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This research introduces hedging and basis risk models based on intertemporal asset pricing between futures and spot currency exchange markets. Recently developed time-series models are employed and empirically tested for five currencies: the British pound, Canadian dollar, Deutschemark, Japanese yen and Swiss franc. The models of international intertemporal asset pricing, which have heretofore been largely based on the rational expectations hypothesis, are modified to allow for risk aversion. Recent research has demonstrated that the presence of risk premia can separate the expected future spot prices from certain speculative prices, such as futures and forward exchange rates, at the maturity date. My results show that there is strong indication of varying risk premia, as reflected in heteroskedastic error terms through time, in both hedging and basis risk models. The nature of heteroskedasticity is well captured by Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (ARCH) and generalized ARCH (GARCH) models, which may explain the excess volatility of financial markets. Some markets indicate that the correct specification of models are ARMA with ARCH. I also extend the analysis from univariate to multivariate models, where the problem of heteroskedasticity is reflected in a system of equations. A multivariate ARCH model allows the conditional variance-covariance matrix to vary over time. The results support the hypotheses of varying risk premia for both hedging and basis risk models. The results of specification tests indicate that the models based on financial theory can be improved by introducing additional variables such as lagged endogenous and exogenous variables. This study shows how important it is to incorporate the varying variances and covariance matrices into financial models and it also shows that currently established financial models may need to be modified in order to capture the behavior for foreign exchange future markets.

M.Com. / Please refer to full text to view abstract

M.Com. (Economics) / The gold sector has historically made an extremely important contribution to the total external revenue earnings of South Africa. Gold is traded on the international markets at a price which is determined daily through supply and demand and quoted in American dollar terms. South Africa is one of the largest producers of gold in the world and despite this it has no control over the international gold price. Local producers get paid in rands for their production. Because the international gold price is determined in American dollar terms and local producers get paid in rands the exchange rate is extremely important to local gold producers. If the dollar/gold price is compared to rand/dollar gold price in the long term there is a definite pattern. From 1980 to 1990 it can clearly be seen that if the gold price rises or declines the exchange rate has depreciated or appreciated. Since 1990 the dollar/gold price declined steadily until 1993 when it recovered somewhat. The rand exchange rate has not in the past depreciated in relation to the decline in the gold price. A sharp depreciation of the rand since 1990 has been experienced. The question that arises is that has the deviation in the long term relation between the rand/dollar exchange rate and the gold price since 1990 just been temporary in nature or was there a fundamental change? Since 1990 the dollar/gold price has declined from American $383.55 to $324.86 in October 1997. Over the same period the rand has depreciated from 258.17 cent to 470.90 cents for a dollar. Over the whole period the rand has hardly shown signs of appreciation whilst there were sporadic increases in the gold price. Government policy changed in 1990 and the focus moved to inflation control. A sharp increase of nett capital from South Africa was noted since 1990.

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Masters of Science. / Owing to the complexity of hedging against the unfavourable price movements, derivatives came into being to solve this problem if used in an effective and appropriate manner. Movements in share or stock prices, foreign exchange rates, interest rates, etc., make it difficult to anticipate or guess the next price or exchange rate or interest rates. Hence hedging ones'self against these movements becomes a hurdle that is difficult to overcome. Coming to the fore of the derivatives markets made a relief to many traders, but still then, no one could be certain about the move of the market which he is trading in. Forecasting appeared as an educated guess as to which direction and by how much the market will move. This research report focusses on how to forecast the foreign exchange rates using the Dollar/Rand as an example. I have gathered the historical daily data for the DoIIar/Rand spot rates which includes the mayhem period that happened in February 1996. The data was obtained from one of the biggest banks of South Africa; it was drawn from the Reuters historical data giving the open, high, low and close prices of the Dollar/Rand (USD/ZAR) spot rates. The data was then downloaded and copied to the spreadsheet for the calculation of the historical volatilities for different periods. To have a genuine comparison with the implied volatilities, a data of historical implied volatilities tor approximately the same period was gathered from the SAIMB (South African International Money Brokers). The only snag with the data was that it only catered for specific traded periods, like 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 6 months, 9 months and 12 months only. Most financial institutinns are using these implied volatilities for their pricing and end-of-day or -month or -year revaluation. By the same token the data was downloaded to the spreadsheet for further analysis and arrangement. Chapter 1 gives the purpose and the meaning of'forecasting, together with different methods that this process can be achieved. Views from Makridakis et al., (1983) are used to beautify the world of forecasting and its importance. In Chapter 2 the concept of volatility and its causes, is discussed in detail. Besides the implied and historical volatility discussions, volatility 'smile' concept is discussed and expanded. Volatility slope trading strategies and constraints on the slope of the volatility term structure are discussed in detail. Chapter 3 discusses different models used to calculate both the historical and the implied volatility. This includes models by Kawaller et al., (1994) and Figlewski et al., ( 1990). The Newton-Raphson method is among of the methods that can be used to get a good estimate of the implied volatility. For a lot accurate estimates the Method of Bisection can be used in place of the Newton-Raphson method. Mayhew (1995) even suggest a method, which involves the use of more weighting with higher vegas (Latane and Rendleman 1976) or weighting not by vegas but elasticity (Chiras and Manaster 1978). Chapter 4 dwells on different forecasting models for foreign exchange markets. This includes models by Engle (1993), who is one of the pioneers of the autoregression theory, He discusses the ARCH, GARCH and EGARCH models; Heynen et al., (1994,1995) discusses the models for the term structure of volatility implied by foreign exchange. In the 1995 article he dwells on the specifications of the different autoregressive conditional heteroskedastic models. U.A. Muller et al., (1990,1993) discusses some of the models for the changing time scale for short-term forecasting in financial markets. This includes discussion of some statistical properties of FX rates time-series. Xu and Taylor (1994) also discuss the term structure of volatility as implied, in particular, by FX options. Regression is used in computation of implied volatility Chapter 5 dwells on the empirical evidence and the market practice. This includes the statistical analysis of the data; applying the scaling law; proprietary model which depicts the edge between the historical volatility and implied volatility; empirical tests and the volatility forecast evaluation applied to historical USD/ZAR daily data, using different models. In the statistical analysis, using U.A. Muller et al., (1993) theory, the scaling law, which involves the absolute price changes, which are directly related to the interval At, is discussed. Using my GSD/ZAR data Imanaged to calculate the parameters described by the scaling law, using At as one day since my data is a daily data Icould not calculate the activity model function, which calculates the intra-day and intra-hour trading using tick-by-tick data, because of the nature of my data. Had it not been the case, f would have been able to calculate the intra-day and intra-hour volatilities. These statistics would have been able to depict the daily volatility, more especially on volatile days, like the day when the Rand took its first knock in February 1996. In the second section of the chapter the proprietary model is discussed, where an edge between the actual volatility and implied volatility was identified. There is a positive correlation between the actual and implied volatility although the latter is always higher than the former; hence traders can play with this situation for arbitrage purposes. To get the estimates of historical volatility, I used the Well-known formula of using the log-relatives of the returns of any two consecutive days. Annnalised standard deviation of these log-relatives resulted into the required historical volatility estimates. Moving averages were used to get estimates of different periods, as can be seen in the text. The main theme of the research report is to expose forecasting models that can be used in foreign exchange currencies using DolIar/Rand as an example. Random walk model was used as benchmark to other models like stochastic volatility, ARCH, GARCH( 1,1), and EGARCH (1,1). Due to the complexity of the specifications of these models, I used the SHAZAM 7.0 econometric program to generate the necessary parameters. Complex formulas of these models are given in the Appendices at the end of the report, together with the program itself. The significance of the forecasted volatility estimates was checked using the p-value correlation statistic and the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). The p-value gives us the significance of the parameters and the AlC gives us an indication of the goodness-of-fit of the model. The formulas used to calculate these statistics are given at the end of the report as part of the Appendices. An account of where and how shese results can be of help in the practical situation is given under the section of market practice. One of the areas worth mentioning is in risk management, where estimates of the historical volatility can be used together with correlation in risk-metrics to calculate VArt (value-at-risk). VAR is defined in simple terms as the 5thpercentile (quantile) of the distribution of value changes. The beau.y of working with the percentile rather than, say the variance of a distribution, is that a percentile corresponds to both a magnitude e.g., dollar amount at risk, and exact probability e.g., the probability that the magnitude will not be exceeded. This roughly the gist of the research report. / Andrew Chakane 2018

Thesis (M.M. (Finance & Investment))--University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, Graduate School of Business Administration, 2013. / This study provides an analysis of the effectiveness of the foreign currency hedging abilities afforded by the futures market. The focus is on the currencies of six emerging markets, namely; Brazil, India, Mexico, Russia, South Africa and Turkey. By examining emerging market currencies we can examine the effect that possible mispricing and lack of liquidity can have on hedging effectiveness. To this effect, this article uses the regression method, as allowed by the accounting standard FAS 133, to assess the effectiveness of futures contracts as a hedging mechanism for emerging market currencies. The methods follow previous studies such as Hill and Schneeweis (1982) which consider the length of the hedging horizon and time to expiration due to their effect on hedge effectiveness. Results indicate consistent hedge effectiveness in only South Africa and Turkey, with reasonable hedge effectiveness exhibited by Mexico and Russia. Sensible explanations are given for the extreme hedge ineffectiveness that can be seen in the Brazilian and Indian tests.

by Chan Ken, Albert Chan Wai Ming, Pun Chi Hoi. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1989. / Bibliography: leaves 83-85.

by Felix Yim Fuk-on, Desmond Woo Kwok-wai. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1989. / Bibliography: leaves 46-47.

Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Thesis. 1975. Ph.D.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Economics. / Vita. / Bibliography: leaves 191-198. / by Pentti J.K. Kouri. / Ph.D.