Orientador: Roberto Wagner Lourenço / Resumo: Historicamente a preocupação em busca da sustentabilidade é motivo de mobilização das sociedades desde as primeiras civilizações. Ao longo dos anos, a gestão do meio ambiente é um assunto que vem cada vez mais sendo estudado e aprimorado com o intuito de promover a coexistência equilibrada do homem com a natureza. Atualmente uma das metodologias de Avaliação Ambiental Integrada mais difundida é o modelo conhecido como FPEIR (Força Motriz, Pressão, Estado, Impacto e Resposta) que permite uma avaliação contínua do estado do meio ambiente. A Força-Motriz representa as atividades humanas, tais atividades produzem Pressões no meio ambiente que podem afetar seu Estado, o qual, por sua vez, poderá acarretar Impactos na saúde humana e nos ecossistemas, levando a sociedade a emitir Respostas por meio de medidas, as quais podem ser direcionadas a qualquer elemento do sistema. Desta forma, o presente trabalho, tem o objetivo de propor o aperfeiçoamento da matriz FPEIR, a fim de promover a avaliação de bacias hidrográficas, utilizando os Sistemas de Informações Geográficas (SIGs) como ferramenta para a interpretação dos indicadores ambientais. A área de estudo selecionada foi a Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Una (BHRU), importante tributário do Rio Sorocaba e formador da represa de Itupararanga. Os métodos utilizados para a implementação da Força Motriz foram as análises da dinâmica demográfica e social, demografia, Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano, dinâmica econômica e ocupação do território... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Doutor

Submitted by Maria Medeiros (maria.dilva1@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-07-31T13:23:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 CIBELLE MARA REZENDE FELINTO - DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGECA) 2016.pdf: 3852337 bytes, checksum: 70e2fd1ed39a58e0a5b5613b077460c0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-31T13:23:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CIBELLE MARA REZENDE FELINTO - DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGECA) 2016.pdf: 3852337 bytes, checksum: 70e2fd1ed39a58e0a5b5613b077460c0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-23 / Capes / Nesse estudo objetivou-se identificar a sustentabilidade da utilização dos recursos hídricos para João Pessoa, capital do Estado da Paraíba e localizada na Bacia Hidrográfica do rio Paraíba. Foram identificadas as principais forças motrizes, pressões, estado do meio ambiente e impacto sobre os recursos hídricos exercidos por essa cidade nas bacias em que ela está inserida, bem como as referidas medidas de respostas existentes e potenciais. A pesquisa utilizou-se do Sistema de Indicadores de Sustentabilidade Força Motriz-Pressão-Estado-Impacto-Resposta (FPEIR) para alcançar os seus objetivos. Após a montagem do modelo, foram selecionados 26 indicadores para representar a sustentabilidade das bacias, e alguns dos quais foram analisados em conjunto. Esses indicadores ajudaram a analisar a disponibilidade e a qualidade das águas superficiais e subterrâneas da região estudada. A aplicação do modelo FPEIR mostrou que os mananciais das duas bacias que abastecem João Pessoa não estão sendo geridos sustentavelmente. Os resultados mostram que a população de João Pessoa exerce notável pressão sobre os recursos hídricos das bacias em estudo em ambos os aspectos: qualitativo e quantitativo. Evidencia-se, ainda, a necessidade de serem realizadas avaliações frequentes das condições de sustentabilidade das bacias hidrográficas envolvidas. Para isso, é necessário a atualização periódica dos dados referente às bacias, desenvolvendo estudos que possam auxiliar no planejamento integrado. / This study aimed to identify the sustainable use of the water resources to João Pessoa, the state capital of Paraíba, located in the basin of the river Paraíba. The main driving forces were identified, pressures, state of the environment and impact on the water resources held by this city in the basins in which it operates, as well as the measures of existing and potential responses. The research used the Sustainability Indicator System Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) to achieve their goals. After fitting the model, were selected 26 indicators to represent the sustainability of basins and indicators 26 have been identified, some of which were analyzed together. These indicators helped to analyze the availability and quality of the surface and groundwater in the region studied. The application of DPSIR model showed that the sources of the two basins that supply Joao Pessoa are not being managed sustainably. The results show that the population of Joao Pessoa exerts considerable pressure on the water resources in the basins studied in both aspects: qualitative and quantitative. It is evident also need to be carried out frequent assessments of the conditions of sustainability of watersheds involved. This requires periodic updating of data related to basins, developing studies that can assist in the integrated planning.

Alors que nous faisons face à une crise biologique majeure, acteurs institutionnel et ONGs exhortent les entreprises à s’engager pour enrayer cette érosion écologique. L’objectif de la thèse est d’analyser, évaluer et faire évoluer la contribution potentielle des entreprises à la conservation de la biodiversité dans le cadre de leur responsabilité sociétale (RSE).Un cadre d’analyse est développé pour évaluer la prise en charge par une entreprise de ses responsabilités écologiques en termes de moyens – les initiatives RSE a priori favorables à la biodiversité mises en œuvre – et de résultats – la compatibilité des activités de l’entreprise avec la conservation de la biodiversité. Après avoir caractérisé les initiatives RSE à partir de l’étude d’engagements d’entreprises endossés comme contributions à la Stratégie nationale pour la biodiversité, une méthode est proposée pour détecter si les activités d’une entreprise sont écologiquement non-durables. Le postulat est que le respect des capacités de charge des écosystèmes est un prérequis à la conservation effective de la biodiversité. Cette méthode, adaptée de l’évaluation environnementale absolue de la durabilité, est appliquée, dans le cadre de deux projets de recherche-intervention, au portfolio alimentaire du Groupe Casino et au cycle de vie de deux installations de stockage de déchets dangereux de SARP Industries. Des orientations stratégiques visant à éviter-réduire-compenser les pressions non durables sont proposées. Soulignant l’importance de renforcer la prise en charge des pressions étendues, cette thèse ouvre plus largement des perspectives pour les secteurs d’activité et les politiques publiques. / As we are experiencing a major biological crisis, institutional actors and NGOs are calling on businesses to engage efforts aiming at halting biodiversity loss. The objective of the thesis is to analyze and evaluate the potential contribution of corporate social responsibility (CSR) to biodiversity conservation.A framework is developed to analyze to which extent a company takes in charge its ecological responsibilities. After characterizing CSR initiatives based on the case study of business commitments to contribute to the French National Biodiversity Strategy, a method is proposed to test whether business activities exert unsustainable pressures on ecosystems. It is assumed that compatibility with ecosystems’ carrying capacities is a prerequisite for effective biodiversity conservation. This method, adapted from the “absolute environmental sustainability assessment” (AESA) approach, is applied in the context of research-intervention projects to the food portfolio of the mass-market retailer Groupe Casino and to the life cycle of two facilities of SARP Industrie specialized in the disposal and storage of hazardous waste. The comparison of the company’s environmental footprints with the ecological constraints is used to draw a comprehensive strategy based on the mitigation hierarchy. As our results highlight the opportunity to strengthen the management of extended pressures through CSR, possible implications for sectors and public policies are discussed.

Since human beings began to use and shape the land, their influence on their<p>environment has kept on growing so that little or no ecosystem in the world is now<p>considered as untouched. This induces pressures on ecosystem health and land scarcity.<p>Africa is of particular concern because it still presents broad undisturbed zones and<p>key ecosystem services, despite being submitted to increasing anthropogenic pressures.<p>Landscape ecology appears suitable for the study of such phenomena, thanks to its spacebased<p>integrative nature and geographical level of focus. It studies the impact of spatial<p>pattern transformation — especially heterogeneity and its components — on ecological<p>processes and provides powerful analytical tools of landscape anthropisation.<p>The main objective of this thesis is to organise the concepts and methods, from<p>landscape ecology and related disciplines, into a consistent logic, to pinpoint missing<p>analytical frameworks for response-oriented anthropisation assessment, and to apply them<p>to African cases to explore the spatial patterns of anthropisation. In order to address<p>landscape anthropisation, we assemble diverse disciplines into a logical network (DPSIR).<p>The new theoretical framework is tested on Lubumbashi (DRC). In order to address<p>spatial patterns, we first evaluate the thermodynamic connection of the term entropy in<p>landscape ecology: spatial heterogeneity, unpredictability and scale influence. Then, based<p>on 20 landscapes, we highlight the complex relationship between spatial heterogeneity<p>and landscape anthropisation. We finally use the modelled relationships to test the<p>anthropogenic origin of the spatial pattern of a land cover class in Lubumbashi.<p>The main results of this research show that several concepts are used to describe different<p>aspects of anthropisation and that its quantification strongly depends on the reference states.<p>Data formats can be combined into a new assessment method ensuring more precision<p>and comparability, but a good field knowledge is required. As for heterogeneity, the<p>existing definitions of landscape entropy follow the logic of thermodynamics or information<p>theory, that are not compatible. Only unpredictability could be properly interpreted in<p>thermodynamic terms if energy transfer measurements were performed at the appropriate<p>level. The anthropogenic effects on heterogeneity completely diverge depending on the<p>amount of already anthropised surface, on the land cover type (natural or anthropogenic),<p>and on the heterogeneity components.<p>The aforementioned findings could be adapted to include functional aspects and<p>better address the relationship between spatial pattern and ecological processes. Such<p>integration would help designing response actions that can recommend human activities<p>and spatial patterns that could optimise the use of land to ensure ecological functioning<p>while supporting human development. / <p>L’influence croissante de l’homme sur son environnement affecte désormais le monde<p>entier, ce qui induit des pressions sur la santé des écosystèmes et raréfie les ressources<p>en terres. L’Afrique présente un intérêt particulier à cet égard car elle contient de vastes<p>zones quasi vierges et fournit des services écosystémiques importants mais est soumise<p>à des pressions anthropiques croissantes. L’écologie du paysage étudie ces phénomènes<p>de façon intégrative au moyen de sa composante spatiale et de son échelle d’intérêt. Elle<p>étudie l’impact des transformations de la structure spatiale — en particulier l’hétérogénéité<p>et ses différentes composantes—sur les processus écologiques et fournit de puissants outils<p>analytiques de l’anthropisation.<p>L’objectif de cette thèse est d’organiser les concepts et méthodes de différentes disciplines<p>de façon à mettre en évidence leurs forces et faiblesses pour proposer une nouvelle<p>quantification de l’anthropisation, orientée vers la gestion, et de la tester sur des paysages<p>africains pour examiner la structure spatiale de l’anthropisation. Le DPSIR est utilisé pour<p>assembler les différents concepts. La nouvelle méthodologie est testée sur Lubumbashi<p>(RDC). Ensuite, le lien entre la thermodynamique et l’utilisation du terme entropie en<p>écologie du paysage est examiné. Vingt paysages servent alors à mettre en évidence la<p>complexité de l’impact de l’anthropisation sur l’hétérogénéité du paysage. Enfin, cette<p>modélisation sert à mettre en évidence l’origine anthropique de la structure spatiale d’une<p>classe d’occupation du sol à Lubumbashi.<p>Les résultats principaux de cette recherche sont que pléthore de termes sont utilisés<p>pour représenter différents aspects de l’anthropisation et que sa quantification dépend de<p>la définition d’états de référence. Cependant, la combinaison de différents formats de<p>données peut aboutir à une nouvelle méthodologie plus précise et adaptable, mais cela<p>nécessite une bonne connaissance de terrain. Les définitions de l’entropie dépendent soit de<p>la thermodynamique soit de la théorie de l’information, qui ne sont pas compatibles. Seule<p>l’imprévisibilité pourrait être interprétée thermodynamiquement, si les mesures de transfert<p>d’énergie étaient effectuées à l’échelle appropriée. L’impact humain sur l’hétérogénéité<p>diverge selon la quantité de surface déjà anthropisée, le type de couverture du sol pris en<p>compte ainsi que les composantes de l’hétérogénéité mesurées.<p>Ces découvertes peuvent être adaptées pour intégrer des aspects fonctionnels de la<p>structure spatiale et mieux cerner le lien entre celle-ci et le fonctionnement écologique, ce qui<p>permettrait de proposer des activités humaines et des structures spatiales qui optimiseraient<p>l’utilisation des ressources en sol pour assurer tant le fonctionnement écologique que le<p>développement humain. / Doctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished