PHARMAC, the Pharmaceutical Management Agency, manages the Pharmaceutical Schedule on behalf of the Government. The Agency is tasked with securing the best health outcomes that are reasonably achievable from pharmaceutical treatment and from within the amount of funding provided (§ 47 NZPHD Act, 2000). The Agency reports that it continues to improve New Zealanders’ access to funded medicines. In determining which pharmaceuticals to fund, PHARMAC’s Operating Policies and Procedures (OPPs) state that nine criteria guide its decision- making. The OPPs further state that PHARMAC can apply whatever weight it sees fit to the application of these criteria. I undertook a thematic analysis of 20 cases referred by PHARMAC’s principal medical advisory body, the Pharmacology and Therapeutic Advisory Committee (PTAC), to PHARMAC during the period February 2004 to November 2006 to determine whether these criteria were acknowledged in the official minutes of the respective bodies. PTAC is similarly required to take account of the abiding decision criteria. I also sought to determine whether other factors were apparent in guiding the decisions. There was evidence that PHARMAC consistently applied the decision criteria. PTAC was less assiduous in recording its application. In addition, I found that PHARMAC takes account of factors outside the stated criteria. I noted that PHARMAC takes particular account of the degree to which a decision might be publicly, politically or medically contentious in its decision-making. I also found evidence that consistency with prior decisions is another factor which PHARMAC takes into account, though does not apply routinely. This research indicates that PHARMAC does take account of its abiding decision criteria, applying health needs as well as fiscal criteria, though the weighting given each criterion is nowhere apparent in its official minutes. There remains an opportunity for evaluative research to determine whether fiscal considerations ‘outweigh’ needs considerations in PHARMACs decision-making.

PhD / Access to justice is an important human right that ensures adequate redress for harm, and which consequently helps deter future wrongdoing. Without access to justice citizens are precluded from the full enjoyment of their economic and social entitlements. The cost of litigation is a significant impediment to access to justice. Although the courts have attempted to increase access to justice by broadening the range of available dispute resolution options and by improving productivity through the implementation of case flow management systems, the cost of prosecuting claims remains disproportionately high and unaffordable for most small to medium sized claimholders. Legal claim assignment to parties able to aggregate claims and to apply their expertise as litigation entrepreneurs to deal with claim prosecution efficiently is one means of redressing the imbalance between the cost of claim prosecution to individual claimholders compared to the value of their claims. However, the well-entrenched doctrines of maintenance and champerty prohibit legal claim assignment. The continued resort to the doctrines of maintenance and champerty despite a strong and independent modern judiciary reflects distaste for claim commodification. However, the advent of litigation funding and its acceptance by the High Court of Australia in Campbell’s Cash and Carry v Fostif Pty Ltd (and to some extent United Kingdom and United States courts) on access to justice grounds has challenged conventional maintenance and champerty dogma. Together with other measures such as the introduction of conditional fee agreements that shift the cost of funding access to justice from the public to the private purse, the resistance to full claim alienability has been significantly weakened. The thesis argues that full claim alienability is favoured on normative and efficiency grounds and examines developments in Australia, England and the United States, which portend toward claim commodification. In addition, the thesis examines regulatory instruments required to ensure that the present partial claim market and the potential full claim market operates fairly and efficiently. It also considers how claim commodification may affect the relationship between legal practitioners and claim holders. [Please note: For any information on access to the full text please conact the author.]

The educational ideals of late sixteenth and early seventeenth century Scotland were informed both by an appreciation of the needs of the godly commonwealth and by familiarity with pedagogical developments on the continent of Europe. The achievement of these ideals was hampered by the exacerbation of inherent problems in the funding of Scottish education by the effects of the Reformation of 1560, necessitating additional endowment by private individuals. In this context, the foundation of Marischal College in 1593, partly because of its flaws, offered a focus for and a stimulus to civic piety in the burgh of Aberdeen. The motivations of those who made mortifications (benefactions in perpetual trust) to the College and to the grammar school of Aberdeen, and the forms their benefactions took, were conditioned not only by experience of educational practices abroad, but also by the complex religious and social sanctions operating in a reformed society. The implementation of these benefactions was affected by the political, religious and economic crises engulfing seventeenth century Scotland, but not to the extent that the goals of benefactors were abandoned. While what was achieved fell short of the ideal, the mortifications ensured a degree of provision of scholars and teaching in the burgh which might not otherwise have been possible.

The problem with which this study is concerned is that of the influence of local- and state-level external forces on the actions of the Texas legislature with respect to financing public higher education at senior institutions in Texas during the period from 1965 through 1983 as perceived by high ranking academic administrators. The specially designed survey instrument elicited respondents' perceptions of the degree of influence of specified local— and state-level external forces on institutional funding and the amount and usefulness of contacts made by respondents with such forces in an effort to exert influence for the purpose of increasing state funding for their institutions.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / This dissertation examines various ways in which the University of the Western Cape (UWC) in Cape Town, South Africa, confronted the paradoxical post-apartheid higher education policy of expansion of access to historically disadvantaged students and limited funds and how students addressed the resulting problem of ‘unmet financial need’. My case study is set within the broader context of the momentous political and social change in South Africa’s first decade of democracy and the transformation of higher education in that country between 1995 and 2005. I reconsider the general topics of student activism, student participation in university governance and student funding based on relevant and accessible scholarly literature. Eventually, Wright, Taylor and Moghaddam’s framework (1990) inspires a conceptual-analytical framework to be applied in the case study analysis, consisting of a typology of four ideal types of student action, namely, normative collective student action (Type 1), non-normative collective student action (Type 2), normative individual student action (Type 3) and non-normative individual student action (Type 4). I adopt a qualitative case study approach and use a variety of data collection methods (such as interviews, official documentation and observation) to construct a case study database. Interviewees include members of the university management, university staff and students (both leaders and ordinary students). I interview diverse students in terms of their origin, race, gender, fields of study and levels of qualification, and political orientation. The interviewees include former student leaders in order to gain a historical perspective on the pre-1994 era. Staff interviews target mainly those members who were directly involved with student financial issues or who were responsible for making student funding decisions. I collected different types of documents, including Student Representative Council (SRC) annual reports, minutes, discussion documents, university annual reports, and university financial statements. I also have opportunity to observe various student activities on campus, including student meetings and workshops, where student funding concerns are discussed.

This article aims to contribute to the long-standing discussion about nonprofit organizations' (NPOs) dependence on public funding and its consequences on their advocacy role in modern societies. Drawing on resource dependence theory and data from a quantitative survey, the study investigates the impact of public funding and its extent on nonprofit engagement in advocacy. Traditionally, scholars have cautioned that NPOs reliant on public sources will hesitate to pursue political objectives and to engage in advocacy work. Yet, empirical findings are strikingly inconsistent. One of the reasons for these ambiguous findings may be the way advocacy is measured. To address this issue, we apply two different approaches to evaluate NPO engagement. Both sets of findings from our multivariate analyses of Austrian NPOs suggest that public funding does not have a negative impact on advocacy.

This diploma thesis deals with the specific section of the allowance organizations. There is description in a brief part of allowance organization established by municipal authorities. Then the thesis characterizes basic structure in bookkeeping and analyzes funding, management, setting and use monetary and property funds of the organization with the help of theory in books, laws and ministerial regulations. Another part is concerned practices. There is included everything mentioned and in this practical part there is in detail explained management and financing on concrete example of allowance organization which is the primary school in the town Velké Meziříčí.

This thesis seeks to examine how funding arrangements for cancer drugs and other treatments, which are not available to everyone within the NHS, are made available to some, on the basis of exceptionality. The escalating costs of cancer treatment and the life threatening nature of cancer make resource allocation decisions for cancer drugs particularly acute, and the recent changes to funding arrangements for cancer drugs within the NHS receive particular scrutiny. In the three papers at the core of this thesis, the concept of exceptionality is explored from legal, ethical and empirical perspectives respectively. The first paper reviews the legal origin of exceptionality as the basis for the allocation of resources for expensive treatments, and explores how the concept has been interpreted by successive judicial reviews concerning access to cancer drugs. Particular attention is paid to the role of social factors in determining exceptionality. Choosing to fund treatment for one patient, and not another, involves a moral choice. In recognition of this, the Department of Health advocates that decision makers use an ethical framework to support decision making regarding exceptionality. The second paper examines the strengths and weakness of Daniels and Sabin’s Accountability for Reasonableness Framework, which is widely used to support resource allocation, focussing on the Relevance Condition, and its applicability to resource allocation within the NHS. The final paper reports the findings of an empirical study examining how PCTs interpret the concept of exceptionality in practice, providing the first comprehensive insight into the factors which are considered in determining whether a patient is exceptional, and exposing some of the external influences on the decision making process. In conclusion, it is argued that whilst the need for discretionary health funding decisions arises in rare circumstances, where this is necessary such decisions should be made on a national, or at least supra-regional basis, to ensure consistency and fairness. If we cannot afford to fund all effective cancer drugs, and other treatments, we should not hide behind the concept of exceptionality, but should have a national debate about how we reach a consensus on which drugs to fund, and about how we pay for those treatments. Whilst acknowledging that cancer is a dreadful disease, it is also argued that, in the absence of any convincing evidence that the management of cancer deserves preferential treatment, the special status of cancer funding within the NHS, which has become increasingly apparent in recent years, should come to an end.

It is the purpose of this study to discover and report a sound method of distributing the public school funds of Texas. This investigation will discuss present-day practices in distributing the public school funds, and where advisable will make recommendations to secure more adequate distribution.

This study is an investigation of the theoretical accounting viewpoints and the accounting procedures used in business practice for the origination and administration of a self-insurance program. The purpose of this study is to compare the correct theoretical accounting procedures for self-insurance planning with those used in practice today.