Pecan kernels from six cultivars were analyzed for phenolic content and antioxidant properties. In addition, kernels from two cultivars were irradiated with 0, 1.5 and 3.0 kGy using E-Beam irradiation and stored in accelerated conditions (40 °C and 55% R.H.). Changes in phytochemical profile and antioxidant properties were monitored for 134 days. Cultivars differed greatly in their phytochemical content. Total extractable phenolic content (TP) ranged from 62 to 106 milligrams of chlorogenic acid equivalents per gram of defatted kernel. Antioxidant capacity (AC) measured by the DPPH free radical had a strong correlation with TP. Shells from each cultivar were 6, 4.5 and 18 times greater for TP, AC and condensed tannin content (CT). Gallic and ellagic acids, epicatechin and catechin were identified in hydrolyzed extracts of all cultivars. Prior to hydrolysis, no compounds were positively identified. Fatty acid profile of kernel oil had a strong inverse correlation between oleic and linoleic oil. Kernels from the same cultivar but different location differed in their fatty acid composition but had similar TP. Irradiation of â Kanzaâ and â Desirableâ kernels with 1.5 and 3.0 kGy had no detrimental effects on AC and TP by the end of experiments. Phenolic profile was similar for all treatments. Tocopherol content decreased with irradiation treatments, but no further degradation was observed throughout storage. Peroxide values increased slightly after 98 and 134 days of storage for â Desirableâ kernels, with slight differences between controls and irradiated samples. Color of kernels decreased in lightness and yellowness and increased in redness with no differences between irradiated samples and controls. For the first time the effect of pecan cultivar and E-Beam irradiation was assessed in phytochemical and antioxidant attributes of pecan kernels. Additionally, irradiation with E-Beam had no significant detrimental effects in phytochemical composition and only a slight increase in peroxide value, indicating potential as pecan kernel sanitization.

Abstract Sheep fat contains relatively high levels of saturated fatty acids while poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are toxic to cellulolytic bacteria and are also saturated in the rumen. Stabilization of residual oil in sunflower oilcake by conversion into calcium salts would be advantageous. Alpha lipoic acid acts as an anti-oxidant to ameliorate the effects of oxidative stress caused by high dietary levels of PUFA. Residual oil (14%) in mechanically extracted (expeller) sunflower oilcake (SFOC) was saponified in situ and compared in a complete feedlot diet (100 g crude protein and 31 g extractable fat/kg feed) with commercially extracted oilcake containing 2.4% residual oil (control diet with 29 g fat and 123 g crude protein kg feed) fed to four groups of 10 SA Mutton Merino weaner lambs (ca. 23 kg) for nine weeks. Both diets were fed either with, or without a weekly oral dosing of 500 mg α-lipoic acid. Fatty acid composition was determined on back fat samples while thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) were determined on samples of m. longissimus dorsi stored for zero and six months and displayed for six days. The back fat of the lambs on the saponified expeller SFOC diets contained significantly higher levels of saturated fatty acids and lower levels of mono-unsaturated fatty acids. PUFA were unaffected. High TBARS levels (>1.0) were found after six months storage. Non significant increases in TBARS were observed in the groups that received lipoic acid.

Fatty acid transport across the plasma membrane is an important site of regulation in skeletal muscle lipid metabolism, and is governed by a number of fatty acid transport proteins including, CD36, FABPpm, and FATP1 and 4. While each transporter is capable of independently stimulating fatty acid transport, less is known about their specific functions under various metabolic conditions, although CD36 appears to be key. The purpose of this thesis was to examine skeletal muscle fatty acid metabolism in several rodent models where CD36 has been altered, particularly via whole body deletion, by muscle specific overexpression, or in the face of permanent redistribution of CD36 to the plasma membrane. Using these models, this thesis sought to answer the following questions: 1) Is caffeine-stimulated fatty acid oxidation CD36-dependent? 2) Does CD36 function in tandem with FABPpm, and does this enhance fatty acid uptake at the plasma membrane and/or influence the metabolic fate of incoming fatty acids? 3) Is intramuscular lipid distribution altered in a rodent model of obesity, in which CD36-mediated fatty acid uptake is increased? Specific novel findings include the following: 1) Caffeine-stimulated calcium release can elicit the translocation of a number of fatty acid transporters in skeletal muscle, but CD36 is essential for caffeine-induced increases in fatty acid uptake and oxidation. 2) In spite of difficulties associated with protein co-overexpression, it appears that simultaneous overexpression of CD36 and FABPpm enhances fatty acid transport across the plasma membrane, and that these transporters may collaborate to increase insulin-induced fatty acid esterification and AICAR-induced oxidation. 3) Finally, in the obese Zucker rat model, augmented CD36-dependent fatty acid transport into muscle in combination with elevated lipid supply, results in lipid accretion within the IMF region of muscle, an effect that could not be explained by compartment-specific changes in selected glycerolipid synthesizing enzymes. Taken together, these studies emphasize the importance of CD36 in the regulation of plasmalemmal fatty acid transport, and further elucidate the metabolic implication of CD36 alteration on overall skeletal muscle metabolism.

Obesity and type 2 diabetes are the most prevalent metabolic diseases in the western world and affect over 50% of the world’s population. During obesity non-adipose tissues such as the liver and skeletal muscle take up and store excess fatty acids (FA) as lipids such as triacylglycerols (TAG) and diacylglycerols (DAG). Excessive lipid storage in non-adipose tissues can result in the dysfunction of cellular processes and lead to programmed cell death (apoptosis). Lipid-induced apoptosis was investigated in the key glucoregulatory tissues, the liver and skeletal muscle. Lipid-induced apoptosis was detected in vitro in both hepatocytes and myotubes but was not detected in the livers or skeletal muscles of genetically obese mice or high-fat fed mice. Further investigation discovered despite exacerbated TAG accumulation, endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER) was not activated in the liver and pathways of cellular remodelling (proteolysis and autophagy) were not initiated in skeletal muscle. These studies demonstrated that the liver and skeletal muscle are adaptable to increased lipid storage in physiological models but not isolated cell culture systems. In vitro experiments demonstrated unsaturated FAs could protect hepatocytes from lipoapoptosis and it has been suggested this is due to driving FA accumulation into TAG lipid droplets. Adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) is one of the primary TAG lipases. To explore TAG metabolism in the liver, primary hepatocytes were derived from ATGL null mice and ATGL was over-expressed in the livers of chronically obese mice. / It was found that cellular FA uptake and TAG esterification was increased and TAG lipolysis and FA oxidation were decreased in the ATGL null hepatocytes. This resulted in exacerbated TAG and diacylglycerol (DAG) storage. The gene expression of metabolic regulators such as cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2 (COX2), medium chain acyl Co-A dehydrogenase (MCAD), peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor co-activator 1! (PGC1!), nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1) and FA translocase/cluster of differentiation 36 (FAT/CD36) were increased in ATGL null hepatocytes compared with wild type hepatocytes, suggesting that the reduction in FA oxidation in the ATGL null hepatocytes was probably due to limited FA substrate availability. Interestingly, despite increased TAG and DAG, the hepatocytes remained insulin sensitive. To investigate hepatic ATGL over-expression an adenovirus containing an ATGL insert was injected into chronic high fat fed mice. Hepatic ATGL over-expression in the iii chronically obese mice reduced TAG, DAG and ceramide content in the liver. This resulted in improved hepatic insulin signalling and whole body insulin sensitivity. In summary, studies from this thesis suggested the use of in vitro systems are not a substitute for in vivo models when assessing the toxic effects of lipid oversupply, TAG accumulation may be a protective mechanism against cellular remodelling and programmed cell death, and increased ATGL expression in the liver can reduce hepatic steatosis and enhance whole body insulin sensitivity. Therefore, increasing hepatic ATGL expression could be a therapeutic approach to treat obesity and type 2 diabetes.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1962. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1963. / Typescript. Abstracted in Dissertation abstracts, v. 23 (1963) no. 9, p. 3111-2. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1968. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Thirty-one strains from the genus Bacteriods (12 species and subspecies) were tentatively identified using cellular fatty acid analysis. The procedures were slightly modified to permit use of packed-column, thermal conductivity instruments, such as would be found in clinical laboratories currently using analysis of volatile/non volatile fatty acids as part of a scheme for the identification of anaerobes. Different types of rapid extraction and commonly used meida . Teh overall rate of correct identification for the black-pigmented and related species of Bacteriodes was 67%. The considerable savings of time in obtaining presumed identification using inexpensive material may be of interest for the routine clinical microbiology laboratory.

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentis) is a warm weather vegetable crop with seed characteristics similar to cotton. Putative similarities between these crops make okra a potential candidate as a biodiesel feedstock. The objectives of this research are to determine an optimal inter and intra-row spacing combination to maximize seed yield, and determine optimal plant characteristics for seed yield, oil production, and fatty acid profiles. Data indicated treatments of (22.86 x 7.62, 22.86 x 22.86, and 45.72 x 30.48 cm) were better than 91.44 x 15.24 cm with respect to seed yield, although, 45.72 x 30.48 and 91.44 x 15.24 cm are the same plant population. Variety trials indicated that Annie Oakley II produced substantial seed and oil yields of 3547 kg ha-1 and 1376 L ha-1, respectively in 2009. Data indicated palmitic, linoleic, and linolenic acids to be the primary constituents of okraseed oil.

Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第19046号 / 農博第2124号 / 新制||農||1032 / 31997 / 京都大学大学院農学研究科応用生命科学専攻 / (主査)教授 小川 順, 教授 加納 健司, 教授 植田 充美 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当