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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Urbanization-related sustainability challenges of the emerging megacity of Pune, India: an interdisciplinary analysis

Karutz, Raphael 03 January 2024 (has links)
Viele Länder des globalen Südens erleben aktuell die doppelte Dynamik von rasanter Urbanisierung und globaler Umweltveränderung. Die Schaffung nachhaltiger und widerstandsfähiger Städte ist ein globales Ziel der UN (SDG11). Die Urbanisierung wird mit zahlreichen Vorteilen auf gesellschaftlicher und individueller Ebene in Verbindung gebracht. Gleichzeitig birgt sie jedoch negative Auswirkungen auf die natürlichen Ressourcen, kann städtische Versorgungssysteme überfordern und neue Verwundbarkeiten schaffen. Da die verschiedenen Herausforderungen miteinander verknüpft sind, bedarf es eines interdisziplinären Forschungsansatzes. Im Laufe des letzten Jahrzehnts hat sich der Food-Water-Energy (FWE)-Nexus für sektorübergreifende Analysen etabliert. In dieser Dissertation wird ein Beitrag zum Verständnis des FWE-Nexus in schnell urbanisierenden Regionen des globalen Südens geleistet und es werden Defizite in der aktuellen Debatte adressiert. Im Mittelpunkt der Arbeit steht die Millionenstadt Pune in Indien. Um ein umfassendes Systemverständnis zu erlangen, wird in Zusammenarbeit mit lokalen Stakeholdern zunächst eine Sammlung von 22 FWE-Herausforderungen auf verschiedenen Ebenen erstellt. In den anschließenden vertieften Analysen werden ausgewählte urbanisierungsbezogene Herausforderungen untersucht, insbesondere die zukünftige Entwicklung des Stadtwachstums und die Zuwanderung nach Pune. Letztere ist einer der wichtigsten Wachstumstreiber. Zu diesem Zweck wird ein neuartiger Modellierungsansatz vorgestellt, bei dem nationale sozioökonomische Szenarien auf die Stadtebene herunterskaliert, und in räumlich explizite Darstellungen von bebauter Fläche und Bevölkerungsdichte übersetzt werden. Diese erlauben Analysen potenzieller FWE-Nexus-Herausforderungen in Zukunft. Die Untersuchung der Zuwanderung nach Pune basiert auf qualitativen und quantitativen Datenquellen mittels Mixed-Methods-Verfahren. Das in allen Szenarien erwartete signifikante Stadtwachstum ist mit einer Konzentration des Ressourcenbedarfs in der Stadt, einem erheblichen Verlust an fruchtbarem Land und einer Zunahme von Überschwemmungsrisiken verbunden. In Bezug auf Zuwanderung nach Pune spielt der Klimawandel in Form von Dürren eine signifikante, wenn auch unterbelichtete, Rolle. Neuankömmlinge, die aus dem ländlichen Raum oder aus anderen Bundesländern stammen, sowie jene, die gegenwärtig in informellen Siedlungen leben, waren zum Zeitpunkt der Migrationsentscheidung überproportional stark von Dürren betroffen. Die Analysen beleuchten die bidirektionalen Verflechtungen zwischen Urbanisierung und FWE-Nexus-Aspekten: Die wachsende Stadt ist bereits heute Treiber und zugleich Leidtragende von FWE-Nexusproblemen. Diese müssen umfassend angegangen werden, um Wege zu einer nachhaltigen und resilienten urbanen Zukunft zu sichern.:1. General Introduction: Context, Approach, and Summary of Results 1.1. Background and Research Motivation 1.2. Case study site Pune 1.3. Knowledge Gaps 1.4. Problem Definition and Research Questions 1.5. Research Approach and Methodological Overview 1.5.1. Identification of the main sustainability challenges related to urbanization 1.5.2. Modeling of future urban growth 1.5.3. In-depth investigation of mobility to Pune 1.5.4. Integration 1.6. Summary and Linking of Results 1.6.1. Results of Paper 1 1.6.2. Results of Paper 2 1.6.3. Results of Paper 3 1.7. Discussion 1.8. Conclusion and Outlook Paper 1: Capturing Stakeholders’ Challenges of the Food–Water–Energy Nexus— A Participatory Approach for Pune and the Bhima Basin, India Paper 2: On Farmland and Floodplains – Modeling Urban Growth Impacts Based on Global Population Scenarios in Pune, India Paper 3: Exploring the Relationship Between Droughts and Rural-to-urban Mobility – a Mixed-Methods Approach for Pune, India Appendix / Many countries in the global South are experiencing the combined dynamics of rapid urbanization and global environmental change. The provision of sustainable and resilient cities is a declared global goal (SDG11). Urbanization has been associated with multiple benefits on societal and individual level. However, it can also entail adverse impacts on natural resources, overstrain supply systems, and create new vulnerabilities. The interlinked nature of challenges requires an interdisciplinary research approach. Over the last decade, the Food-Water-Energy (FWE) nexus has been popularized for inter-sectoral analyses. This thesis attempts to add to the understanding of the FWE nexus in rapidly urbanizing regions of the global South and to address shortcomings in the current debate. The work is centered around the emerging megacity of Pune in India. For a comprehensive understanding of the system under investigation, a set of 22 FWE challenges on various levels is co-produced with local stakeholders. Subsequent analyses investigate selected urbanization-related challenges in-depth, namely future trajectories of the city’s growth and in-migration as one of its main drivers. To that end, a novel modeling approach is presented, downscaling established high-level socioeconomic scenarios to the city level and translating them into built-up area mapped by a cellular automaton. Population surfaces are then generated via dasymetric mapping. The resulting spatial configurations of built-up and population scenarios are analyzed in terms of potential FWE nexus challenges. The analysis of in-migration to Pune is based on qualitative and quantitative data sources and their mixed methods analysis. The significant demographic, economic, and spatial growth expected in all scenarios is associated with a concentration of resource demands in the city, significant loss of fertile land, and an increase in flood-affected population and infrastructure. As to in-migration, climate change has played a role in mobility to Pune in the form of droughts, especially for recent arrivals. Rural-origin migrants, those who came from other states, and who currently live in informal settlements were disproportionately affected by droughts at origin. The results shed light on the bidirectional interlinkages between urbanization and FWE nexus issues: Today already, the growing city of Pune drives, and suffers from, nexus challenges. These have to be addressed comprehensively in order to secure pathways to a sustainable and resilient urban future.:1. General Introduction: Context, Approach, and Summary of Results 1.1. Background and Research Motivation 1.2. Case study site Pune 1.3. Knowledge Gaps 1.4. Problem Definition and Research Questions 1.5. Research Approach and Methodological Overview 1.5.1. Identification of the main sustainability challenges related to urbanization 1.5.2. Modeling of future urban growth 1.5.3. In-depth investigation of mobility to Pune 1.5.4. Integration 1.6. Summary and Linking of Results 1.6.1. Results of Paper 1 1.6.2. Results of Paper 2 1.6.3. Results of Paper 3 1.7. Discussion 1.8. Conclusion and Outlook Paper 1: Capturing Stakeholders’ Challenges of the Food–Water–Energy Nexus— A Participatory Approach for Pune and the Bhima Basin, India Paper 2: On Farmland and Floodplains – Modeling Urban Growth Impacts Based on Global Population Scenarios in Pune, India Paper 3: Exploring the Relationship Between Droughts and Rural-to-urban Mobility – a Mixed-Methods Approach for Pune, India Appendix
2

DNA微陣列基因多重檢定比較之問題

林雅惠, Ya-hui Lin Unknown Date (has links)
在DNA微陣列基因的實驗中資料包括數千個cDNA 序列,為了要篩選出有差異表現基因,同時針對大量基因個數作假設檢定。若無適當地調整個別檢定問題中的誤差率,則將會膨脹整體的誤差率。在多重假設檢定中為了讓整體誤差率(familywise error rate, FWE)控制在設定水準下,必須調整個別假設檢定之個別型一誤差率CWE的檢定準則,此為多重比較方法(multiple comparison procedures:MCP)。然而當多重比較的個數增加時,控制整體誤差率FWE之傳統的多重比較方法會是過於嚴格的標準,不容易推翻虛無假設,使得檢定的結果太過保守。為了解決此現象,Benjamini and Hochberg(1995) 建議另一種錯誤率:錯誤發現率(false discovery rate:FDR)。錯誤發現率定義為在被拒絕之虛無假設中錯誤拒絕的比例之期望值。而Benjamini and Hochberg(1995)也在文中提出一個得以控制錯誤發現率的多重比較方法,稱為BH方法。本篇論文將詳盡地介紹CWE、FWE和FDR三種誤差率,並提出-修正BH的方法,稱為BH( )。我們將透過電腦模擬驗證出新的修正BH方法之表現比原BH方法有較高的檢定力,且從實例的結果中發現BH( )比原BH方法能檢測出更多的顯著個數。 關鍵字:個別型一誤差率(CWE);整體誤差率(FWE);多重比較方法(MCP); 錯誤發現率(FDR)。 / cDNA microarray technology provides tools to study thousands of genes simultaneously. Since a large number of genes are compared, using a conventional significant test leads to the increase of the type I error rate. To avoid the inflation, the adjustment for multiplicity should be considered and a multiple comparison procedure (MCP) that controls the familywise error rate (FWE) is recommended. However, the conservativeness of a MCP that controls FWE becomes more and more severe as the number of comparisons (genes) increases. Instead of FWE, Benjamini and Hochberg (1995) recommended to control the expected proportion of falsely rejecting hypotheses—the false discovery rate (FDR)—and developed a MCP, which has its FDR under control. In this paper, the error rates CWE, FWE and FDR are fully introduced. A new MCP with FDR controlled is developed and its performance is investigated through intensive simulations. KEY WORDS:Comparison-wise error rate (CWE);Familywise error rate (FWE);Multiple comparison procedure (MCP);False discovery rate (FDR).

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