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Prescribed fire has become a known silvicultural disturbance on public and private lands in the United States. Implementation of fire as a treatment allows land managers to reach specific goals through lower operational costs compared to mechanical or chemical means. Differences in management strategies for forested ecosystems often lead to individual plant species being overlooked. With an increasing number of invasive plants spreading into North American ecosystems, response of invasive plants to fire could potentially affect management decisions. It is important to understand the fire-response of invasive plants as stimulatory, neutral or suppressive to aid in future management of ecosystems. This study quantified the impact of small-scale prescribed fire on the invasive plant Japanese chaff flower (Achyranthes japonica; hereafter Chaff), at three different sites in Southern Illinois. The hypothesis was that fire would decrease the density and survival of chaff. Fixed sample plots were created (24 plots per site). At each site a set of unburned plots (control 8-16 plots) and treatment plots (burned 8-16 plots) were established, resulting in 32 burned plots and 32 unburned plots between 2015 and 2016. To best understand the effects fire had on Chaff, plant phenology was classified into four different life stages (cotyledons, seedlings, juveniles, adults) during each survey of the study plots. Using multi-model inference, one candidate model set was created to evaluate the survival of adult chaff flower, and 4 model sets to investigate the change in density of adults, juveniles, seedlings, and cotyledons respectively. The models had sites, treatment (burned versus unburned), and year (2015 and 2016) as explanatory variables. We compared the models using Akaike’s Information Criterion corrected for sample bias (AICc) to compare and rank models. The top model described survival of adult chaff flower, retained only treatment (burn vs. unburned) as a variable, and showed that Chaff survival was lower in burned plots than in unburned plots (β = -0.30, SE = 0.02), with the effect being greater at site 3 where about 46% of adult plants died after being treated with fire. The top model describing the change in adult plant density retained an interaction between year and site, and showed that adult chaff density increased from 2015 to 2016 on sites 1 and 2 by 32% and 14%, respectively. However, on site 3 there was nearly a 50% decrease in adult chaff flower plants in 2016. The juvenile and cotyledon stages showed similar results, by retaining an interaction between site and treatment, with an addition to year; the data showed a higher number of juveniles and cotyledons in the unburned plots than the burned plots going from 2015 to 2016. Seedling density decreased from 2015 to 2016 on sites 2 and 3, but on site 1 there was a slight increase. This increase could be largely due to the ability of the plants independent ability to replenish gaps in the population. Chaff can grow from the cotyledon class to an adult plant in a single growing season with sufficient sunlight, nutrient, and space. This study showed that a single entry of low intensity prescribed fire can kill established adult chaff plants. A single entry of prescribed fire had a direct negative impact on emerging young chaff plants, but the traits and characteristics of this invasive species which enable it to persist after a disturbance, as well as the documented variability on control associated with seasonal and local site differences, suggest that fire treatment alone may not be enough to halt its spread. Future work could focus on more burns, with repeated entry of fire in chaff flower populations and burns conducted at higher intensities and at different times of the year to further explore the impacts of fire on this invasive species.

The ability of exogenous gibberellin (GA) A3 to substitute for low temperatures in inducing flowering in Phalaenopsis hybrida under high temperatures suggests a similar role for endogenous GAs in normal (low temperature) development of the inflorescence and floral buds. Changes in endogenous GAs in shoot-tips (about 2.0 cm long) were examined when potentially flowering shoot was 2-3 cm and 7-10 cm long, respectively. Treatments included warm control (30/25 ¢J day/night, non-flowering), GA3-treated (30/25 ¢J day/night, flowering) and cool-induced (25/20 ¢J day/night, flowering) plants. GA3 at 0.5 £gg•shoot-1 was injected into the cavity of the second visible bud scale below the flowering shoot apex. The contents of the tips of potentially flowering shoot of GA1, GA20, GA19 and GA53 tended to be highest in cool-induced plants, intermediate in GA3-treated plants, and lowest in the warm controls (non-flowering). Tips of potentially flowering shoots in warm controls also contained higher GA8 relative to GA3-treated and cool-induced plants. Tips of potentially flowering shoots (2-3 cm in length with no flower primordium), contained low levels of GAs than older 7-10 cm long flowering shoot (with flower primordium) under cool-inductive conditions. These results suggest that continued inflorescence development and flower bud initiation are closely associated with increases in endogenous GAs, even in GA3-treated plants. They also suggest that a more rapid biosynthetic flow-through from GA19¡÷GA20¡÷GA1¡÷GA8 leaving reduced levels of GA1 may be involved in the inhibition of flowering and shoot elongation seen in warm (30/25 ¢J day/night) control plants. A reduced conversion of ¡§active¡¨ GA1 to inactive GA8 may thus be required for successful floral initiation and development whether induced by cool temperature or by applied GA3. These results imply that the high temperature inhibitory effect on flowering is mediated through its effect on lowering the level of endogenous GA1 and its precursors.

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The flower is a dominant motif in Mughal art. Its importance begins in the reign of Jahangir where it first appears as a subject for painting. These initial floral miniatures emerge as a fully developed art form with no obvious antecedents. The floral style is consolidated during the reign of sl1ah Jahan and it is a combination of naturalism and stylization with an emphasis on technique. From this style the floral miniature goes through a number of changes with the end result being a decorative pattern style at the expense of naturalism. The object of this thesis is to trace the origins and development of Mughal floral painting from the mid 17th century to the end of the 18th century. The thesis begins with an analysis of the stylistic development of floral forms within the landscape of the miniatures. This covers the period from Akbar to Aurangzeb and includes a discussion on Persian influence. The floral paintings of Mansur and the D-ar-a Shuk~oh Album form the basis of my analysis of the Mughal floral style. Chapter 2 analyses these floral paintings in terms of their botanical accuracy and distribution and their relationship to Akbar period floral forms. This later comparison reveals a marked change in style. This change is accounted for in Chapter 3 where the influence of European herbals and their posssible dissemination in India is discussed. During the period covered by this thesis the Mughal floral miniature goes through four stages of stylistic development which are catalogued in Chapter 4. The final chapter considers the reasons for the importance of the floral motif within political, sociological and religious contexts.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Florida, 1983. / Description based on print version record. Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 776-789).

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Fung Chung Yan. / "Architecture Department, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Master of Architecture Programme 2004-2005, design report." / Introduction / Thesis Proposal / Contents / Overview / Precedents / Exploration / Context / Design / Conclusion

7 pp. / This article provides information about how to use annual flowers in Northern Arizona. It describes how to plan a garden, plant flowers and prepare soil. It lists out many of the common annual flowers that perfrom well in higher elevations in Arizona.