Une façade étant la face représentative de tout bâtiment, nous pouvons en estimer les caractéristiques immobilières d'un simple coup d'œil : structure, composantes ou état, sont autant d'indices permettant d'estimer les propriétés de l'ensemble de l'édifice sans même y entrer. Modéliser cette capacité d'évaluation offrirait de multiples applications : valorisation automatique d'un bien, suggestion d'offre d'assurance adaptée ou comme outil d'étude du marché immobilier d'une ville. Les méthodes d'apprentissage profond ont tellement évoluées afin de copier la perception humaine et nous ont même dépassés en classification ou reconnaissance d'objets, en imitation de style artistique et aussi sur certains jeux vidéos ou de plateau. Néanmoins, ces performances sont souvent acquises au détriment de l'intelligibilité : considérées comme des boîtes noires, la manière dont est obtenue la prédiction n'est ni explicite ni facilement compréhensible. Récemment, de nombreux progrès en explicabilité des réseaux de neurones cherchent à résoudre ce problème. Aussi, peut-on employer les réseaux de neurones dans la création d'un expert compréhensible du marché immobilier d'une ville, depuis ses façades uniquement ? Nous proposons d'utiliser des données libres de rôles d'évaluation et des photographies de façades obtenues par Google Street View afin de constituer un jeu de données. On peut alors entraîner un réseau à convolutions pour caractériser fidèlement une propriété à partir de sa façade. Différentes architectures sont explorées pour prédire, par exemple, l'année de construction à 4 ans près ou sa valeur avec moins de 27 kCAD d'erreur en moyenne. Ensuite, la représentation latente obtenue est mise à profit afin d'expliquer les phénomènes sous-jacents à la valorisation immobilière : la méthode proposée révèle clairement différentes classes de propriétés et leur associe des attributs quantitatifs, géographiques et visuels. / A facade being the representative face of any building, we can gauge its real estate features by just looking at it. We naturally deduce from its structure, components, size or condition, diverse properties of the whole edifice without going inside it. Being able to model this skill could lead to multiple housing-related applications: automated property valuation, custom insurance contract suggestion, or as a market studying tool. Deep learning methods have evolved to mimic human perception and they now out perform us on object classification/recognition, artistic style imitation, and even on some video or board games. However, these performances are often at the expense of understandability: depicted as black boxes, their predictions are obtained in an inexplicit or inexplicable way. Recently, great progress in explainable AI is trying to solve this issue. From here, can we use neural networks to craft an understandable expert of a city housing market solely from building facades ? We propose to use open source assessment data and facade photographs obtained via Google Street View to constitute a dataset. We then train a convolutional neural network at characterizing a property given its facade. Different network architectures are explored to, for instance, predict its construction year within 4 years and its property value with less than 27 kCAD average error. Then, we leverage the learned representation to better understand the phenomena at use in housing assessment: our proposed method reveals different groups within a particular city real estate and their corresponding quantitative, geographic, and visual properties.

Today, ever changing and advancing techniques of construction are constantly pushing the envelope of structural possibilities in the built environment. Although not new, the concept of Double-Skin Façades (DSF) finds increasing implementation with the advent of sustainable construction, aiming to reduce energy consumption to condition buildings whilst improving indoor air quality. As is the case with the traditional concept of the compartment fire, methodologies and assumptions on which our general understanding of the fire problem is based, did fundamentally not change. Inherently bound to this, is the concept of compartmentalisation, prescribing measures to avoid horizontal and vertical fire spread in buildings. A DSF, most commonly featuring a ventilated cavity between curtain wall and the secondary glass façade at an offset, is prone to drastically alter fire and smoke behaviour once able to enter. Unlike curtain walls, the chimney-like aspect ratio of such façades is able to trap fire and combustion gases within the cavity, potentially compromising the integrity of the building perimeter above the fire. The current approach to this issue tends to focus on using non-combustible construction materials and the installation of sprinkler systems to avoid breakage of window panes in the first place. Another topic of interest is the weak connection between floor slab and curtain wall which can allow vertical fire spread to adjacent floors. Research has also been discussing the use of mullions to deflect the fire plume away from the façade. Even if useful in DSF’s, aesthetics and problems with functionality will most likely prevent mullions from being introduced into the DSF. However, very little relevant research actually investigated the fire-induced flow structure under these conditions so that properly informed design decisions can be made. The project at hand aims to understand hazards to the floors above and below the fire floor by experimentally investigating the governing processes by means of large-scale fire testing and small-scale salt-water modelling (SWM). The gathered data shall serve as a basis to discuss current spandrel and cavity design decisions. Results have been compared in terms of dimensionless numbers and demonstrate complex interactions between DSF cavity width and spandrel height, encouraging a discussion about the need of further research of this topic.

A tecnologia construtiva em chapas delgadas estruturadas em Light Steel Framing (LSF) vem sendo introduzida no mercado nacional como uma alternativa para substituir a tecnologia tradicional com vedações externas em alvenaria e revestimentos aderidos, comumente utilizada para execução de fachadas em edifícios de múltiplos pavimentos. Trata-se de uma tecnologia com montagem a seco que traz potenciais benefícios em relação ao método tradicional de produção de fachadas, notadamente em relação a: otimização da logística no canteiro de obra; simplificação dos procedimentos de acompanhamento e controle das etapas executivas; alta produtividade, com potencial redução dos prazos de obra; fácil controle sobre o custo final do serviço; e redução de riscos quanto ao cumprimento dos prazos planejados para o desenvolvimento e conclusão da atividade. O objetivo do presente trabalho é comparar os diferenciais no planejamento da obra e no custo de produção entre essa tecnologia e o método tradicional para execução de fachadas de edifícios de múltiplos pavimentos, considerando-se um mesmo projeto arquitetônico. Como método para o desenvolvimento do trabalho, adotou-se: pesquisa bibliográfica; entrevistas com profissionais, fabricantes e empresas especializadas na montagem da tecnologia em chapas delgadas estruturadas em Light Steel Framing (LSF); pesquisa quanto às alternativas disponíveis para o LSF e quanto aos custos praticados no mercado nacional para ambas as tecnologias; e acompanhamento de obras em LSF visando aprofundar os conhecimentos sobre seu método de execução de fachada. Pela escassa literatura nacional sobre o tema e pelo ainda incipiente conhecimento sobre esta tecnologia no meio técnico e acadêmico, acredita-se que o presente trabalho apresenta informações relevantes para profissionais ou empresas dispostas a inovar na execução desse importante subsistema das edificações, adotando a tecnologia com painéis leves em seus futuros projetos. / The building technology of light weight external sheets structured in Light Steel Framing (LSF) has been introduced in the domestic market as an alternative to replace traditional exterior masonry and mortar cladding technology commonly used for façade construction in multiple floors buildings. It is a technology with dry assembly that brings potential benefits in relation to the traditional method of façade production, especially in relation to: optimization of the logistics in the construction site; simplification of procedures for monitoring and controlling the executive stages; high productivity, with potential reduction of work deadlines; easier control over the final cost of the service; and reduction of risks regarding compliance with the deadlines planned for the development and completion of the activity. The objective of the present work is to compare the differentials in the planning of the work and the cost of production between this technology and the traditional method for the execution of façades of multiple floors buildings, considering the same architectural design. As a method for the development of the work, it was adopted: bibliographic research; interviews with professionals, manufacturers and companies specializing in the assembly of thin sheet structured in Light Steel Framing (LSF) technology; research on the alternatives available to the light weight external sheets structured in LSF technology and on the costs practiced in the national market for both technologies; follow-up of works in LSF aiming to deepen the knowledge about its method of execution of facade. Due to the scarce national literature on the subject and the still incipient knowledge about this technology in the technical and academic environment, it is believed that the present work presents relevant information for professionals or companies willing to innovate in the execution of this important subsystem of the buildings, adopting the technology with light weight panels for façade production in their future projects.

A tecnologia construtiva em chapas delgadas estruturadas em Light Steel Framing (LSF) vem sendo introduzida no mercado nacional como uma alternativa para substituir a tecnologia tradicional com vedações externas em alvenaria e revestimentos aderidos, comumente utilizada para execução de fachadas em edifícios de múltiplos pavimentos. Trata-se de uma tecnologia com montagem a seco que traz potenciais benefícios em relação ao método tradicional de produção de fachadas, notadamente em relação a: otimização da logística no canteiro de obra; simplificação dos procedimentos de acompanhamento e controle das etapas executivas; alta produtividade, com potencial redução dos prazos de obra; fácil controle sobre o custo final do serviço; e redução de riscos quanto ao cumprimento dos prazos planejados para o desenvolvimento e conclusão da atividade. O objetivo do presente trabalho é comparar os diferenciais no planejamento da obra e no custo de produção entre essa tecnologia e o método tradicional para execução de fachadas de edifícios de múltiplos pavimentos, considerando-se um mesmo projeto arquitetônico. Como método para o desenvolvimento do trabalho, adotou-se: pesquisa bibliográfica; entrevistas com profissionais, fabricantes e empresas especializadas na montagem da tecnologia em chapas delgadas estruturadas em Light Steel Framing (LSF); pesquisa quanto às alternativas disponíveis para o LSF e quanto aos custos praticados no mercado nacional para ambas as tecnologias; e acompanhamento de obras em LSF visando aprofundar os conhecimentos sobre seu método de execução de fachada. Pela escassa literatura nacional sobre o tema e pelo ainda incipiente conhecimento sobre esta tecnologia no meio técnico e acadêmico, acredita-se que o presente trabalho apresenta informações relevantes para profissionais ou empresas dispostas a inovar na execução desse importante subsistema das edificações, adotando a tecnologia com painéis leves em seus futuros projetos. / The building technology of light weight external sheets structured in Light Steel Framing (LSF) has been introduced in the domestic market as an alternative to replace traditional exterior masonry and mortar cladding technology commonly used for façade construction in multiple floors buildings. It is a technology with dry assembly that brings potential benefits in relation to the traditional method of façade production, especially in relation to: optimization of the logistics in the construction site; simplification of procedures for monitoring and controlling the executive stages; high productivity, with potential reduction of work deadlines; easier control over the final cost of the service; and reduction of risks regarding compliance with the deadlines planned for the development and completion of the activity. The objective of the present work is to compare the differentials in the planning of the work and the cost of production between this technology and the traditional method for the execution of façades of multiple floors buildings, considering the same architectural design. As a method for the development of the work, it was adopted: bibliographic research; interviews with professionals, manufacturers and companies specializing in the assembly of thin sheet structured in Light Steel Framing (LSF) technology; research on the alternatives available to the light weight external sheets structured in LSF technology and on the costs practiced in the national market for both technologies; follow-up of works in LSF aiming to deepen the knowledge about its method of execution of facade. Due to the scarce national literature on the subject and the still incipient knowledge about this technology in the technical and academic environment, it is believed that the present work presents relevant information for professionals or companies willing to innovate in the execution of this important subsystem of the buildings, adopting the technology with light weight panels for façade production in their future projects.

published_or_final_version / Architecture / Master / Master of Architecture

Cette thèse reconstitue la généalogie d'un genre ornemental méconnu, celui de la photographie décorative. Né avec la photographie au XIXe siècle, au moment même du plus fort débat autour de la question de l'ornement, le photographique devient un véritable paradigme pour la décoration à l'époque contemporaine. De la création de motifs par le biais de la caméra, outil de stylisation moderne par excellence, à l'emploi de l'épreuve comme matière décorative, le photographique constitue un genre d'ornement à part entière, propre au siècle de la machine, de Freud, du capitalisme.Tout au long du XXe siècle, le photographique revêt de sa nouveauté des formes traditionnelles de la décoration murale : papier peint panoramique, fresque murale, vitrail, témoignant de la pérennité de la volonté de dématérialiser l'architecture par l'image. Un phénomène qui atteint son paroxysme dans la façade photographique au tournant du XXIe siècle. En examinant sous l'angle de leur valeur l'ornementale des exemples peu ou pas connus du XXe siècle, le et corpus réunit des photographes comme Laure Albin-Guillot et Thomas Ruff, des architectes comme Le Corbusier, Berthold Lubetkin, Jean Nouvel et Herzog & de Meuron. En plus de situer le photographique dans l'ornementation moderniste, la thèse met aussi au jour la pratique de l'artiste russo-britannique Eugene Mollo dans l'entre-deux-guerres. En filigrane de l'histoire, une production commerciale qui démontre la rémanence du phénomène et souligne l'importance de l'invention technique dans les arts industriels. / The thesis reconstructs the history of photographic ornament. Little known in the history of 20th century architecture, photographic ornament appeared in the 19th century, with the advent of photography itself at one of the most critical moments in the history of ornament. Introduced both as a means to create motifs and as a motif in and of itself in the form of prints and transfers, the photographic paradigm became one of the most important for ornament in the contemporary era. The photographic constitutes a nex genre specific to the century of the machine, of Freud and of capitalism.Throughout the 20th century, photography was udes to modernise traditional forms of mural decoration : panoramic wallpapers, murals, frescos and stained glass. It thus reveals the persistence of the will to dissolve architecture with images, a phenomenon whiwh reaches its apogee in the photographic façade at the turn of the 21th century. The thesis examines examples of large format photography from the 20th in terms of their ornamental value, bringing together a divers corpus of photographers, such as Edward Steichen, Laure Albin-Guillot and Thomas Ruff, and architects such as Le Corbusier, Berthold Lubetkin, Jean Nouvel and Herzog & de Meuron. In addition to identifying the photographic as a form of ornament in modernist architecture, the thesis also brings to light previously unknown practices such as that of thr Russian-British artist Eugene Mollo during the interwar period. Throughout this history, a commercial production parallel to artistic creation highlights the persistence of photographic ornament and the importance of technical invention in the industrial arts.

A Dissertação de Mestrado em questão consiste na avaliação do uso de revestimentos cerâmicos de fachada fundamentada no estudo de caso para edifícios residenciais multifamiliares, caracterizado por prédios de apartamentos, no Município de São Paulo, região Sul, cujos lançamentos ocorreram entre 1994 e 1998. Para tanto, abordam-se inicialmente antecedentes do uso destes materiais em fachadas de edifícios no Brasil. Posteriormente são abordadas as principais características dos materiais componentes dos revestimentos cerâmicos, enfatizando suas características quando aplicados em fachadas. São explicitadas, ainda, considerações para a elaboração de projetos de revestimentos cerâmicos de fachadas, bem como para sua execução, destacando também as principais patologias que os afetam. Finalmente, é realizada uma análise do uso dos revestimentos cerâmicos em fachada, no cenário definido, acompanhada de registros fotográficos, apresentados na forma de fichas para cada bairro levantado. Acompanha também esta análise uma pesquisa realizada entre os escritórios de arquitetura responsáveis pelos projetos arquitetônicos dos edifícios em questão, visando as condicionantes de projeto para o uso dos revestimentos cerâmicos. Conclui-se com abordagens vinculadas ao estado da arte sobre o uso dos Revestimentos Cerâmicos de Fachadas baseado na pesquisa de campo e opiniões dos arquitetos. / This Dissertation is about an evaluation of the use of ceramic tiles in facades of buildings, based on the study of housing buildings located at the southern region of the city of Sao Paulo, which were built between 1994 and 1998. At the beginning, the historic aspects of use of ceramic tiles in facades are reviewed, specifically in Brazil. Later on, the main characteristics of the components of ceramic tiles in coverings are studied, emphasizing the resulting characteristics when applied to facades. The study also describes considerations for both the elaboration and implementation of projects of ceramic tile facade coverings including the main pathologies that may affect them. An analysis on the use of ceramic tile facade coverings in a specific scenery is included. Photographic files of each neighborhood are attached to this section as well as a research among architecture offices who were responsible for the projects of those buildings. Finally you will find approaches related to the state -of-art when using ceramic tile facade coverings based on an in situ research and on architect’s opinions.

A indústria da construção civil é uma das principais fontes emissoras de poluição devido ao alto consumo de energia em seu ciclo de vida. Além da energia empregada na construção do edifício, durante sua operação, diversos sistemas também a utilizam, entre os quais se destaca, o sistema de condicionamento de ar. O consumo de energia por esse sistema está relacionado, entre outras coisas, com a temperatura do ar no ambiente externo e a requerida internamente pelo edifício. As fachadas são os elementos pelos quais se dá a maior parcela de transferência de calor do ambiente externo para o interno em edifícios altos. Assim, o tipo de fachada influi no consumo de energia no ciclo de vida dos edifícios e, conseqüentemente, contribui também para a emissão de CO2 pelos edifícios, pois a emissão deste gás está diretamente ligada ao consumo de energia. Desse modo, o objetivo deste trabalho é contribuir para o desenvolvimento da metodologia de avaliação das emissões de CO2 geradas durante o ciclo de vida das fachadas de edifícios de escritório. Os resultados, para os parâmetros considerados neste trabalho, mostram que as fachadas em structural glazing com vidro incolor são as que mais emitem CO2 ao longo de seu ciclo de vida, seguidas das fachadas em alvenaria e revestidas com painéis de alumínio composto ou ACM (Aluminium Composite Material), fachadas em structural glazing com vidro refletivo e fachadas em alvenaria revestidas com argamassa. Por fim, realizou-se uma análise para se avaliar a incerteza dos resultados deste estudo. / The construction industry is one of the main sources of pollution due to high energy consumption in its life cycle. Besides the energy used in the construction of the building during its operation, many systems also use, mainly, the air conditioning system. The energy consumption of the air conditioning system is related, among others things, with the outdoor air temperature and the indoor required air temperature. The façades are the elements in which the transference of heat happens from the outdoor environment to the indoor environment in high buildings. So, the façade typologies contribute to the energy consumption in the life cycle of the buildings and to CO2 emissions, because the emission of this gas is linked directly to the energy consumption. The objective of this work is to contribute to the development of evaluation methodology of CO2 emissions generated during the life cycle of the façades of office buildings. The results for the parameters considered in this work show that the façades in structural glazing with colorless glass are those that emit more CO2 throughout its life cycle, followed by the façades in masonry and coated with ACM (Aluminium Composite Material), façades in structural glazing with reflective glass and façades in masonry coated with mortar. Finally, an analysis was made to evaluate the results uncertainty.

Certaines façades présentent des développements verts, rouges ou noirâtres, d'origine biologique. Ces salissures nuisent à l'aspect esthétique du bâtiment et peuvent entraîner à long terme une dégradation structurale du revêtement colonisé. Ce développement biologique peut ainsi engendrer des frais liés au ravalement ou, à plus long terme, à la rénovation de la façade. Des biocides incorporés dans les revêtements permettent actuellement de retarder l'implantation des organismes incriminés. Cependant, les dernières réglementations européennes tendent à restreindre l'utilisation de ces produits, ce qui nécessite la mise au point de matériaux efficaces et durables, de surcroît compatibles avec l'environnement.<br />Paradoxalement, les algues microscopiques et les cyanobactéries constituant ces biofilms sont peu connues en France. La première approche de ce projet a donc consisté à prélever des fractions de revêtements de façade colonisés afin d'identifier les micro-organismes s'y développant. 22 espèces d'algues et 25 espèces de cyanobactéries ont ainsi été observées dans les 71 prélèvements analysés, les algues étant dominantes sur tous types de matériaux.<br />Les facteurs favorisant l'implantation et le développement de ces micro-organismes ont ensuite été étudiés. Un traitement statistique des données environnementales recueillies lors de la campagne d'échantillonnage a ainsi mis en évidence l'importance des facteurs climatiques liés à l'humidité, des facteurs permettant la dissémination des spores, tels que le vent ou la proximité de végétation, ainsi que l'importance de la nature du support colonisé. Cette dernière observation a pu être approfondie grâce à l'utilisation d'un banc d'essai permettant l'évaluation simultanée de différents matériaux quant à leur colonisation par des algues et des cyanobactéries isolées en façade au cours de cette étude. Ces essais ont montré que des facteurs tels que la porosité, la rugosité et le pH de surface des matériaux influent sur la colonisation par ces micro-organismes. <br />En parallèle, afin d'envisager le développement de matériaux défavorisant l'accroche des micro-organismes, les mécanismes d'adhésion d'une sélection d'algues sur des surfaces modèles ont été étudiés à l'aide d'une cellule à flux laminaire. Les surfaces hydrophiles ont provoqué le plus faible taux d'adhésion. L'exploitation de ces résultats a également mis en évidence l'initiation d'interactions hydrophobes et électrostatiques lors du processus d'adhésion.<br />Finalement, les polymères extracellulaires produits par une sélection de micro-organismes isolés en façade ont été analysés. Ils ont ainsi montré être de nature polysaccharidique, anionique et plus ou moins hydrophobe selon les souches les sécrétant. L'adsorption d'un polymère d'une souche de Klebsormidium flaccidum, algue verte dominante en façades en France, a été plus importante et plus forte sur des surfaces hydrophobes que sur des surfaces hydrophiles. En outre, la dégradation enzymatique des polymères de cette même souche tend à diminuer l'adhésion sur surface hydrophobe. Ces observations confirment donc l'hypothèse d'une intervention des polymères extracellulaires dans l'étape de contact du micro-organisme avec une surface, puis lors de l'étape de consolidation de cette adhésion, par le biais d'interactions hydrophobes et sans doute électrostatiques.

Fair face lime-based brickwork is one of the most popular types of fa?ade in early colonial buildings in Hong Kong. A good proportion of such buildings are slowly but inexorably disappearing. Since the sixties, the awareness of the general public in heritage preservation of Hong Kong started in its embryonic form, gradually evolved through the seventies and eighties, gaining momentum to active involvement in the nineties, and finally to the organized and pragmatic approach of today. In 1976, the Hong Kong Government enacted the Antiquities and Monuments Ordinance to ensure that the best examples of Hong Kong’s heritage are protected. With the establishment of the Antiquities and Monuments Office in at the same year, a number of buildings with historical and architectural values have been declared as monument or included in the list of graded heritage buildings since then and their conditions are being concerned. However, conservation principles have not been highlighted in our local heritage building maintenance practices. Perhaps, due to client’s intention, funding constrains, and/or lacking of skillful craftsmen and expert supervision, incompatible building materials and inappropriate methods have been applied on those fair face brickwork fa?ade. More and more evidence shows that such maintenance practices worsen the condition of the historic fa?ade and causing damages to the heritage. No doubt, fa?ades of those deteriorating heritage buildings are deserved proper maintenance and repair under appropriate conservation approaches. The focus of this dissertation is upon the understanding the issue of brickwork failure particularly owning to the saturation of soluble salt in brickwork attributed to various inappropriate maintenance approaches. To establish a guideline for lime-based brickwork fa?ade maintenance to ensure longevity, reduce costs and improve value. / published_or_final_version / Conservation / Master / Master of Science in Conservation