There are many factors that contributed to the proliferation of visual codes, metaphors and references to the gendered gaze in women's fiction of the late-eighteenth and early-nineteenth centuries. This thesis argues that the visual details in women's novels published between 1778 and 1815 are more significant than scholars have previously acknowledged. My analysis of the oeuvres of Jane Austen, Ann Radcliffe, Maria Edgeworth and Fanny Burney shows that visuality — the nexus between the verbal and visual communication — provided them with a language within language capable of circumventing the cultural strictures on female expression in a way that allowed for concealed resistance. It conveyed the actual ways in which women ‘should' see and appear in a society in which the reputation was image-based. My analysis journeys through physiognomic, psychological, theatrical and codified forms of visuality to highlight the multiplicity of its functions. I engage with scholarly critiques drawn from literature, art, optics, psychology, philosophy and anthropology to assert visuality's multidisciplinary influences and diplomatic potential. I show that in fiction and in actuality, women had to negotiate four scopic forces that determined their ‘looks' and manners of looking: the impartial spectator, the male gaze, the public eye and the disenfranchised female gaze. In a society dominated by ‘frustrated utterance,' penetrating gazes and the perpetual threat of misinterpretation, women novelists used references to the visible and the invisible to comment on emotions, socio-economic conditions and patriarchal abuses. This thesis thus offers new insights into verbal economy by reassessing expression and perception from an unconventional point-of-view.

Esta investigación contrasta la estrategia de campaña que se elaboró en torno a la imagen de Verónika Mendoza, candidata del Frente Amplio a las elecciones presidenciales peruanas del 2016, con los contenidos periodísticos que elaboraron en torno a ella dos de los principales diarios peruanos, El Comercio y La República, con el objetivo de determinar hasta qué punto se logró plasmar esta estrategia en ambos diarios. Este estudio tiene un carácter empírico descriptivo y utiliza las entrevistas a profundidad a los jefes del equipo de campaña del Frente Amplio para establecer los atributos que quisieron resaltar de Mendoza; así como el análisis de contenido a la luz de la teoría del encuadre o framing en los medios seleccionados. El análisis muestra que se logró posicionar estas cualidades de forma parcial en el diario La República y contribuyó a atenuar la posición contraria de El Comercio a Mendoza, a través de una mayor presencia de notas de carácter positivo que balanceó el contenido adverso hacía la candidata