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Co-operatives as developmental organisations for peasant agriculture in South AfricaChawane, Henry Clive January 1991 (has links)
Submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of Master of Science in Development Planning in the Department of Town and Regional Planning in the Faculty of Architecture at the University of Witwatersrand. Johannesburg, October 1991. / Co-operative development had been reestablished in newly independent African countries in Zimbabwe and Mozambique. The failure of many co-operatives especially the production co-operatives, has resulted in a decreasing interest. The less spectacular forms like rural service co-operatives or credit and savings co-operatives did not attract the same research initiatives and interests as producer co-operatives despite the fact that rural service co-operatives
have played a considerable economic, social and political role in many African countries (Hedlund, 1988). Rural service co-operatives in South Africa have been initiated by the farmers and/or government. All too often they ended up, both cases alike, being run by the government. Direct state control is unlikey to facilitate a creative environment in the local community or in a local community institution. / AC2017
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Investigating adaptation strategies to climate change by smallholder farmers : evidence from, LesothoMorahanye, Mokhantso Lilian January 2017 (has links)
In Lesotho, agriculture is the dominant activity and involves crop and livestock production, range management and forestry activities. The current climatic variability in the country has caused decline in food production as result of increased dry spells, frequency of droughts and erratic rainfall. These climatic events are expected to have a significant impact on the livelihoods of the smallholder farmers. In combatting the harmful effects of climate change, smallholder farmers in Lesotho have employed various adaptation strategies based on their local knowledge and limited means. While these strategies may not be optimal they obviously constitute the basis for potentially effective improved technologies which can be developed and communicated through an efficient extension system, hence the need to precisely identify them and understand the factors that affect their choice. The main objective of this study was therefore, to identify the adaptation strategies and investigate the factors influencing smallholder farmers’ choice of those adaptation strategies. The study made use of multi-stage stratified sampling technique to select 160 respondents across four agro-ecological zones (lowlands, highlands, foothills and Senqu River Valley) in Leribe and Mohales’Hoek districts of Lesotho. Primary data for the study were collected using semi - structured questionnaire assisted with interview schedules administered on the respondents. Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics and the multinomial logistics regression model. The results show that there are more males than females, majority of the respondents’ attained primary education, and older people dominate the smallholder farming system. The adaptation strategies used in MNL model were soil and water management, crop management and livestock management. The results further revealed that soil and water management strategies were the most adopted climate change strategies amongst smallholder farmers. It is understood that marital status, age and gender, income, land tenure, crop grown, extension services, and agro-ecological zones are the determinant factors influencing the choice of the adaptation strategies. This study concludes by recommending that smallholder farmers should be sensitised about climate change and both government and non-government organisations working on climate change related issues should direct their attention to rural communities to ensure effective response to climate change.
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Typology of smallholder farming in South Africa’s former homelands : towards an appropriate classification systemPienaar, Petrus Louw 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The agriculture sector continues to be viewed as a vehicle through which economic growth
and development can be achieved; particularly for developing economies. This view is
incorporated in South Africa’s rural development framework in the National Development
Plan, which indicated that this sector will be the main driver in developing the country’s rural
economies. However, the South African agricultural sector is known to be dualistic;
consisting of a large-scale commercial and a small-scale subsistence sector. This study is
particularly focused on smallholder farming in South Africa, which have developed as a
result of the decades of government intervention that have guided reform driven by the
general political and economic philosophy of white domination. The most notable
interventions, which drew the line between white and black landholding, were the Natives’ Land
Acts of 1913 and 1936, followed by various policy interventions to support White, large-scale
agriculture.
The question remains whether or not an expanded smallholder sector can significantly
contribute to rural development, employment creation and poverty reduction in the former
homeland areas of South Africa. In order to answer this question, the need arises for reliable
data on smallholder farming, conceptual clarification on definitions of “smallholder” or
“small-scale” farmers and diversity among farming systems needs to be taken into account.
These considerations are crucial in order to design and implement effective rural development
policies. One way of addressing this question is the use of farm typologies. Given the diversity that exists
within agricultural systems, various schemes of classification have been developed and
evolved over time. The objective of this study is to provide an empirical framework that
would classify smallholder farmers in the former homeland areas of South Africa according
to their livelihood strategies. This study seeks to achieve the objective in three distinct ways.
Firstly, by giving a broad overview of the smallholder sector in South Africa. Secondly, by
utilizing Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques to identify farming households
situated in the former homeland areas, using the General Household Survey (GHS) and the
Income and Expenditure Survey (IES). Thirdly, apply multivariate statistical techniques,
specifically Principle Component Analysis (PCA) and Cluster Analysis (CA), to develop the
ultimate classification system.
The results from both typologies suggested eight distinct types or groups of farming
households in the former homeland areas. Important findings suggest that higher salary
incomes are crucial for the enablement of households to market their produce. Social grants
were found to be key in determining livelihood strategies among faming households, most
notably old age and child support grants. One of the groups that were identified was typically
food insecure, with their agricultural production not sufficiently feeding the household.
Lastly, direct agricultural support from the government was clearly focused on livestock
services which placed a minority of households at a distinct advantage to sell produce to the
market. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die landbousektor word algemeen gesien as een van die moontlike drywers vir ekonomiese
groei en landelike ontwikkeling, spesifiek in ontwikkelende lande. Hierdie siening word ook
uitgesonder deur die Suid-Afrikaanse ontwikkelingsraamwerk, en by name in die Nasionale
Ontwikkelingsplan wat aandui dat die landbousektor die hoofrol behoort te vervul om
landelike gebiede te ontwikkel. Die vermoë om hierdie mandaat uit te voer moet in die
konteks van die kenmerkende dualisme raakgesien word. Suid-Afrika het hoofsaaklik twee
tipes boere; grootskaalse kommersiële boere en kleinskaalse, meestal bestaansboere, wat
meestal in die voormalige tuislande opereer. Hierdie dualisme is die resultaat van verskeie
regeringsinmengings, hoofsaaklik gedryf deur die algemene politieke bestel, ideologie en
beleid wat op rasseklassifikasie gegrond was gedurende die vorige eeu. Sekerlik een van die
mees bekende was die Naturellegrond Wet van 1913 en 1936, wat die skeidingslyn tussen
swart en wit grondbesit ingestel het. Verder is verskeie wetgewings implimenteer om die
kommersiële landbousektor te bevoordeel gedurende hierdie tydperk..
In hierdie konteks is dit belangrik om te vra of die uitbreiding van die kleinskaalse
landbousektor werklik kan bydra tot landelike ontwikkeling, werkskepping en
armoedeverligting in die voormalige tuislande van Suid-Afrika. Om hierdie vraag te
beantwoord word betroubare inligting benodig, moet die konsep van “kleinskaalse boere”
uitgeklaar word en laastens moet diversiteit tussen verskillende boerderystelsels in ag geneem word. Die antwoorde op hierdie vrae is noodsaaklik vir die ontwikkeling en implimentering
van effektiewe landelike ontwikkelingsbeleid.
Die gebruik van boerderytipologieë is ‘n oplossing om hierdie kwessies aan te spreek.
Verskeie klassifikasiesisteme is in die verlede ontwikkel om die diversiteit in boerderystelsels
te ondersoek. Die hoof doel van hierdie studie is om ‘n empiriese raamwerk te ontwikkel om
kleinskaalse boerderye, wat in die voormalige tuislande voorkom, volgens hul
lewensbestaanstrategieë te klassifiseer. Om hierdie doelwit te bereik, sal die studie eerstens ‘n
oorsig gee van die kleinskaalse landbousektor in Suid-Afrika. Tweedens sal Geografiese
Inligtingstelsels (GIS) tegnieke gebruik word om spesifiek huishoudings in die voormalige
tuislande te indentifiseer in die Algemene Huishoudings Opname (AHO) en die Inkomste en
Uitgawes Opname (IUO). Derdens sal meerveranderlike statistieke gebruik word, spesifiek
Hoofkomponentanalise (HKA) en Bondelontleding (BO), om die klassifikasiesisteem te
ontwikkel.
Die resultate van die tipologieë wat in hierdie studie ontwikkel is gee agt spesifieke groepe
van boerderyhuishoudings. Hierdie groepe was beduidend verskillend van mekaar en elkeen
se lewenbestaanstrategieë word uitgewys. Die hoofbevindings dui aan dat addisionele
salarisinkomste ‘n belangrike rol speel in die vermoë van kleinskaalse boere om hul produkte
te verkoop. Verder is dit opmerklik dat maatskaplike toelaes ‘n aansienlike rol gespeel het in
die vorming van die groepe, spesifiek wat betref ouderdomspensioene en kindertoelae. Daar
is ook ‘n spesifieke groep huishoudings in beide tipologieë wat probleme ondervind om
voedselsekuriteit op huishoudelike vlak te handhaaf. Laastens wys die studie dat direkte
landbou-ondersteuning teenoor kleinskaalse boere ‘n kenmerkende fokus op
lewendehaweboerderye plaas wat sulke boerderye bevoordeel het om vir die mark te
produseer.
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Analysis of smallholders’ farm diversity and risk attitudes in the Stellenbosch local municipal areaTshoni, Simphiwe 04 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to consider whether smallholders operate within homogenous or
differentiated farming systems i.e. a similar “‘one type”’ system or a system that could be
described as a smallholder typology consisting of a number of farming types. The enquiry firstly
described and analysed farm diversity and then developed risk attitude profiles of smallholder
farmers in the Stellenbosch local municipal area in the Western Cape province of South Africa.
The problem statements, directing this study is that there is a general misconception that
smallholders are all “‘the same’” and that they all operate within one ‘“representative farming
model”’; and that the majority of smallholders are risk averse. These views also argue that all
smallholder farmers are not primarily directed at profit objectives, but that social considerations
are most relevant and that different social orientations are shaping farming systems. These views
are investigated in this study and the hypotheses directing this analysis is that smallholders in the
study area are not a homogenous group; rather types within a broader farming typology, with
different orientations and objectives and with different risk attitude profiles.
The study originated as part of an international collaborative investigation – the South African
Agrarian Diagnoses project, a joint research project of the Agro Paris Tech/Agence Francaise de
Development, the Standard Bank Centre for Agribusiness Development and Leadership,
Stellenbosch University and the University of Pretoria in to farmer diversity and farmer
typologies in South Africa. This investigation looked at smallholder farming in different agrogeographical
areas in South Africa, with this particular study focussing on potential smallholder
farmer diversity in the Stellenbosch local municipal area. The Stellenbosch local municipality
and Western Cape Department of Agriculture provided logistical support, information to this
investigation and participated in focus group sessions.
Smallholder activity in this study was defined to include both small scale farming activities and
the mobilisation of smallholders/farm workers in so-called ‘“farm worker equity schemes’” – a
type not included in the other regions. Data was collected from eight smallholders’ farming
communities and the four different farm workers’ equity share schemes through surveys and
interviews. The following towns and hamlets: Franschhoek, Kylemore, Lanquedoc (Herbal View
and Spier Corridor), Pniel, Jamestown, Raithby, Lynedoch and Koelenhof; and four farm workers’ equity share schemes were: Swartrivier vineyard project, Koopmanskloof vineyard
project, Enaleni Trust and Poker Hill vineyard project.
Personal interviews and focus group discussions were conducted and cluster analysis was used
for the diversity (typology) analysis and the Likert scale was employed to measure risk attitude
profiles. A non-probability sampling approach was used to select a sample size of 49
respondents. The reason for using non-probability sampling technique was that when one wants
to do the diversity analysis, one must try to include many respondents in the sample and the
farmers that are included must be representative of the population from which they are selected.
The variables selected as determinants of farm diversity included information about:
demographics and households, land ownership and occupation, farming activities, farming
objectives, agricultural inputs, labour, equipment, farming constraints, access to markets,
financial support services, educational and training services, extension services and reasons for
quitting farming activities. From this, different farming types and typologies were identified,
described and structured. Preference indications for different risk management strategies were
then used to measure and describe the risk attitudes of different types of smallholder farmers
using the Likert risk attitudinal scale.
The results and findings confirmed the study hypotheses relating to diversity in smallholder
farming in the target area, namely that smallholders in this geographical area are not a
homogenous group and rejects the stated hypotheses that most smallholder farmers are risk
averse. A Stellenbosch smallholder typology, with six different farming types were established
viz: type 1 – farmland-occupying but non-farming households (10.2% of the sample), type 2 –
pensioner – livestock farmers (16.3% of the sample), type 3 – part-time cattle farmers (14.3% of
the sample), type 4 – commercial equity share farmers (16.3% of the sample), type 5 – retirement
planning crop producers (20.4% of the sample), and type 6 – commercial crop producers (22.5%
of the sample).
With regard to risk profiles, risk attitudes varied between these types and also within each type,
hence risk attitudes for smallholders are also not found to be similar.
The results revealed that those smallholder farmers moving on a development path towards
commercial agriculture (types 4, 5 and 6) were risk preferring; less commercially orientated farm
types (types 1, 2 and 3), showed risk averse and risk neutral orientations. The risk profile
percentages of farmers interviewed were 43.2%, 34.1% and 22.7%, respectively for risk
preferring, risk neutral and risk averse; this finding rejects the stated hypotheses.
From these results, a number of issues, relevant to development support programmes, were
proposed for further agricultural economic research. The most important of these are related to:
appropriate development support strategies related to farm types and the potential development
paths for each type; and the structuring of appropriate ‘“risk management instruments”’ for each
type, in particular to support smallholder farmers; with a development trajectory towards
commercial farming, i.e. to support emerging commercial farmers – an important category of
farming listed in current government policy and in the National Development Plan. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doelwit van hierdie studie was om ondersoek in te stel na die tipe kleinboere-stelsel
(smallholder farming systems) wat voorkom in die Stellenbosch munisipale gebied in die
WesKaap provinsie van Suid Afrika en die eenvormigheid al dan nie daarvan te ontleed.
Eerstens is plaasdiversiteit ondersoek en ontleed; en daarna die risikohoudings van sondagie
kleinboere. Die ontledings is dan gebruik om uitspraak te gee oor die eenvormigheid of
diversiteit van kleinboerestelsels in die geogafiese gebied.
Die probleemstelling wat hierdie studie gerig het, was dat daar ’n algehele wanbegrip mag
bestaan dat kleinboere almal “dieselfde” is, of binne n ‘“eenvormige verteenwoordigende
boerderymodel”’ funksioneer; en dat, gekoppel hieraan, die meerderheid kleinboere risikoafkerig
is. Hierdie sienings hou ook voor dat alle kleinboere nie noodwendig op winsdoelwitte
fokus nie, maar dat maatskaplike oorwegings ook relevant is en dat verskillende oriëntasies
boerderystelsels vorm.
Hierdie sienings word in hierdie studie ondersoek en die hipotese wat die analise rig, is dat die
kleinboere in die studie nie ’n eenvormige of homogene groep is nie, eerder verskillende
soorte/tipes kleinboere met verskillende oriëntasies en doelwitte en dus ook met verskillende
risikohoudings.
Die studie het sy oorsprong as deel van ’n internasionale samewerkende ondersoek – die South
African Agrarian Diagnoses-projek van die Agro Paris Tech/Agence Francaise de Development,
die Standard Bank Sentrum vir Agribesigheidsontwikkeling en Leierskap, Universiteit van
Stellenbosch endie Universiteit van Pretoria oor die diversiteit en tipologieë van kleinboere in
Suid Afrika. Hierdie ondersoek het gekyk na verskillende agro-geologiese gebiede in SuidAfrika,
met hierdie studie wat gefokus het op die potensiële diversiteit van boere in die
Stellenbosse plaaslike munisipale gebied. Die Stellenbosche Munisipaliteit en Departement van
Landbou in die Wes Kaap het ondersteunend gestaan met logistiek en deelname aan fokusgroep
gesprekke.
Kleinboeraktiwiteit in hierdie studie is gedefinieer om beide kleinskaalse boerderyaktiwiteite op
klein grond persele, as ook die mobilisering van kleinboere/plaaswerkers in sogenaamde
gedeelde boerdery - eienaarskapskemas in te sluit – n unieke tipe wat nie in die ander streke
ondersoek is nie.. Data is vanuit agt kleinboergemeenskappe en die vier verskillende gedeelde
eienaarskapskemas vir plaaswerkers deur middel van opnames en onderhoude bekom. Die
boerderygemeenskappe was in die volgende dorpe en klein dorpies gevestig: Franschhoek,
Kylemore, Lanquedoc (Herbal View en Spier Corridor), Pniel, Jamestown, Raithby, Lynedoch
en Koelenhof; en die vier gedeelde eienaarskapskemas vir plaaswerkers was: die Swartrivier
wingerdprojek, die Koopmanskloof wingerdprojek, Enaleni Trust en die Poker Hill
wingerdprojek.
Persoonlike onderhoude en fokusgroepbesprekings is gehou en cluster analise is gebruik vir die
diversiteit (tipologie) analise en die Likertskaal is gebruik risiko houding profiele te meet. 'N niewaarskynlikheidsteekproefneming
benadering is gebruik om 'n steekproefgrootte van 49
respondente te kies. Die rede vir die gebruik van nie-waarskynlikheidsteekproefneming tegniek
was dat wanneer 'n mens die diversiteit ontleding te doen, moet 'n mens probeer om soveel
respondente in die monster en die boere wat ingesluit is, moet verteenwoordigend van die
bevolking waaruit hulle gekies word om te sluit.
Onderhoude is gedoen met sulke kleinboere en trosanalise is gebruik vir die analise van
diversiteit (tipologie), en die Likert-skaal is gebruik om risikohoudingsprofiele te meet. Die
veranderlikes wat as determinante van plaasdiversiteit gekies is, het inligting oor demografie en
huishoudings, grondeienaarskap en -besetting, boerderyaktiwiteite, boerderydoelwitte,
landboukundige insette, arbeid, toerusting, boerderybeperkings, marktoegang, finansiële
ondersteuningsdienste, opvoedkundige en opleidingsdienste, uitbreidingsdienste en redes
hoekom boerdery laat vaar is, ingesluit. Hieruit is verskillende boerderytipes geïdentifiseer en
gekonstrueer. Voorkeure opsies vir verskillende risikobestuurstrategieë is gebruik om die
risikohoudings van die deur middel van die Likert risikohoudingskaal te meet.
Die resultate van hierdie studie het die hipotese oor die aanwesigheid van diversiteit bevestig,
naamlik dat kleinboere in hierdie geografiese gebied nie ’n homogene groep is nie n verwerp die
gestelde hipoteses dat die meeste kleinboere is risiko-sku. ’n Stellenbosch-tipologie, bestaande
uit ses verskillende boerderytipes, is vasgestel: tipe 1 – huishoudings wat nie boer nie maar wat
op landbougrond woon (10.2% van die monster), tipe 2 – pensioenaris-veeboere (16.3% van die
monster), tipe 3 – deeltydse veeboere (14.3% van die monster), tipe 4 – kommersiële gedeelde
eienaarskapskema boere (16.3% van die monster), tipe 5 – gewasprodusente wat aftrede beplan
(20.4% van die monster), en tipe 6 – kommersiële gewasprodusente (22.5% van die monster).
Met betrekking tot risikoprofiele het risikohoudings tussen die tipes en ook binne elke tipe
gewissel, dus is die risikohoudings van kleinboere ook nie gevind om dieselfde te wees nie.
Die resultate toon dat kleinboere wat in die rigting van kommersiële landbou beweeg (tipes 4, 5
en 6) risiko-voorkeurend is; daarenteen het minder kommersieel gerigte plaastipes (tipes 1, 2 en
3)risiko-afkerige en risiko-neutrale instellings getoon. In die geheel was die persentasies 43,2%,
34.1% en 22.7% vir risiko-voorkeurend, risiko-neutraal en risiko-afkerig onderskeidelik, wat ook
die diversiteitshipotese ondersteun.
Vanuit hierdie bevindings word ’n aantal kwessies wat relevant is vir
ontwikkelingsondersteuningsprogramme vir kleinboere op verskillende ontwikkelingstrajekte,
voorgestel vie verder elandbou ekonomiese navorsing. Die belangrikste hiervan hou verband met
die aangewese ontwikkelingstrajekte per kleinboer tipe en daarmeegepaardgaande gepaste
“risikobestuurinstrumente” – veral vir die ondersteuning van kleinboere met ’n
ontwikkelingstrajek na kommersiële boerdery, m.a.w. opkomende kommersiële boere – ’n
belangrike boerderykategorie wat in huidige regeringsbeleid en in die Nasionale
Ontwikkelingsplan geprioritiseer word.
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Key factors influencing smallholder market participation in the former homelands of South Africa : case study of the Eastern CapeHlomendlini, Pilile Hamlet 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study uses a double-hurdle (DH) model to examine the key factors influencing market participation decisions among maize-producing households in the former homelands of South Africa. In the first stage of the double-hurdle model, using data on South African rural maize growers, the decision whether or not to participate (binary variable) is used to estimate the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE), which is assumed to follow a probit model. In the second stage, the conditional quantity sold (continuous variable) is assumed to follow a truncated normal regression model, whereby the MLE is estimated by fitting a truncated normal regression into the quantity sold.
The results of the double-hurdle regression point specifically to five key factors that were found to have a positive statistical effect on rural smallholders’ market participation decisions, and on the conditional quantity of maize they traded (viz. household size, land size, access to credit and government transfers for the first stage, which was estimated using the probit model, and age, education and employment status of the household head, use of tractor when cultivating, government transfers, quantity produced, market price, and own transport to the market for the second stage which was estimated using truncated normal regression).
Based on the findings highlighted above, it is recommended that the integration of rural smallholders as market participants cannot be achieved without effective policy interventions that create and sustain an enabling environment that encourages greater participation. This includes improving access to land and road infrastructure; providing extension services and making available relevant advice and information related to both production and marketing aspects; and enhancing the accessibility of both credit and production input. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie maak gebruik van die dubbel-hekkie (DH) model om die vernaamste faktore te ondersoek wat besluite oor markdeelname onder mielieproduserende huishoudings in die voormalige tuislande van Suid-Afrika beïnvloed. In die eerste stadium van die double-hurdle model, met gebruik van data oor landelike Suid-Afrikaanse mieliekwekers, is die besluit oor deelname of andersins (binêre veranderlike) gebruik om die maksimum-aanneemlikheidsberaming (maximum likelihood estimation (MLE)) te skat wat aanvaar word om op ’n probit-model te volg. In die tweede stadium is die voorwaardelike hoeveelheid verkoop (kontinue veranderlike) aanvaar om op ’n afgeknotte normale regressiemodel te volg, waardeur die MLE beraam word deur ’n afgeknotte normale regressie in die hoeveelheid verkoop te pas.
Die resultate van die dubbel-hekkie regressie dui spesifiek op vyf sleutelfaktore wat gevind is om ’n positiewe statistiese effek op landelike kleinboere se markdeelnamebesluite te hê, en op die voorwaardelike hoeveelheid van mielies wat hulle verhandel (naamlik grootte van die huishouding, grootte van die grond, toegang tot krediet en regeringsoordragte vir die eerste stadium, wat geskat is deur gebruik te maak van die probit-model, en ouderdom, opvoeding en indiensnemingstatus van die hoof van die huishouding, gebruik van trekker tydens bewerking, regeringsoordragte, hoeveelheid geproduseer, markprys en eie vervoer na die mark vir die tweede stadium, wat geskat is met afgeknotte normale regressie).
Gebaseer op die bevindings wat hierbo uitgelig is, word daar aangeraai dat die integrasie van landelike kleinboere as markdeelnemers nie moontlik is sonder doeltreffende beleidsingrypings wat ’n instaatstellende omgewing skep en onderhou wat groter deelname sal aanmoedig. Dit sluit in verbeterde toegang tot grond en pad-infrastruktuur; verskaffing van voorligtingdienste en relevante raad en inligting m.b.t. produksie- en bemarkingsaspekte; en die verbetering van toegang tot beide krediet en produksie-insette.
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Smallholder farmers in Ekurhuleni : the challenges and constraints of access to agricultural marketsRaphela, Maropeng Gilmore Matthias 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: There is substantial evidence supported by literature that many smallholder farmers can benefit
from agricultural markets and commercialisation. This research examines the challenges and
constraints that smallholder farmers have to deal with in the study area and what needs to be done
to overcome the barriers to market access. An argument was made that identification of these
barriers could lead to the necessary interventions and assist in institutional innovation to alleviate
market constraints and challenges faced by smallholder farmers.
The qualitative approach was deemed appropriate and entailed the face to face method in the
collection of data through the use of structured questionnaires. Smallholder farmers in Tembisa,
involved in the production and marketing of specific agricultural commodities were visited to
investigate the challenges and constraints facing them. The Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality’s
database of smallholder farmers was used to access the smallholder farmers involved in the
production of selected vegetables in Tembisa.
The study revealed that access to land, access to agricultural inputs, access to credit, market
information, infrastructure and farmer support services were barriers to market participation. The
lack or limited access to these resources will affect the manner in which smallholder farmers
benefit from the opportunities available in the agricultural markets in respect of the quality and
quantity of the agricultural produce.
Whilst the fresh produce market and supermarkets in the area have extended a hand of
cooperation and business relationship with smallholder farmers, there is currently no formal
existing relationship since they are unable to exploit those opportunities due to their inability to
comply with the required standards set by the market. Most of their produce is sold at the farm
gate, local community and to the hawkers.
It is expected that addressing such barriers may create enabling conditions that would encourage
smallholder farmers to access and participate more effectively in markets. Such efforts could
improve the ability of smallholder farmers to become part of the mainstream or commercial
agricultural economy. Some barriers and constraints require direct intervention by government and
policy makers have to institute agricultural policy reforms to incorporate smallholder farmers within
large scale agriculture.
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n Kommunikasiestrategie vir die Nasionale Departement van Landbou ter ondersteuning van kleinboerontwikkelingViljoen, Hendrik Christophel 03 1900 (has links)
Dissertation (PhD)--Stellenbosch University 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: It is indeed possible for agricultural institutions to render optimum services to farmers provided
that such services meet the requirements of the farmers. Insofar as the agricultural extension
and information arm of these services operated in the past, the emphasis was on keeping
abreast - on a scientific basis - of the needs of commercial farming. The reason for this was
that over the years a clear picture of the commercial farmer as individual and his particular
needs had emerged and the focus was on this.
The opposite is true of developing agriculture. It is evident from available literature that there
are substantial differences between them, and that these may well have a very real influence
on the nature of their information requirements. Inadequate knowledge and information
concerning the developing farmer - mainly as a result of very little personal contact at grassroots
level - therefore create a gap in the armour of the National Department of Agriculture
(NDA) as a service organisation. This study is aimed at making a contribution to this
inadequate - often totally lacking - pool of knowledge and to formulate a strategy that could
narrow this gap.
To gain an insight into and become conversant with the world of small farmers and subsistence
farmers and the influence that the realities of their lifestyle may ultimately have on their
ultimate information requirements and the implementation thereof, a profile was compiled of
traditional small-scale farmers in several Rural Areas of the Western Cape Province. This
information was acquired from recent surveys and studies carried out in these areas. Using this
profile as background, an attempt was made to describe the information environment by using
a qualitative investigation method known as the focus group data collection technique.
The findings of the investigation show that the very real need for land ownership and the
availability of financial assistance are primary needs. Before these problems are solved to the
satisfaction of small farmers, it can not be expected that they will identify information as a high
priority. As regards the utilisation of specific channels of information, fellow-farmers and
agricultural extension officers are identified as the most important personal channels, with the
radio and printed media as the major mass-media channels. In the absence of a departmental communication strategy, development support
communication (DSC) is put forward as a potential strategy to bridge the shortcomings that
emerged form the investigation. In fact, DSCis the liaison between interest groups with a view
to reaching consensuswhich leads to action in which the interests, needs and abilities of all role
players are taken into account. The role of the go-between to act as mediator between
ground-level communities and institutions such as the NDA's Directorate of Communication, and
extension and research would also be vital. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Institusionele dienslewering in die landbou kan optimaal geskied mits dit aan die behoeftes
van boere voldoen. Sover dit landbouvoorligting en -inligting as die ondersteuningsarm
daarvan betref, is in die verlede op wetenskaplike grondslag tred gehou met die behoeftes van
die kommersiële boerdery aangesien 'n kennispoeloor tyd opgebou is oor dié boer as persoon
en sy besondere behoeftes.
In ontwikkelingslandbou geld die teendeel. Uit die literatuur blyk dit dat daar aansienlike
verskille tussen kommersiële en kleinboere bestaan wat 'n wesentlike invloed op hul
inligtingsbehoeftes mag uitoefen. 'n Onvoldoende kennispoel van die ontwikkelende landbouer,
grootliks as gevolg van weinige grondvlakkontak, skep gevolglik 'n gaping in die mondering van
die Nasionale Departement van Landbou (NDL) as diensleweringsorganisasie. Die studie is
daarop gerig om 'n bydrae te lewer tot die gebrekkige en dikwels algehele ontbrekende
kennispoel en 'n strategie voor te hou ten einde die gaping te vernou.
Ten einde op hoogte te kom met die leefwêreld van kleinboere en bestaansboereen die invloed
wat die gegewe mag uitoefen op hul uiteindelike inligtingsbehoeftes en -benutting, is 'n profiel
saamgestel van tradisionele kleinboere in verskeie Landelike Gebiede van die Provinsie Wes-
Kaap. Die inligting is bekom uit resente opnames en studies wat in die Gebiede uitgevoer is.
Met die profiel as agtergrond, is voortgegaan om kleinboere in Landelike Gebiede se
inligtingsomge_wingte beskryf deur gebruik te maak van 'n kwalitatiewe ondersoekmetode
bekend as die fokusgroepdata-insamelingstegniek.
Die bevindings van die ondersoek toon dat die behoefte aan grondbesit en die beskikbaarheid
van finansiële hulpbronne primêre behoeftes is. Alvorens dit tot bevrediging van kleinboere
opgelos word, kan nie verwag word dat inligting as 'n hoë prioriteit deur hulle beleef sal word
nie. Wat die benutting van spesifieke inligtingskanale betref, word medeboere en
landbouvoorligters as die belangrikste persoonlike kanale gemeld, met die radio en die gedrukte
media as die belangrikste massamediakanale. By gebrek aan 'n departementele kommunikasiestrategie word ontwikkelingsteunkommunikasie
(aSK) as 'n potensiële strategie voorgehou om die leemtes te oorbrug wat in die ondersoek
aangetoon is. aSK is in wese die skakeling tussen belangegroepe met die oog op
konsensusbereiking wat oorgaan tot aksie en waarin die belange, behoeftes en vermoëns van
alle rolspelers in berekening gebring word. Van groot belang in die aSK-strategie is die rol van
die tussenganger wat bemiddelend optree tussen grondvlakgemeenskappe en instellings soos
die NDL se direktoraat Kommunikasie, landbouvoorligters en selfs navorsers.
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Assessment of small-holder farmers' vulnerability to the 2004/2005 drought in Makhado municipalityNethavhani, Ntavhanyeni G. 14 June 2013 (has links)
A research report for the partial fulfillment of Masters degree in the school of Geography and Environmental studies, Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2007. / Unable to load abstract
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Socio-economic impact of land restitution in the Ehlanzeni district, MpumalangaNxesi, T W 10 August 2016 (has links)
This paper is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for a Master‟s Degree in the Department of Public and Development Management
March 2015 / This research presents an assessment of the socio-economic impact of land restitution on people‟s livelihoods with specific reference to the Ehlanzeni District. South Africa`s constitution since the advent of democracy, accompanied by the adoption of its post-apartheid legislative framework, provides for restitution of the land as a way of correcting historical imbalances. More specifically, section 25(7) of the South African constitution provides the opportunity for people who were dispossessed of their land after the 19th June 1913 to have their land rights restored by means of restitution.
South Africa‟s land restitution process is predicated on restorative forms of historical redress, which is counter to retributive forms of historical redress. The lodging of land claims requires historical evidence of dispossession, and in most rural cases claims are lodged collectively by communities rather than individual citizens. This may be problematic due to social differentiation that may have been caused by years of societal breakdown. Land dispossession was one of the most important determinants of the social and economic configurations in South Africa; therefore land restitution constitutes a central aspect of correcting historical injustice and a clear understanding of the restitution processes is necessary in order to understand the impact of restitution programmes. This study adopted qualitative research methods since the issues to be researched are people‟s experiences, which are dynamic and complex phenomena. An assessment of the claims was done; semi-structured interviews were conducted with the purpose of assessing the implications of the restitution, including interviewing the farming community to understand their experiences after restitution had taken place and their perception of the impact of restitution projects on their livelihoods.
ii
The interviews revealed a great deal of improvement in the ownership, greater access to infrastructure and to an extent, the ability of the beneficiaries to run farms. However, even when participants expressed their commitment and satisfaction, the socio-economic impact on their livelihoods are limited. The study recommends an in depth interrogation of the small-scale farming model and particular emphasis placed on monitoring of projects.
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A socioeconomic analysis of factors that affect the adoption of agroforestry technologies in the Eastern Cape province of South AfricaZerihun, Mulatu Fekadu. January 2014 (has links)
D. Tech. Business Administration / The objective of the study is to explore factors that affect the adoption of agroforestry (here after AF) technology in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Contrary to what is known about most of the countries in the Southern African (SADC) region, the practice of agro forestry (AF) is not well developed in South Africa. This problem is directly related to the dualistic nature of the agriculture sector in the country, and this fact has led to bias against smallholder farmers. The Eastern Cape Province was selected for the study due to its vast potential for agricultural development in general, and AF practices in particular.
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