2 pp. / This publication provides information and describes Cooley spruce galls in Northern Arizona. Douglas-fir and spruce are alternate hosts for these galls. The life cycle of galls and their management/control methods are described in detail here.

2 pp. / This publication provides information and describes Oystershell Scale in Northern Arizona. The feeding habits, life cycle of scales and their management/control methods are described in detail here.

2 pp. / This publication provides information and describes tent caterpillars in Northern Arizona. The feeding habits, life cycle of scales and their management/control methods are described in detail here.

12 pp. / This article provides information about perennials in Northern Arizona. It describes planting them, preparing the soil, irrigation, mulching, fertilizing, etc.. It lists out many of the perennials and gives information about each of their growing conditions and their use.

3 pp. / This publication provides information and describes steps of growing tomatoes in higher elevations in Arizona. It explains how to start plants from their seeds, how to choose plants and grow them indoors as well as outdoors. It gives a brief description of the pests that could attack these plants and methods of controlling them.

2 pp.

Revised; Originally Published: 2002 / 11 pp.

No description available.

The effects of vegetation size and architecture, in combination with elevation effects, on the amounts of atmospheric inputs of both nutrient and pollutant substances were studied by means of collecting precipitation both above and below tree and heather canopies. Use was made of 'filter' type gauges, designed to enhance interception deposition, in order to identify the main ionic substances associated with this deposition type. Results illustrate how effects of tree size and shape, as well as elevation, are tempered by local topographic and climatic factors. The total leaf area of the canopy is not necessarily an over-riding factor in determining amounts of atmospheric deposits caught by the canopy; canopy structure is seen to be equally as important. As well as a main two year field study, secondary experiments were carried out to test filter gauge design (both in the field and the laboratory). These included looking at elevation effects on interception deposition, and dry deposition estimates were made through washing of gauges and also by collection of precipitation on an event basis. Filter gauge design studies illustrated that gauge design has little effect on amounts of interception deposition collected; over the range of particle sizes and micrometeorological conditions encountered in the field, the differences in relative efficiencies of the different gauge types are of little consequence. At a site with a relatively unhindered fetch, interception deposition was seen to increase with elevation. Dry deposition was not considered to be a significant input at this site. Pb was studied as an exemplary heavy metal; it seems that Pb input is predominantly through rain (rather than being associated more with the 'filter' component of precipitation) suggesting long-range transport. Pb was found to accumulate within the organic horizons of the soil---the pathway through the ecosystem being predominantly adsorption onto plant surfaces from the rain, and then falling to the ground as litter.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of four direct restorative materials that can be used in the proximal box elevation (PBE) technique. Materials and Methods: Seventy-five molar teeth were randomly assigned to one of five groups (n=15): Type II glass-ionomer (GI), Type II resin-modified glass-ionomer (RMGI), resin-based composite (RBC), bulk fill (BF) resin-based composite, and a control with no box elevation procedure. Specimens were prepared for a standard CAD-CAM ceramic onlay preparation with mesial cervical margins located 1 mm above CEJ (cemento-enamel junction) and distal cervical margins located 2 mm below the CEJ. PBE was used to elevate the distal margins to 1 mm above the CEJ in all groups except the control group. For the control group the onlay margin was placed directly on the prepared distal tooth without PBE. A Lava UltimateTM, CAD/CAM Resin, nano-Ceramic onlay Restorative (LAVU) was milled and bonded on all specimens with RelyX UltimateTMAdhesive Resin Cement. The margin quality of the tooth-PBE material and PBE material-onlay interface was evaluated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) using epoxy replicas before and after mechanical loading (100,000 cycles, 1.2 Hz at 65N). In addition to margin quality, the fracture resistance of each group was measured using a universal testing machine. Fracture pattern was recorded by visual examination. One-way ANOVA was performed followed by Least Square Means. Results: For dentin margins, a statistically significant difference was detected between RMGI and control group at baseline (p=0.0442). All other groups GI, RBC, and BF showed no difference to control at baseline (p>0.05). No statistical significance was observed among groups for post-mechanical fatigue (p=0.8735). For onlay margins, no statistical significance was observed among groups for pre-mechanical fatigue, post-mechanical fatigue, or change (p=0.9713, p=0.528, p= 0.4385 respectively). No significant difference was observed for the fracture resistance among groups or for the type of break by material used (p=0.1593, p=0.77 respectively). Conclusion: Within the parameters of this study, following mechanical fatigue, the materials used for PBE: resin-modified glass-ionomer and glass-ionomer, resin-based composite and bulk-fill composite, did not influence results in terms of margin quality and fracture resistance. Therefore, collective findings suggest that these materials might be suitable for proximal box elevation procedures. Nevertheless, clinical caution is recommended with any PBE procedure and further testing of GI materials is needed.