developed to generate a speckle pattern on the microstructure of the ferritic ductile iron (GJS-500-14 grade) to enable quantitative DIC strain measurement to be performed. The results showed that the maximum strain concentration occurred in the vicinity of the micro-cracks, particularly ahead of the micro-crack tip. / Denna avhandling fokuserar på effekten av variationer i mikrostrukturen på mekaniska egenskaper och deformationsbeteende hos segjärn. För att undersöka dessa effekter, två olika sorter av segjärn, (i) GJS-500-7 och (ii) högkisellegerad GJS-500-14, gjutits till plattor av olika tjocklekar för att generera mikrostrukturvariationen. Mikrostrukturundersökning, samt drag- och hårdhetsprov gjordes på de gjutna plattorna. Resultaten visade att en högre ferritfraktion, grafitpartikelantal och sträckgräns i den högkisellegerade GJS-500-14-sorten jämfört med GJS-500-7. För att studera förhållandet mellan mikrostrukturell variation och spännings-töjningsbeteendet på makroskala, modellerades detta med hjälp av Ludwigson-ekvationen. De erhållna spännings-töjningsegenskaperna modellerades baserat på mikrostrukturell karaktäristika genom multipel linjärregression och variansanalys (ANOVA). Modellerna visade att kiselhalt, grafitpartikelantal, ferritfraktion och porfraktion var de viktigaste bidragande faktorerna. Modellerna implementerades i ett simuleringsprogram för gjutningsprocessen. Resultatet från simuleringen validerades med hjälp av experimentella data som inte ingick i underlaget för regressionsanalysen. Detta möjliggjorde att prediktera spännings-töjningsbeteendet och dess variation hos gjutna segjärns komponenter med liknande sammansättning och gjutna tjocklekar som användes i denna studie. För att kunna undersöka deformationsbeteendet på mikroskala utvecklades en metod för kvantitativ mätning av töjning i mikrostrukturen, genom DIC-tekniken (digital image correlation) tillsammans med in-situ dragprovning. I denna metod utvecklades en grop-etsningsprocess för att generera ett slumpvis prickmönster, vilket möjliggjorde DIC-töjningsmätning i matrisen och i området mellan grafitpartiklarna med tillräcklig upplösning. Metoden validerades genom benchmarking av den uppmätta sträckgränsen mot materialets makroskopiska sträckgräns mätt med konventionell dragprovning. Det mikrostrukturella deformationsbeteendet under dragbelastning karakteriserades. Under elastisk deformation avslöjade töjningsmönstret en heterogen töjningsfördelning i mikrostrukturen, och bildandet av skjuvband mellan grafitpartiklar. Sprickbildning initierades vid låg spänning och redan vid de spänningsnivåer som ligger vis ”knät” på dragprovningskurvan, vilket indikerar energidissipering genom både begynnande plastisk deformation och sprickbildning. Den lokala töjningen vis sprickinitiering skedde då den lokala töjningen översteg 2%, vilket indikerar att detta skulle kunna vara en tröskelnivå för den töjning som erfordras för initiering av mikro-sprickor. En kontinuum Finita Element (FE) modell utvecklades för att prediktera töjningen hos ett segjärn och dess fördelning i segjärns mikrostruktur. Materialparametrarna för denna modell optimerades genom att anpassa parametrarna i Ramberg-Osgood ekvationen. De predikterade töjningsfördelningarna jämfördes med de experimentell uppmätta töjningsmönstren uppmätta med DIC, både kvalitativt och kvantitativt. Töjningsmönstren överensstämde i stor utsträckning, vilket resulterade i att modellerna kunde anses vara validerade på mikronivå. För att kunna mäta töjningsmönster under dynamiska förlopp på mikronivå utvecklades en metod för att skapa prickmönster och att utföra in-situ CT provning i ett svepeletronmikroskop (SEM). Prickmönstret skapades genom avverkning med en fokuserad jonstråle (FIB), och provades på det ferritiska segjärnet (GJS-500-14 grad). Resultaten visade att maximal töjningskoncentration fanns i närheten av mikrosprickorna, framförallt framför sprickspetsen.