International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 23-26, 2000 / Town & Country Hotel and Conference Center, San Diego, California / This paper analyzes the multi-path effects on telemetry equipment when it tracks the low-elevation flying target. Based on bias-axis mono-pulse technique, real time attenuation memory recursive Least-Squares Estimate as well as synthetic application of multiple source data, a comprehensive tracking method is proposed to eliminate the antenna shaking and reduce angle error caused by the multi-path effects. The method has been verified by field test. And the goal of smooth tracking of the low elevation target is eventually reached.

7 pp. / This article provides information about how to use annual flowers in Northern Arizona. It describes how to plan a garden, plant flowers and prepare soil. It lists out many of the common annual flowers that perfrom well in higher elevations in Arizona.

7 pp. / This publication discusses some backyard fruits that can be grown at elevations between 3500 to 6000 feet and also lists varieties of each fruit by harvest season.

Revised; Originally Published: 2002 / 6 pp.

<p> An important aspect in spatial analysis is a digital separation technique. There are several techniques possible, but trend-residual techniques and filtering techniques are emphasized in this report. The areas studied were a 9.6 km^2 gridded area in the Mammoth Cave region in Kentucky and the Lewisburg region in West Virginia. The basic geology and surface patterns are described. Although they are similar in respect to geology, the doline distribution is much smaller and more dense in Kentucky than in West Virginia. Both areas appear stable and subsidence dolines appear dominantly. The two doline development models are presented and the evidence cited tends to support the MDCP model. The predicted clustering of daughters about uniform/randomly distributed parents is found in Kentucky, no study was found for West Virginia. Both areas show that doline long axis are oriented parallel to regional joint sets.</p> <p> A uniformly dense grid proves accurate and unbiased when the elevation data are contoured. The Surface II Graphics package proves more than adequate in producing all the maps needed for this study despite the lack of flexibility in some areas.</p> <p> A trend-residual analysis was conducted to the fourth order for both the Kentucky and West Virginia areas. Despite minor technical problems, the results are positive. The method clearly separates the local doline variance from the regional trend, but there does appear to be a consistent bias towards nearby ridges. It also appears that there is an enhancement-suppression effect from the residual analysis such that certain doline forms are enhanced while others are suppressed as the trend order progresses from the first to the fourth order.</p> <p> The filtering technique also shows some excellent results from the digital separation method. Several filter types are discussed and the theory of their design is also presented. Very successful results were achieved by a zero summed filter as well as a 3 x 3 moving average filter. Several maps are produced from the analyses and are computer generated and these are also presented. There are several conclusions given at the end.</p> / Thesis / Candidate in Philosophy

The following presents a method for determining topographic elevation error for overland unstructured finite element meshes derived from bare earth LiDAR for use in a shallow water equations model. This thesis investigates the development of an optimal interpolation method to produce minimal error for a given element size. In hydrodynamic studies, it is vital to represent the floodplain as accurately as possible since terrain is a critical factor that influences water flow. An essential step in the development of a coastal inundation model is processing and resampling dense bare earth LiDAR to a DEM and ultimately to the mesh nodes; however, it is crucial that the correct DEM grid size and interpolation method be employed for an accurate representation of the terrain. The following research serves two purposes: 1) to assess the resolution and interpolation scheme of bare earth LiDAR data points in terms of its ability to describe the bare earth topography and its subsequent performance during relevant tide and storm surge simulations

ITC/USA 2010 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Sixth Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 25-28, 2010 / Town and Country Resort & Convention Center, San Diego, California / This document is focused on the examination of the tracking angular error due to the radio refraction for the target in low altitude of less than 5km and in low elevation angle. The real measured data using the GPS and the tracking systems of C- and S-band frequency in NARO Space centre, Korea are used for the analysis. The analysis shows couple of conclusions on the radio refraction effects; there are angular errors due to the radio refraction which is not to be neglected comparing the accuracy of the tracking system but to be considered for the precise measurement of the target position. Also, the refraction errors are dependent on the target altitude, but not on the frequency.

4 pp.

Revised; Originally Published: 2002 / 5 pp.

Little is known about the distribution, abundance, or life histories of the Northern Saw-whet Owl (Aegolius acadicus) in the Southern Appalachian Mountains of Northeast Tennessee. This study relied upon the Pennsylvania Protocol of audio playback of a Northern Saw-whet Owl call to monitor for owl presence at various areas above 3,500 feet in elevation. Owls were found at multiple areas in Northeast Tennessee, including Roan Mountain, Unaka Mountain, Rocky Fork, and the Pond Mountain Area. Statistical analysis revealed that these owls were not limited by habitat, showing equal presence in Hardwood habitats along with Spruce and/or Fir habitats. Data also revealed that the owls showed a statistical preference for higher elevations at the surveyed sites. The habitat and elevation preferences, coupled with the locations where owls were detected, allow for a greater understanding of the life histories and population distribution of the Northern Saw-whet Owl in the Southern Appalachian Mountains.