The purpose of this research was to apply analytical techniques to identify and investigate specific organic compounds present in a municipal landfill leachate and an industrial wastewater. Accurate characterization of wastewaters can assist environmental engineers and scientists in the design of treatment systems. Several extraction and analytical techniques were utilized for the analysis of components in complex environmental samples focusing on nonvolatile or thermally labile compounds. Of the extraction procedures evaluated, C₁₈ solid phase extraction was found most useful in preparing the samples for analysis. Recoveries ranged from 48% for a benzenesulfonamide to 96% for 2,4-dinitrotoluene. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) techniques were utilized in conjunction with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and liquid chromatography with a diode array detector (LC/DAD), to identify specific organic chemicals in the samples. GC/MS analysis of the leachate confirmed the presence of two benzenesulfonamides and two phthalate esters. Several other components were detected, but not identified. A significant number of components were detected by LC/MS that were not detected by GC/MS. Thermospray LC/MS results provided positive and negative ionization spectra which were useful for identifying standards and providing molecular weight information. GC/MS, LC/DAD and LC/MS analysis of the industrial wastewater confirmed the presence of 2,4-dinitrotoluene, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, diphenylamine, and dibutyl phthalate. GC/MS analysis also confirmed the presence of 4-nitro-2-aminotoluene. Tentative identification of methylnitrobenzene, dinitrobenzene, aminonitrobenzaldehyde, and a dinitrotoluene isomer was made by GC/MS while two components remained unidentified. LC/DAD analysis also confirmed the presence of dioctyl phthalate, aminobiphenyl and a diphenylamine impurity while ten components were not identified. LC/MS results suggested the presence of a dinitrotoluene isomer, a diphenylamine dimer, N-nitrosodiphenylamine, methylnitrobenzenamine and dioctyl phthalate, while ten other components remained unidentified. Thermospray has severe limitations in its ability to identify unknown constituents. However, the application of the methods explored in this work to monitor the effectiveness of wastewater treatment is warranted. / Master of Science

The purpose of this investigation was to characterize the effect of ozone upon a selected textile dyeing and finishing wastewater, with primary emphasis placed on noting the effect of ozone on the color of the wastewater. The parameters measured during the study included color, chemical and five-day biochemical oxygen demand, pH, dissolved oxygen, total organic carbon, ozone residual, total and suspended solids, and turbidity. The results of the investigation showed that color was removed to a significant degree from the selected wastewater by the action of ozone. Up to 80 percent of the original color of the wastewater was removed by ozonation. COD removals ranging from 20 to 30 percent were also measured. In addition, significant increases in the amounts of suspended solids and turbidity were noted to occur with increased ozonation. / Master of Science

Master of Science

A study was undertaken during June through September, 1981, in which the periphyton from ten locations in Culpeper, Virginia, were analyzed for arsenic, chromium, and copper, both upstream and downstream from the source of contamination. The periphyton primary productivity, chlorophyll-a content, and autotrophic index were also determined. Water samples were analyzed for the three metals; arsenic, chromium, and copper. The highest mean periphyton arsenic and chromium concentration occurred at the station 1.2 miles below the site of contamination. The copper concentration in the periphyton was highest 2.7 miles below the area of contamination. All three periphyton metal concentrations were dependent upon the location of the sampling site, but only the periphyton copper content was dependent upon the date of sampling. All three periphyton metal concentrations below the spill site were higher than normal concentrations found in uncontaminated periphyton. Periphyton primary productivity was greatest at the station above the spill site and lowest at the site 1.2 miles below the site of contamination. A negative correlation was observed between the productivity and the periphyton chromium concentration. No other relationships were noted. The chlorophyll-a level in the periphyton was dependent only upon the date of sampling, not on the location of the sampling site. No relationships were observed between the chlorophyll-a levels and any of the three metals' concentrations in the periphyton. The autotrophic indices, the ratio of the organic matter to the periphyton chlorophyll-a concentration, were very high at all stations, indicating organically polluted water. Both the location and date of sampling significantly affected the autrophic index. / Master of Science

by Tsui Wai-chu. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 161-171). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / Abbreviations --- p.vii / Contents --- p.ix / Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Literature review --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Metal pollution in Hong Kong --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Methods for removal of metal ions from industrial effluent --- p.4 / Chapter A. --- Physico-chemical methods --- p.4 / Chapter B. --- Biosorption --- p.7 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Chitin and chitosan --- p.11 / Chapter A. --- History of chitin and chitosan --- p.11 / Chapter B. --- Structures and sources of chitin and chitosan --- p.12 / Chapter C. --- Characterization of chitin and chitosan --- p.17 / Chapter D. --- Applications of chitin and chitosan --- p.19 / Chapter 1.1.4 --- Factors affecting biosorption --- p.22 / Chapter A. --- Solution pH --- p.22 / Chapter B. --- Concentration of biosorbent --- p.24 / Chapter C. --- Retention time --- p.25 / Chapter D. --- Initial metal ion concentration --- p.26 / Chapter E. --- Presence of other cations --- p.26 / Chapter F. --- Presence of anions --- p.28 / Chapter 1.1.5 --- Regeneration of metal ion-laden biosorbent --- p.28 / Chapter 1.1.6 --- Modeling of biosorption --- p.29 / Chapter A. --- Adsorption equilibria and adsorption isotherm --- p.29 / Chapter B. --- Langmuir isotherm --- p.33 / Chapter C. --- Freundlich isotherm --- p.34 / Chapter 1.2 --- Objectives of the present study --- p.36 / Chapter 2. --- Materials and methods --- p.37 / Chapter 2.1 --- Biosorbents --- p.37 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Production of biosorbents --- p.37 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Pretreatment of biosorbents --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2 --- Characterization of biosorbents --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Chitin assay --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Protein assay --- p.40 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Metal analysis --- p.41 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Degree of N-deacetylation analysis --- p.43 / Chapter A. --- Diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy --- p.43 / Chapter B. --- Elemental analysis --- p.43 / Chapter 2.3 --- Batch biosorption experiment --- p.44 / Chapter 2.4 --- Selection of biosorbent for metal ion removal --- p.45 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Effects of pretreatments of biosorbents on adsorption of Cu --- p.45 / Chapter A. --- Washing --- p.45 / Chapter B. --- Pre-swelling --- p.46 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- "Comparison of Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ removal capacities among three biosorbents" --- p.46 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Comparison of Cu2+ removal capacity of chitins with various degrees of N-deacetylation --- p.46 / Chapter 2.5 --- "Effects of physico-chemical conditions on Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ adsorption by chitin A" --- p.48 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Solution pH and concentration of biosorbent --- p.48 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Retention time --- p.48 / Chapter 2.5.3 --- Initial metal ion concentration --- p.49 / Chapter 2.5.4 --- Presence of other cations --- p.49 / Chapter 2.5.5 --- Presence of anions --- p.51 / Chapter 2.6 --- Optimization of Cu2+，Ni2+ and Zn2+ removal efficiencies --- p.53 / Chapter 2.7 --- "Recovery of Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ from metal ion-laden chitin A" --- p.53 / Chapter 2.7.1 --- Performances of various eluents on metal ion recovery --- p.53 / Chapter 2.7.2 --- Multiple adsorption and desorption cycle of metal ions --- p.54 / Chapter 2.8 --- Treatment of electroplating effluent by chitin A --- p.54 / Chapter 2.8.1 --- "Removal and recovery of Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ from electroplating effluent collected from rinsing baths" --- p.54 / Chapter 2.8.2 --- "Removal and recovery of Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ from electroplating effluent collected from final collecting tank" --- p.55 / Chapter 2.9 --- Data analysis --- p.56 / Chapter 3. --- Results --- p.58 / Chapter 3.1 --- Characterization of biosorbents --- p.58 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Chitin assay --- p.58 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Protein assay --- p.58 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Metal analysis --- p.58 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- Degree of N-deacetylation analysis --- p.62 / Chapter A. --- Diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy --- p.62 / Chapter B. --- Elemental analysis --- p.62 / Chapter 3.2 --- Selection of biosorbent for metal ion removal --- p.67 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Effects of pretreatments of biosorbents on adsorption of Cu2+ --- p.67 / Chapter A. --- Washing --- p.67 / Chapter B. --- Pre-swelling --- p.67 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- "Comparison of Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ removal capacities among three biosorbents" --- p.67 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Comparison of Cu2+ removal capacity of chitins with various degrees of N-deacetylation --- p.70 / Chapter 3.3 --- "Effects of physico-chemical conditions on Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ adsorption by chitin A" --- p.70 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Solution pH and concentration of biosorbent --- p.70 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Retention time --- p.78 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Initial metal ion concentration --- p.80 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Presence of other cations --- p.93 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Presence of anions --- p.93 / Chapter 3.4 --- "Optimization of Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ removal efficiencies" --- p.104 / Chapter 3.5 --- "Recovery of Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ from metal ion-laden chitin A" --- p.104 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Performances of various eluents on metal ion recovery --- p.104 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Multiple adsorption and desorption cycle of metal ions --- p.109 / Chapter 3.6 --- Treatment of electroplating effluent by chitin A --- p.117 / Chapter 3.6.1 --- "Removal and recovery of Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ from electroplating effluent collected from rinsing baths" --- p.117 / Chapter 3.6.2 --- "Removal and recovery of Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ from electroplating effluent collected from final collecting tank" --- p.121 / Chapter 4. --- Discussion --- p.128 / Chapter 4.1 --- Characterization of biosorbents --- p.128 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Chitin assay --- p.128 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Protein assay --- p.129 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Metal analysis --- p.129 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- Degree of N-deacetylation analysis --- p.130 / Chapter A. --- Diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy --- p.130 / Chapter B. --- Elemental analysis --- p.132 / Chapter 4.2 --- Selection of biosorbent for metal ion removal --- p.133 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Effects of pretreatments of biosorbents on adsorption of Cu2+ --- p.133 / Chapter A. --- Washing --- p.133 / Chapter B. --- Pre-swelling --- p.133 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- "Comparison of Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ removal capacities among three biosorbents" --- p.134 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Comparison of Cu2+ removal capacity of chitins with various degrees of N-deacetylation --- p.136 / Chapter 4.3 --- "Effects of physico-chemical conditions on Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ adsorption by chitin A" --- p.137 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Solution pH and concentration of biosorbent --- p.137 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Retention time --- p.138 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Initial metal ion concentration --- p.139 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Presence of other cations --- p.141 / Chapter 4.3.5 --- Presence of anions --- p.143 / Chapter 4.4 --- "Optimization of Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ removal efficiencies" --- p.147 / Chapter 4.5 --- "Recovery of Cu2+, Ni2+and Zn2+ from metal ion-laden chitin A" --- p.148 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Performances of various eluents on metal ion recovery --- p.148 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- Multiple adsorption and desorption cycle of metal ions --- p.149 / Chapter 4.6 --- Treatment of electroplating effluent by chitin A --- p.150 / Chapter 4.6.1 --- "Removal and recovery of Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ from electroplating effluent collected from rinsing baths" --- p.150 / Chapter 4.6.2 --- "Removal and recovery of Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ from electroplating effluent collected from final collecting tank" --- p.152 / Chapter 5. --- Conclusion --- p.154 / Chapter 6. --- Further studies --- p.156 / Chapter 7. --- Summary --- p.158 / Chapter 8. --- References --- p.161

Dissertation submitted in fulfillment of academic requirements for the Degree of Master of Technology: Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, 2008. / Currently KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) province is populated with textile industry, which produces wastewater, some of which is not biodegradable. Due to the stringent environmental regulations the wastewater cannot be discharged into the rivers or public owned treatment systems. The alternative solution is to co-dispose this wastewater with easily biodegradable waste (labile effluent). The aim of this investigation was to develop a process protocol for the codigestion of high strength and toxic organic effluents under mesophilic conditions (35°C ± 2°C), with emphasis on the effect of biomass acclimation. A total of four effluents were chosen for this study, two labile (distillery and size) and two recalcitrant (scour dye and reactive dye). Two anaerobic batch experiments and two pilot scale trials were performed. The first batch anaerobic experiment investigated the influence of biomass source in anaerobic treatability. The second batch test investigated, whether biomass acclimation enhanced the biodegradability of pollutants. The pilot scale trials were the scale up version of the biomass acclimation test. The results showed sludge from Umbilo Wastewater Treatment Works was a superior biomass source, producing more gas and methane compared to Mpumalanga waste. For the high strength organic waste, the acclimated size and distillery samples produced 50% more biogas and methane compared to non-acclimated samples. This confirms that the biomass acclimation enhances the biodegradability. The biomass acclimation did not enhance the biodegradability of the recalcitrant effluent (scour dye). The pilot scale trials did not yield meaningful data; therefore it could not be proven if acclimation works on a larger scale. / Water Research Commission

published_or_final_version / Environmental Management / Master / Master of Science in Environmental Management

AECI Bioproducts (Bioproducts) is part of an industrial complex located at Umbogintwini, approximately 26 km south of Durban, Kwazulu-Natal. This system was selected for water pinch investigation, as it is one of the major users of freshwater on the complex and hence discharges a related quantity of wastewater, amounting to approximately 400 ML per annum. Bioproducts is a manufacturer of l-lysine, which is an animal feed additive. Water stream flowrate and purity data, as well as operating cost information, were obtained from plant records at AECI Bioproducts. Limiting flowrate and purity conditions for the water-using operations were established from a mass balance over the entire system using the Linnhoff-March software, WaterTracker. Subject to the specified constraints and operating costs, the problem was to determine the design of the water-using subsystem. No treatment plants were included in the study, as none exist at the facility. Three scenarios were investigated, which examined the operating variability of one of the evaporators on the site (the AS evaporator), which produces a condensate source of variable purity. The operating cost target and network design for each scenario was determined using the Linnhoff-March software, WaterPinch. Alterations from current operating practice were identified and associated savings (water-using network operating cost and freshwater flowrate) were highlighted. A robust optimal design was identified, with a recycle, which was consistent for all scenarios investigated. The degree of reuse of the AS evaporator condensate source was determined to be dependent on the purity of the source. The limiting constraint was identified at the sea pipeline, for suspended solids (SS): a prohibitively low discharge concentration constraint was identified as posing the major obstacle for saving. The potential for saving was investigated by incrementing the SS concentration constraint and subsequently the free and saline ammonia (FSA) constraint and allowing for the broth effluent to be discharged via the sea pipeline (which was previously disallowed by an effluent exemption). Although relatively small savings were identified through process integration (from 0.61% to 1.56% of the water-using network operating cost), the analysis identified a potential saving of over 70% of the water-using network operating cost, with relaxation of the sea pipeline SS and FSA constraint. / Theses (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2002.

Orientador: Antenor Pasqual / Banca: Elias José Simon / Banca: Maria Gricia de Lourdes Grossi / Resumo: O presente trabalho apresenta uma abordagem energética dos resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU) gerados no município de Cerqueira César - SP e suas implicações ambientais, políticas e sociais. Para compreender o processo de geração de resíduos no município e demonstrar a viabilidade econômica da reciclagem, além de propor alternativas de tratamento ambiental mais adequado destes resíduos, foi feita a sua caracterização física utilizando como objeto de estudo o lixão da cidade. Posteriormente foi feita uma correlação com dados da literatura, sob o ponto de vista de economia de energia com a reciclagem de cada um dos materiais separados e quantificados na caracterização. Paralelamente a isto, buscou-se identificar a concepção dos indivíduos deste município com relação ao problema da geração de resíduos e os impactos gerados no meio ambiente, bem como o desperdício de recursos energéticos. Deste modo foi aplicado um questionário junto aos alunos da Sétima Série e Segundo Colegial de uma escola pública de Ensino Fundamental e Médio, no qual vários aspectos conceituais relacionados ao lixo foram abordados. Com base nestas informações, foi possível estabelecer relações entre a geração dos resíduos e aspectos sociais e econômicos do município, além de se determinar o potencial energético a ser poupado com a reciclagem destes. / Abstract: The present work deals with an energetic approach of the urban solid wastes (USW) produced at the Município de Cerqueira César (Cerqueira César County) - SP, and its environmental, political and social implications. To understand the process of waste production in the county and to demonstrate the economical viability of recycling, besides to propose environmental treatment alternatives more suitable to these residues, it was accomplished its physical characteristics using as object of study the city garbage dump. Afterward, it was done a correlation with the literature data, under the viewpoint of energy saving with the recycling of each material separated and quantified in the characterization. In parallel to this, it was aimed to identify the conception of the individuals of this county in relation to the problem of the production of residues and the impacts to the environment, as well as the energy resources loss. It was presented a questionnaire to senior students of the Secondary and High School of a public school, on which several conceptual aspects were discussed in relation to waste. Based on this information, it was possible to establish relations between the residues production and the social and economic aspects of the county, besides determining the energetic potential to be saved with the recycling. / Mestre

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-12-21T11:26:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Angélica Maria Santos Guimarães.pdf: 3474225 bytes, checksum: bbcaf721966eba161a65bc3ba0204fb7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-21T11:26:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Angélica Maria Santos Guimarães.pdf: 3474225 bytes, checksum: bbcaf721966eba161a65bc3ba0204fb7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-15 / The core of the present study is urban clean-up and solid waste management in large Brazilian cities of Salvador and Bogotá in Colombia as a constituent element of the right to the city. Initially, the analysis differentiates the Urban Law from the Right to the City. In the sequence, it focuses on the urban cleaning in the context of the Social State and its effectiveness, analyzing the normative treatment of the topic in the context of the Brazilian legal system, including individual and concrete standards produced by the Courts of Auditors in implementing indirect execution of these services. The main objective is to defend the need of redefine of the concepts of effectiveness of such services through the adoption of a control based on principles, requirements, assumptions, indicators of public health, quality of life and environmental sustainability, emphasizing the elements and functions of the city, prescribed in the Federal Constitution, the National Solid Waste Policy and the City Statute. It is evaluated the role of the Welfare State in urban cleaning and solid waste management, understood as socio-environmental goods of economic value, capable of transforming cities into "healthy living spaces", accomplishing of social rights, of happiness and of sustainable economic development. It defends also Urban clean-up and solid waste management are therefore advocated as a constitutive element of the Right to the City and, at the same time, guarantee instrument of leisure, education, housing, movement, employment and income in a sustainable urban environment. Urban cleaning and solid waste management must be able to assure the inhabitants of the town, physical and mental health, as well as quality of life in all its aspects / O cerne do presente estudo é a limpeza urbana e a gestão de resíduos sólidos nas cidades brasileiras de grande porte, a exemplo de Salvador e Bogotá, na Colômbia, como elemento constitutivo do Direito à Cidade. Inicialmente, a análise diferencia o Direito Urbanístico do Direito à Cidade. Em sequência, enfoca a limpeza urbana no contexto do Estado Social e sua efetivação, analisando o tratamento normativo do tema no âmbito do sistema jurídico brasileiro, inclusive de normas individuais e concretas produzidas pelos Tribunais de Contas em sede de controle da execução indireta destes serviços. O objetivo central é defender a necessidade de ressignificação da eficácia dos referidos serviços por meio do controle de efetividade a partir de princípios, requisitos, pressupostos, indicadores de saúde pública, de qualidade de vida e de sustentabilidade ambiental, enfatizando os elementos e funções da cidade, prescritas na Constituição Federal, na Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos e no Estatuto da Cidade. É avaliado o papel do Estado Social na limpeza urbana e na gestão dos resíduos sólidos, compreendidos como bens sócio-ambientais de valor econômico, capazes de transformar as cidades em “espaços de vida saudável”, de concretização dos direitos sociais, da felicidade e de desenvolvimento econômico sustentável. Defende-se, então, a limpeza urbana e a gestão dos resíduos sólidos como elemento constitutivo do Direito à Cidade e ao mesmo tempo instrumento garantidor do lazer, da educação, da habitação, da circulação, do emprego e da renda, em um meio ambiente urbano sustentável. A limpeza urbana e a gestão dos resíduos sólidos devem ser capaz de assegurar aos habitantes da cidade saúde física e mental, bem como qualidade de vida em todas as suas vertentes