Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 40-41). Also available online (PDF file) by a subscription to the set or by purchasing the individual file.

Inaug.-diss.--Bern. / "Literaturverzeichnis": p. 16.

Thesis (D.PT.)--Sage Colleges, 2010. / "May 2010." "A Capstone project for PTY 768 presented to the faculty of The Department of Physical Therapy Sage Graduate School in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Physical Therapy." Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M. Eng.)--University of Louisville, 2002. / Department of Mechanical Engineering. Vita. "September 2002." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 49-50).

Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 40-41)

Thesis (MSc. (Faculty of Health Sciences))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Summary in English and Afrikaans. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M. Div.)--Grace Theological Seminary, 1985. / Abstract. Bibliography: leaves 69-72.

Orientador: William Dias Belangero / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T22:08:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dias_JulianaLacerda_M.pdf: 4031658 bytes, checksum: f75b1019fe57d6ade3e83a388f944476 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Durante o período de um ano foi coletado, em três momentos (dia zero, após seis e12 meses), o podograma do pé direito e esquerdo de 131 crianças saudáveis, com idades de um a sete anos oriundas de duas creches da Cidade Universitária de Barão Geraldo, Campinas, São Paulo. De cada um dos 786 podogramas foi calculado o índice de Chippaux-Smirak, classificado de acordo com o critério de Volpon modificado e calculado a área da impressão plantar. Para o cálculo da área os podogramas foram digitalizados com resolução de 75dpi em tons de cinza e as imagens salvas em formato bmp. O cálculo da área foi feito em três fases: segmentação; delimitação do contorno da imagem; dimensionamento da imagem em pixels. O calculo final da área foi obtido pela multiplicação do número de pixels pela área de um pixel (0,001156 cm2). Foram definidas duas medidas de área, uma denominada de Total e outra de Restrita. O objetivo foi verificar se a medida digital dessas áreas tinha a mesma capacidade de diagnóstico e discernimento que o índice de Chippaux-Smirak para o estudo do desenvolvimento do arco longitudinal medial do pé em crianças. A análise da medida do índice Chippaux-Smirak e da classificação de Volpon em cada faixa etária ao longo de um ano e de todos os podogramas em função da idade permitiu concluir que a formação do arco plantar longitudinal inicia-se aos três anos, torna-se mais evidente aos cinco, mas não se completa até os sete. Embora a medida da área Total e Restrita tenha aumentado proporcionalmente com a idade e com o comprimento do pé, foi observado melhor associação da área Restrita com o índice de Chippaux-Smirak (R= 0,39 R2 =0,15). No entanto, não foi possível obter-se valores discriminatórios para classificação do tipo do pé de crianças entre um a sete anos de idade por esta medida / Abstract: During an one-year period, in three times (day zero, after six and 12 months), the right and left footprints of 131 healthy children were collected. Each children was aged from one to seven years old, being from a nursery of Cidade Universitária in Barão Geraldo, Campinas, São Paulo. From each of the 786 footprints the Chippaux-Smirak index was obtained, then categorized according to the modified Volpon method and finally calculated its area. For this calculation the footprint were scanned using a 75 dpi resolution in shades of gray, and the resulting images were saved in BMP format, where each pixel is a simple point of a graphic image (0.001156 cm2). The area calculation was done in three phases: segmentation; cleaning and limitation of the image contour; measuring of the image in pixels. The extent of the area was obtained by multiplying the number of pixels of the footprint by the pixel area (0.001156 cm2). Two area measures were taken, one called total for which the entire footprint was measured and the other called restrict. The objective was to verify whether the digital measure of some of these areas had the same diagnosis capacity and distinction in relation to the Chippaux-Smirak index for the study of the children medial longitudinal arch development. The analysis of the Chippaux-Smirak index and the Volpon classification in each age group over one year and of all footprints grouped by age made possible to conclude that the formation of the longitudinal plantar arch starts at three years, becomes more evident about five, but does complete until seven years. Although the measure of the total and restricted area has increased proportionally with age and foot length, it has been observed best fit between the restricted area with the Chippaux-Smirak index (R = 0.39, R2 = 0.15). However it was not possible to obtain discriminatory values by this measure for the classification of foot types for children between one and seven years old / Mestrado / Pesquisa Experimental / Mestre em Cirurgia

This thesis investigates the three-dimensional kinematics at the ankle joint complex in rheumatoid arthritis. Previous studies have identified the rearfoot as a common site for inflammatory activity in rheumatoid arthritis resulting in painful and disabling deformity for which there are no proven interventions. A generic electromagnetic tracking system was developed to undertake three-dimensional kinematics at the ankle joint complex in the bare and shod foot during gait. A joint simulator was designed, manufactured and commissioned in house to test the accuracy of the system. The results indicated errors of less than 1° in rotation and 1 mm in position measurements. Clinical testing of the measurement system was undertaken in both normal healthy adults and rheumatoid arthritis subjects. The technique was able to measure the characteristic three-dimensional kinematics for the ankle joint complex in the normal subjects and detected accurately abnormal angular rotations in the rheumatoid arthritis group. In both cohorts the within day repeatability of the measurements were good, and over a longer period data were stable in the rheumatoid arthritis group allowing the technique to be used in longitudinal studies. Finally, skin movement artefact where the electromagnetic sensor is attached on the heel was investigated using a magnetic resonance imaging technique and found to be less than 1° across the range of motion for the joint complex. Kinematic measurements were undertaken in two cohorts of rheumatoid arthritis subjects randomised to receive or not custom manufactured foot orthoses to correct early valgus heel deformity. The orthoses were constructed in rigid carbon graphite and modified to offer the correct degree of movement control for each patient. Kinematic data were compared between the rheumatoid arthritis groups and that measured from an age- and sex-matched healthy adult population. In both rheumatoid arthritis groups abnormal kinematics were easily detected with significant alteration of inversion/eversion and internal/external rotation. With foot orthoses the inversion/eversion angular rotations were almost fully restored to normal, but little effect was observed for internal/external rotation. The rheumatoid arthritis patients underwent repeat kinematic measurement over a period of 30-months. In the control group the angular rotations improved slightly from baseline, although in comparison with normal healthy population remained abnormal. In the intervention group the orthotic control of inversion/eversion was sustainable for 30 months. Furthermore, coupling between inversion/eversion and internal/external rotation was partially restored towards the end of the study. In barefoot walking the intervention group demonstrated a substantial correction of the deformity in the frontal plane. It was attempted to explain the results in terms of soft-tissue laxity and adaptation following correction of joint deformity. Three-dimensional kinematic measurements were also conducted at the knee and calcaneotalonavicular joint complex. Abnormal rotations and orthotic response were demonstrable at these joints but with less satisfactory results because of technical limitations of the measurement technique. Plantar pressure distribution was also studied using an in-shoe measurement technique. Custom designed orthoses were found to alter the pressure and force distribution at the interface with the foot. The largest effects were observed at the heel and midfoot regions and these were sustainable and significantly different from the non-intervention control group. The clinical effectiveness of the foot orthoses was also evaluated. A pragmatic randomised controlled trial was undertaken and serial measurements of foot pain and disability, using the Foot Function Index conducted at baseline and 3,6 12,18,24 and 30-months. The results revealed an immediate and significant reduction in foot pain and disability with foot orthoses. Minor adverse reactions were reported but overall comfort levels and compliance were high. The overall reduction in foot pain and disability was sustained up to 30 months.

Footwear is manufactured from foot forms or moulds known as “lasts”, based on certain measurements of the feet for whom the footwear is intended. Measurement or morphometric studies of the foot in other populations reveal differences due to genetic, ethnic and/or racial differences. Most last measurements used in the South African (SA) footwear industry are based on the British (UK) standard and assume an average fit for the entire population. No three dimensional (3-D) measurement data existed on the SA female foot that was statistically representative of all major ethnic groups of the female population. This was needed to test the current applicability of the UK standard, in light of previous findings that 80% of a random sample of South African women reported foot pathology ascribed to ill-fitting footwear. Further, this would address a suggestion that foot measurements might be non-linear in grading between small size individuals (size 3, 4 and 5) and large size individuals (size 8, 9 and 10). This study essentially consists of three parts. First, a preliminary study undertook to find or create a suitable and affordable method of 3-D input, not only to obtain morphometric measurements but also to capture the topography of the weight bearing foot for future research and development of contoured foot beds for industry. Second, a comparison of specific measurements from a UK size 4 last and the corresponding foot measurements from a sampled population of size 4 foot length was performed, in order to determine what percentage of women would fit the footwear derived from such a last. Third, a comparison of mean values was carried out between data from participants of all sizes scaled down arithmetically to UK size 4 length, and data from actual size 4 participants, in order to explore whether the size 4, occurring as it does near the lower end of the size range, could still be representative of the proportional measurements for sizes 3 to 10. The mean values of this second scaled size 4 group were also compared to the UK size 4 last measurements. The first part of the study utilized the resources of collaborative partners to locate 3-D hardware and software. Experimentation with compounds isolated a suitable impression material and platform designs were conceived to facilitate the data capture method developed. The invented method was awarded patent rights. The second part of the study used the method developed from the preliminary study to conduct measurements. 3-D Laser scanning in combination with manual measurement for validation, by convenience sampling of each of 510 active women aged 21 to 69, of differing ethnic origins, in two major urban regions, yielded 13 foot measurements of each participant. Last measurements were captured by means of comparable laser scanning of a UK size 4 last. In the second part of the study, eight of the comparable measurements for size 4 feet and the last were compared for accuracy of fit. The third part of the study compared mean values between data from non size 4 participants scaled down arithmetically to UK size 4 length, and data from actual size 4 participants. Part one of the study successfully developed and patented a new, portable, low-cost method which can be used to measure either a last or foot in 3-D for any footwear consumer group. Results of the metric study in part two indicate that four dimensions of the industry standard last do not fit the corresponding four dimensions of the average foot measured, namely forefoot girth, forefoot width, heel width and minor foot length (heel to fifth toe). More than 75.6% of participants from every ethnic group displayed tread girths larger than that of the last. These findings have serious implications since deficit fit in any of these four dimensions impacts negatively on foot health and function within the shoe. As such, results could not support the null hypothesis that the shoe fits the foot. Results in the third part of the study yielded similar mean values for measurement parameters between the two groups of data, indicating that the mean measurements for a size 4, even though it is placed near the lower end of the size range, can be representative of the mean scaleable measurements for sizes 3 to 10 but only for the length grade. In conclusion, the study developed and patented a new method for a scientific process to record the weight bearing foot in 3-D. It produced the first national database of 3-D measurements of a female population on the African continent. Outcomes included new prototypes, innovation and technology transfer to industry. The study prompted the development of new footwear by the manufacturing industry partner, utilizing information gained from the study. The study has given impetus to continuing research on the African foot. / Mrs. Saramarie Eagleton Doctor Bernhard Zipfel