12 pp. / This article provides information about perennials in Northern Arizona. It describes planting them, preparing the soil, irrigation, mulching, fertilizing, etc.. It lists out many of the perennials and gives information about each of their growing conditions and their use.

Revised; Originally Published: 2002 / 11 pp.

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by Lit Choi Wan. / Thesis (M.Sc.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 119-127). / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS / SUMMARY / LIST OF TABLES / LIST OF FIGURES / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Terminology & Overview --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2 --- Gell & Coombs Classification of Hypersensitivity --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Type I - Immediate Hypersensitivity --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Type II - Antibody Dependent Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Type III - Immune-Complex Mediated Hypersensitivity --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Type IV - Cell-Mediated (Delayed-Type) Hypersensitivity --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3 --- Historical Review of IgE-Mediated Hypersensitivity --- p.7 / Chapter 1.4 --- The Clinical Biochemistry of IgE --- p.8 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Structure and Properties --- p.9 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- The Fcε Receptors --- p.11 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- Production and Tissue Localisation --- p.11 / Chapter 1.4.4 --- Turnover in Blood and on Mast Cells --- p.13 / Chapter 1.4.5 --- Control of Synthesis --- p.13 / Chapter 1.4.6 --- The Role of IgE in Health and Disease --- p.14 / Chapter 1.5 --- Pathophysiology of IgE-Mediated Hypersensitivity --- p.20 / Chapter 1.5.1 --- Cell Activation and IgE Synthesis --- p.20 / Chapter 1.5.2 --- Activation of Mast Cells and Basophils --- p.22 / Chapter 1.6 --- Allergens --- p.25 / Chapter 1.7 --- Factors Predisposing to Allergy --- p.30 / Chapter 1.7.1 --- Genetic Predisposition --- p.30 / Chapter 1.7.2 --- Environmental Exposure --- p.32 / Chapter 1.7.3 --- Underlying Infection and Immune Status --- p.32 / Chapter 1.8 --- Epidemiology --- p.33 / Chapter 1.8.1 --- Allergic Diseases Worldwide --- p.33 / Chapter 1.8.2 --- Allergic Diseases in Hong Kong --- p.34 / Chapter 1.9 --- Diagnosis of IgE-Mediated Allergy --- p.36 / Chapter 1.9.1 --- Medical History and Physical Examination --- p.36 / Chapter 1.9.2 --- Introduction to Diagnostic Tests --- p.36 / Chapter 1.9.3 --- Skin Tests --- p.37 / Chapter 1.9.4 --- In Vitro Tests --- p.38 / Chapter 1.9.5 --- Serum Total IgE Assay --- p.41 / Chapter (1) --- Test Principle --- p.41 / Chapter (2) --- Normal Values of Serum Total IgE Concentration --- p.42 / Chapter 1.9.6 --- Allergen Specific IgE Concentration --- p.44 / Chapter (1) --- Principle of RAST --- p.44 / Chapter (2) --- Clinical Usefulness of RAST --- p.44 / Chapter 1.9.7 --- The CAP System --- p.46 / Chapter 1.9.8 --- Mixed Aeroallergen Specific IgE Assay (Phadiatop´ёØ) --- p.46 / Chapter 1.10 --- Further Notes on Allergic Rhinitis --- p.48 / Chapter 1.10.1 --- A Prevalent and Costly Health Problem --- p.48 / Chapter 1.10.2 --- Epidemiology --- p.48 / Chapter 1.10.3 --- Symptoms of Allergic Rhinitis --- p.49 / Chapter 1.10.4 --- ENT Examination --- p.49 / Chapter 1.11 --- Aims of This Study --- p.51 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- MATERIALS AND METHOD I Evaluation of The Pharmacia CAP System --- p.52 / Chapter 2.1 --- Materials --- p.53 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Pharmacia Reagents --- p.53 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Abbott Reagents --- p.54 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- In-House Reagents --- p.54 / Chapter 2.2 --- Apparatus and Equipment --- p.55 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Components and Accessories of the CAP System --- p.55 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Abbott IMx Analyser --- p.55 / Chapter 2.3 --- Methods for Evaluation of the Pharmacia CAP System --- p.56 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Principle of the Pharmacia CAP System RAST FEIA Fluorescence Enzyme Immunoassay --- p.56 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Assay Preparation and Procedure --- p.58 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Evaluation Experiments --- p.59 / Chapter (1) --- Elution Efficiency of Assay Washer96 --- p.59 / Chapter - --- Gross Assessment of Assay Washer96 --- p.59 / Chapter - --- Precision of Elution Volume in Each Well --- p.60 / Chapter - --- Overall Precision and Accuracy of Elution through ImmunoCAP --- p.60 / Chapter (2) --- Precision of RAST FEIA --- p.60 / Chapter (3) --- Accuracy --- p.61 / Chapter (4) --- Linearity and Detection Limits --- p.61 / Chapter (5) --- Recovery Study --- p.61 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 MATERIALS --- AND METHOD II Aetiology of Allergic Rhinitis in Hong Kong --- p.62 / Chapter 3.1 --- Patients and Controls --- p.63 / Chapter 3.2 --- Blood Samples --- p.63 / Chapter 3.3 --- Serum Total IgE Assay --- p.65 / Chapter 3.4 --- Mixed Aeroallergen Specific IgE (Phadiatop) --- p.67 / Chapter 3.5 --- Statistical Analysis --- p.67 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- RESULTS I Evaluation of The Pharmacia CAP System --- p.70 / Chapter 4.1 --- Elution Efficiency of Assay Washer96 --- p.71 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Gross Assessment of Elution Volume --- p.71 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Precision of Elution Volume in Each Well --- p.72 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Overall Precision and Accuracy of Elution through ImmunoCAP --- p.75 / Chapter 4.2 --- Precision of RAST FEIA --- p.75 / Chapter 4.3 --- Accuracy --- p.75 / Chapter 4.4 --- Linearity and Detection Limit --- p.79 / Chapter 4.5 --- Recovery --- p.79 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- RESULTS II Aetiology of Allergic Rhinitis in Hong Kong --- p.83 / Chapter 5.1 --- Patients and Controls --- p.84 / Chapter 5.2 --- "Serum Total IgE, Mixed Aeroallergen IgE (Phadiatop) and Specific IgE Concentrations in Patients and Controls" --- p.84 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Total IgE Concentration --- p.84 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Phadiatop´ёØ --- p.84 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Specific IgE Concentration --- p.93 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Degree and Severity of Sensitization --- p.93 / Chapter 5.2.5 --- Single and Multiple Allergy --- p.94 / Chapter 5.2.6 --- Usefulness of Phadiatop´ёØ --- p.94 / Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- DISCUSSION I Evaluation of the Pharmacia CAP System --- p.95 / Chapter 6.1 --- Elution Efficiency of Assay Washer96 --- p.96 / Chapter 6.2 --- "Within-Batch and Between-Batch Precision, Accuracy, Linearity and Detection Limit, and Recovery of FEIA" --- p.97 / Chapter 6.3 --- Overall Evaluation --- p.98 / Chapter CHAPTER 7 --- DISCUSSION II Aetiology of Allergic Rhinitis in Hong Kong --- p.100 / Chapter 7.1 --- Patients and Controls --- p.101 / Chapter 7.2 --- Serum Total IgE Concentration --- p.102 / Chapter 7.3 --- Efficiency of Phadiatop´ёØ Screening Test --- p.103 / Chapter 7.4 --- Serum Specific IgE Assay and Aetiology of Allergic Rhinitis in Hong Kong --- p.107 / Chapter 7.4.1 --- Major Allergens in Allergic Rhinitis --- p.107 / Chapter 7.4.2 --- House Dust Mite --- p.108 / Chapter 7.4.3 --- Cockroach --- p.111 / Chapter 7.4.4 --- Cat and Dog --- p.111 / Chapter 7.4.5 --- Pollens --- p.112 / Chapter 7.4.6 --- Moulds --- p.113 / Chapter 7.4.7 --- Summary --- p.115 / REFERENCES --- p.118

Most professional turf in Virginia is comprised of bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.) or (Cynodon dactylon x C. transvaalensis Burtt Davy) as a monoculture in summer and overseeded with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) (PR) in winter, during bermudagrass dormancy. Two transitions are required in an overseeding program, fall establishment of PR and spring control of PR. During each transition, turf quality suffers as one grass dies or enters dormancy while another grass is promoted to fill voided areas. Field studies at various locations in Virginia were conducted to investigate methods of improving spring and fall transition. Bermudagrass green cover in August was influenced by duration of PR competition variably between three bermudagrass cultivars. For example, "Midiron", "Patriot", and "Riviera" bermudagrass required 218, 139, and 327 cumulative growing degree days at base 18.3 C (GDD) to reach 95% cover. Bermudagrass biomass was also positively correlated with increasing duration of noncompetitive GDD. Total nonstructural carbohydrates were not correlated to duration of PR competition. Novel application methods were invented and tested at Virginia Tech. Drip, sponge, and strip application methods were used to create patterns of PR control using selective herbicides. Controlling a portion of PR with these methods maintained acceptable turfgrass quality throughout the spring transition and improved bermudagrass cover 12 to 20%, speeding transition by 20 or more days. Efforts to improve PR establishment in dense bermudagrass suggest chemicals that injure existing bermudagrass can improve PR establishment, but cause unacceptable turf discoloration. Mechanical methods to disrupt the bermudagrass canopy had less effect on PR establishment than chemical treatments. / Master of Science

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