Iron-sulfur clusters are protein cofactors that are critical for all life forms. Elaborate multi-component systems have evolved for the biosynthesis of these cofactors to protect organisms from the toxic effects of free iron and sulfide ions. In eukaryotes, the Fe-S cluster assembly machinery operates in the matrix space of the mitochondria and contains a myriad of proteins that mediate sulfur, iron, and electron transfer to assemble Fe-S clusters on the scaffold protein ISCU2 and then distribute these clusters to target proteins. Our lab has recently described stable 3, and 4-protein complexes composed of the cysteine desulfurase NFS1, the co-chaperone ISD11, and ISCU2 (SDU), and NFS1, ISD11, ISCU2, and FXN (SDUF) subunits. In the latter, SDUF, FXN functions as an allosteric activator switching this assembly complex on for Fe-S cluster biosynthesis. Insufficient expression of the mitochondrial protein FXN leads to a progressive neurodegenerative disease, Friedreich's Ataxia (FRDA). In ~2% of patients, FRDA is caused by one of 15 known missense mutations on one allele accompanied by the GAA repeat on the other leading to a complicated phenotype that includes loss of Fe-S clusters. Here we present in vitro evidence that FRDA FXN variants are deficient in their ability to bind the SDU complex, their ability to stimulate the sulfur transfer reaction from NFS1 to ISCU2, and in their ability to stimulate the rate of cluster assembly on ISCU2. Here, in vitro evidence is presented that FXN accelerates the sulfur transfer reaction from NFS1 to ISCU2. Additionally, we present kinetic evidence that identifies the most buried cysteine residue, C104 on ISCU2 as the sulfur acceptor residue suggesting, FXN stabilizes a conformational change to facilitate sulfur delivery. Subsequent mutational studies suggest FXN binding to SDU results in a helix to coil transition in ISCU2 exposing C104 to accept the persulfide sulfur and thereby accelerating the rate of sulfur transfer. We further provide the first biochemical evidence that the persulfide transferred to ISCU2 from NFS1 is viable in Fe-S cluster formation. In contrast to human FXN, the Escherichia coli FXN homolog CyaY has been reported to inhibit Fe-S cluster biosynthesis. To resolve this discrepancy, a series of inter-species enzyme kinetic experiments were performed. Surprisingly, our results reveal that activation or inhibition by the frataxin homolog is determined by which cysteine desulfurase is present and not by the identity of the frataxin homolog. These data are consistent with a model in which the frataxin-less Fe-S assembly complex exists as a mixture of functional and nonfunctional states, which are stabilized by binding of frataxin homologs. Intriguingly, this appears to be an unusual example in which modifications to an enzyme during evolution inverts or reverses the mode of control imparted by a regulatory molecule.

This thesis highlights a divergent mitochondrial intermembrane assembly pathway in the parasitic protist Trypanosoma brucei. A comparative genomic study reveals the connection of Erv1 with the cytosolic iron-sulfur protein assembly (CIA) pathway in trypanosomatids. Further, the CIA machinery of T. brucei has been described using RNAi interference and other biochemical and complementation assays. Finally, part of the divergent CIA machinery has been identified in the human intestinal pathogen Giardia intestinalis by means of complementation assays in T. brucei.

No description available.

A system was developed for the controlled expression of genes in Azotobacter vinelandii by using genomic fusions to the sucrose catabolic regulon. This system was used for the functional analysis of the A. vinelandii isc genes, whose products are involved in the maturation of [Fe-S] proteins. For this analysis the scrX gene, contained within the sucrose catabolic regulon, was replaced by the A. vinelandii iscS, iscU, iscA, hscB, hscA, fdx, iscX gene cluster, resulting in duplicate genomic copies of these genes, one whose expression is directed by the normal isc regulatory elements (Pisc) and the other whose expression is directed by the scrX promoter (PscrX). Functional analysis of [Fe-S] protein maturation components was achieved by placing a mutation within a particular Pisc-controlled gene with subsequent repression of the corresponding PscrX-controlled component by growth on glucose as the carbon source. This experimental strategy was used to show that IscS, IscU, HscBA and Fdx are essential in A. vinelandii and that their depletion results in a deficiency in the maturation of aconitase, an enzyme that requires a [4Fe-4S] cluster for its catalytic activity. Depletion of IscA results in null growth only when cells are cultured under conditions of elevated oxygen, marking the first null phenotype associated with the loss of a bacterial IscA-type protein. Furthermore, the null growth phenotype of cells depleted for HscBA could be partially reversed by culturing cells under conditions of low oxygen. These results are interpreted to indicate that HscBA and IscA could have functions related to the protection or repair of the primary IscS/IscU machinery when grown under aerobic conditions. Conserved amino acid residues within IscS, IscU, and IscA that are essential for their respective functions and/or display a partial or complete dominant-negative growth phenotype were also identified using this system. Inactivation of the IscR repressor protein resulted in a slow growth phenotype that could be specifically attributed to the elevated expression of an intact [Fe-S] cluster biosynthetic system. This system was also used to investigate the extent to which the two [Fe-S] biosynthetic systems in A. vinelandii, Nif and Isc, can perform overlapping functions. Under normal laboratory growth conditions, no cross-talk between the two systems could be detected. However, elevated expression of Isc components as a consequence of inactivation of the IscR repressor protein results in a modest ability of the Isc [Fe-S] protein maturation components to replace the function of Nif-specific [Fe-S] protein maturation components. Similarly, when expressed at very high levels the Nif-specific [Fe-S] protein maturation components could functionally replace the Isc components. Oxygen levels were also found to affect the ability of the Nif and Isc systems to perform common functions. Nevertheless, the lack of significant reciprocal cross-talk between the Nif and Isc systems when they are produced only at levels necessary to satisfy their respective physiological functions, indicates a high level of target specificity with respect to [Fe-S] protein maturation. / Ph. D.

Strikt anaerobe Bakterien wie Clostridium difficile und C. scatologenes verwenden GRE, um die chemisch ungünstige Decarboxylierung von 4-Hydroxyphenylacetat zu p-Cresol zu katalysieren. Das Enzymsystem besteht aus einer Decarboxylase und dem zugehörigen Aktivierungsenzym. Die 4-Hydroxyphenylacetat-Decarboxylase (4Hpad) besitzt zusätzlich zum Protein-basierten Glycinradikal eine weitere Untereinheit mit bis zu zwei [4Fe-4S] Clustern und repräsentiert hierdurch eine neue Klasse von Fe/S-Cluster-haltigen GREs, die aromatische Verbindungen umsetzen. Das Aktivierungsenzym (4Hpad-AE) weicht vom Standardtypus ab, indem es zusätzlich zum S-Adenosylmethionin(SAM)-bindenden [4Fe-4S]-Cluster (RS-Cluster) mindestens einen weiteren [4Fe-4S]-Cluster bindet. In dieser Studie wurden heterologe Expressions- und Reinigungsprotokolle für 4Hpad und 4Hpad-AE entwickelt. Kristallstrukturen von 4Hpad cokristallisiert mit den Substraten (4-Hydroxyphenylacetat, 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetat) und dem Inhibitor (4-Hydroxyphenylacetamid) zeigten geringe strukturelle Änderungen im aktiven Zentrum des Proteins. Die Radikalbildung am 4Hpad-AE wurde durch die Überprüfung einer klassischen reduktiven Spaltung von SAM zu den Reaktionsprodukten 5’-Deoxyadenosin und Methionin bestätigt. EPR- und Mössbauer-Spektroskopische Analysen zeigten, dass 4Hpad-AE mindestens einen zusätzlichen [4Fe-4S] Cluster neben dem einzelnen RS-Cluster enthält. Die katalytische Notwendigkeit eines zusätzlichen Clusters wurde durch eine Mutationsanalyse untersucht, wobei eine verkürzte Version des Enzyms ohne die zusätzliche Cystein-reiche Insertion konstruiert wurde. Das verkürzte Mutante ohne die Bindungsmotive für die zusätzlichen Cluster gekennzeichnet, die Konfiguration, Stöchiometrie und die Funktion der zusätzlichen Cluster diagnostizieren. / 4-hydroxyphenylacetate decarboxylase (4Hpad) is a two [4Fe-4S] cluster containing glycyl radical enzyme proposed to use a glycyl/thiyl radical dyad to catalyze the last step of tyrosine fermentation in Clostridium difficile and C. scatologenes by a Kolbe-type decarboxylation. The decarboxylation product p-cresol is a virulence factor of the human pathogen C. difficile. The small subunit of 4Hpad may have a regulatory function with the Fe/S clusters involved in complex formation and radical dissipation in the absence of substrate. The respective activating enzyme (4Hpad-AE) has one or two [4Fe-4S] cluster(s) in addition to the SAM-binding [4Fe-4S] cluster (RS cluster). The role of these auxiliary clusters is still under debate with proposed functions including structural integrity and conduit for electron transfer to the RS cluster. This study shows the optimized expression and purification protocols for the decarboxylase and the co-crystallization experiments and binding studies with 4-hydroxy-phenylacetate and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetate and with the inhibitor 4-hydroxy-phenylacetamide. The purification and characterization of active site mutants of decarboxylase are also done. Concerning 4-HPAD-AE, we report on the purification of code-optimized variants, and on spectroscopic and kinetic studies to characterize the respective i) SAM binding enthalpies, ii) rates for reductive cleavage of SAM and iii) putative functions of the additional Fe/S clusters. The truncated mutant lacking the binding motifs for the auxiliary clusters is characterized to diagnose the configuration, stoichiometry and function of the auxiliary clusters.

Cofatores ferro-enxofre são grupos prostéticos inorgânicos ubíquos e evolutivamente ancestrais, cuja formação é dependente de complexas maquinarias protéicas. Três sistemas de formação distintos já foram determinados, denominados sistemas NIF, ISC e SUF. Apesar de bem descritos em diversos organismos, estas maquinarias são pouco caracterizadas no filo Firmicutes, o qual agrupa diversas bactérias patogênicas, e onde Enterococcus faecalis aparece como um representante clinicamente relevante. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a maquinaria biossintética de formação dos cofatores [Fe-S] de E. faecalis mediante análises de bioinformática, determinação das regiões promotoras do operon e de elementos cis-atuantes, padrão de expressão gênica, caracterização bioquímica dos elementos encontrados e comparação entre as maquinarias de associação do cofator [Fe-S] presente em Proteobacteria e Firmicutes através da capacidade de complementação deste sistema nos sistemas ISC e SUF de Azotobacter vinelandii e Escherichia coli, respectivamente. Metodologias de bioinformática permitiram identificar representantes da maquinaria SUF de formação dos cofatores [Fe-S], previamente identificado em Proteobacteria, apresentando os genes sufB, sufC, sufD e sufS e a presença de sufU, o único representante homólogo do sistema ISC, codificando possível proteína arcabouço, no lugar de sufA; da mesma forma, sufE e sufR não foram identificadas. A alta conservação deste sistema foi verificada em Firmicutes através de análises filogenéticas. Análise de sequências primária e estrutural de SufU verificaram um padrão estrutural similar à IscU. Modelagem molecular de SufU de E. faecalis apresentou dados de alta flexibilidade na região do sítio ativo, bem como a presença de região específica em Firmicutes, denominada região Gram-positiva (GPR), possivelmente envolvida em interações com outros fatores e/ou reguladores. SufU e o complexo SufSU são capazes de reconstituir cofactor [4Fe-4S], apresentando-se portanto como a proteína arcabouço do sistema. A enzima SufS purificada apresenta PLP ligado como cofator e atividade de cisteína desulfurase. Esta enzima apresenta um residuo catalítico essencial de cisteína na posição 365 , e necessita SufU como ativador, onde outro residuo de cisteína (128) atua como aceptor do enxofre durante a reação de transpersulfuração. SufC apresenta atividade ATPase, porém em nível reduzido em comparação ao homólogo de E. coli; SufD apresenta alta similaridade com homólogo de proteobactérias. Por outro lado, SufB não apresenta os resíduos de cisteína previamente descritos como importantes na formação dos cofatores [Fe-S] em outros organismos, assim sua função no sistema ainda deve ser determinada. Experimentos in vivo demonstraram a conservação específica de sistemas biossintéticos dos cofatores [Fe-S], onde o operon SUF de E. faecalis não foi capaz de complementar os sistemas ISC de Proteobacteria, porém complementou sistema SUF de E. coli, tornando viáveis mutantes de ambos os operons sufABCDSE e iscRSU-hscBA-fdx. / Iron-sulfur clusters are ubiquitous and evolutionary ancient inorganic prosthetic groups, which biosynthesis depends on complex protein machineries. Three distinct assembly systems involved in the maturation of cellular Fe-S proteins have been determined, designated the NIF, ISC and SUF systems. Although well described in several organisms, these machineries are poorly understood in the Firmicutes phylum, which groups several pathological bacteria, where Enterococcus faecalis rises as a clinical relevant representative. The aim of this study was to identify the E. faecalis [Fe-S] cluster biosynthetic machinery through bioinformatics analysis, determination of operon promoter regions and cis-acting elements, relative genetic expression pattern, biochemical characterization of putative elements, and comparison of Proteobacteria and Firmicutes machineries through the ability of complementing Azotobacter vinelandii and Escherichia coli ISC and SUF systems, respectively. Bioinformatics methods enabled us to identify representatives of the SUF machinery for [Fe-S] cluster biosynthesis, previously verified in Proteobacteria showing conserved sufB, sufC, sufD and sufS genes and the presence of sufU, the only ISC homolog representative, coding for putative scaffold protein, instead of sufA; neither sufE nor sufR are present. High conservancy of this system for Firmicutes bacteria was verified through phylogenetic analysis. Primary sequences and structural analysis of the SufU protein demonstrated its structural-like pattern to the scaffold protein IscU. E. faecalis SufU molecular modeling showed high flexibility over the active site regions, and demonstrated the existence of a specific region in Firmicutes, the Gram positive region (GPR), a possible candidate for interaction with other factors and/or regulators. SufU is able to reconstitute a [4Fe-4S] cluster, such as the complex SufSU, arising as the scaffold protein in the system. Purified SufS corresponds to a PLP containing enzyme with cysteine desulfurase activity. It encloses a catalytically essential cysteine residue at position 365, and requires SufU as activator, where another cysteine residue (128) works as a proximal sulfur acceptor site for transpersulfurization reaction. SufC presents ATPase activity, though in a reduced level, when compared to the Escherichia coli homolog; SufD also shares high similarity with proteobacterial SufD. On the other hand, SufB does not present cysteine residues previously described as important involved in the [Fe-S] cluster formation process of other organisms, therefor its function in the system still have to be determined. In vivo experiments enabled us to dfemonstrate the conservancy of specific [Fe-S] cluster biosynthetic systems, where E. faecalis SUF operon was not able to complement Proteobacteria ISC systems, but complemented E. coli SUF system, turning viable mutants of both sufABCDSE and iscRSU-hscBA-fdx operons.

This thesis focuses on iron sulfur (Fe-S) cluster biogenesis by the ISC machinery in the mitochondrion of Trypanosoma brucei. Most of proteins in the pathway show conserved functions, while some features are distinct from their counterparts in other organisms. We also show here the essentiality of the ISC machinery in bloodstream stage despite the fact that the parasites contain the rudimentary mitochondrion in this stage. The key player for the ISC export machinery, which is indispensable in the maturation of extra-mitochondrial Fe-S proteins, shows some extraordinary phenomena which may imply the moonlighting function of the protein. I also show preliminary data of an ongoing project concerning a putative heme transporter. The results indicate role in heme uptake of the protein, but further study is required to confirm the function of the protein.

Cofatores ferro-enxofre são grupos prostéticos inorgânicos ubíquos e evolutivamente ancestrais, cuja formação é dependente de complexas maquinarias protéicas. Três sistemas de formação distintos já foram determinados, denominados sistemas NIF, ISC e SUF. Apesar de bem descritos em diversos organismos, estas maquinarias são pouco caracterizadas no filo Firmicutes, o qual agrupa diversas bactérias patogênicas, e onde Enterococcus faecalis aparece como um representante clinicamente relevante. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a maquinaria biossintética de formação dos cofatores [Fe-S] de E. faecalis mediante análises de bioinformática, determinação das regiões promotoras do operon e de elementos cis-atuantes, padrão de expressão gênica, caracterização bioquímica dos elementos encontrados e comparação entre as maquinarias de associação do cofator [Fe-S] presente em Proteobacteria e Firmicutes através da capacidade de complementação deste sistema nos sistemas ISC e SUF de Azotobacter vinelandii e Escherichia coli, respectivamente. Metodologias de bioinformática permitiram identificar representantes da maquinaria SUF de formação dos cofatores [Fe-S], previamente identificado em Proteobacteria, apresentando os genes sufB, sufC, sufD e sufS e a presença de sufU, o único representante homólogo do sistema ISC, codificando possível proteína arcabouço, no lugar de sufA; da mesma forma, sufE e sufR não foram identificadas. A alta conservação deste sistema foi verificada em Firmicutes através de análises filogenéticas. Análise de sequências primária e estrutural de SufU verificaram um padrão estrutural similar à IscU. Modelagem molecular de SufU de E. faecalis apresentou dados de alta flexibilidade na região do sítio ativo, bem como a presença de região específica em Firmicutes, denominada região Gram-positiva (GPR), possivelmente envolvida em interações com outros fatores e/ou reguladores. SufU e o complexo SufSU são capazes de reconstituir cofactor [4Fe-4S], apresentando-se portanto como a proteína arcabouço do sistema. A enzima SufS purificada apresenta PLP ligado como cofator e atividade de cisteína desulfurase. Esta enzima apresenta um residuo catalítico essencial de cisteína na posição 365 , e necessita SufU como ativador, onde outro residuo de cisteína (128) atua como aceptor do enxofre durante a reação de transpersulfuração. SufC apresenta atividade ATPase, porém em nível reduzido em comparação ao homólogo de E. coli; SufD apresenta alta similaridade com homólogo de proteobactérias. Por outro lado, SufB não apresenta os resíduos de cisteína previamente descritos como importantes na formação dos cofatores [Fe-S] em outros organismos, assim sua função no sistema ainda deve ser determinada. Experimentos in vivo demonstraram a conservação específica de sistemas biossintéticos dos cofatores [Fe-S], onde o operon SUF de E. faecalis não foi capaz de complementar os sistemas ISC de Proteobacteria, porém complementou sistema SUF de E. coli, tornando viáveis mutantes de ambos os operons sufABCDSE e iscRSU-hscBA-fdx. / Iron-sulfur clusters are ubiquitous and evolutionary ancient inorganic prosthetic groups, which biosynthesis depends on complex protein machineries. Three distinct assembly systems involved in the maturation of cellular Fe-S proteins have been determined, designated the NIF, ISC and SUF systems. Although well described in several organisms, these machineries are poorly understood in the Firmicutes phylum, which groups several pathological bacteria, where Enterococcus faecalis rises as a clinical relevant representative. The aim of this study was to identify the E. faecalis [Fe-S] cluster biosynthetic machinery through bioinformatics analysis, determination of operon promoter regions and cis-acting elements, relative genetic expression pattern, biochemical characterization of putative elements, and comparison of Proteobacteria and Firmicutes machineries through the ability of complementing Azotobacter vinelandii and Escherichia coli ISC and SUF systems, respectively. Bioinformatics methods enabled us to identify representatives of the SUF machinery for [Fe-S] cluster biosynthesis, previously verified in Proteobacteria showing conserved sufB, sufC, sufD and sufS genes and the presence of sufU, the only ISC homolog representative, coding for putative scaffold protein, instead of sufA; neither sufE nor sufR are present. High conservancy of this system for Firmicutes bacteria was verified through phylogenetic analysis. Primary sequences and structural analysis of the SufU protein demonstrated its structural-like pattern to the scaffold protein IscU. E. faecalis SufU molecular modeling showed high flexibility over the active site regions, and demonstrated the existence of a specific region in Firmicutes, the Gram positive region (GPR), a possible candidate for interaction with other factors and/or regulators. SufU is able to reconstitute a [4Fe-4S] cluster, such as the complex SufSU, arising as the scaffold protein in the system. Purified SufS corresponds to a PLP containing enzyme with cysteine desulfurase activity. It encloses a catalytically essential cysteine residue at position 365, and requires SufU as activator, where another cysteine residue (128) works as a proximal sulfur acceptor site for transpersulfurization reaction. SufC presents ATPase activity, though in a reduced level, when compared to the Escherichia coli homolog; SufD also shares high similarity with proteobacterial SufD. On the other hand, SufB does not present cysteine residues previously described as important involved in the [Fe-S] cluster formation process of other organisms, therefor its function in the system still have to be determined. In vivo experiments enabled us to dfemonstrate the conservancy of specific [Fe-S] cluster biosynthetic systems, where E. faecalis SUF operon was not able to complement Proteobacteria ISC systems, but complemented E. coli SUF system, turning viable mutants of both sufABCDSE and iscRSU-hscBA-fdx operons.

Cofatores ferro-enxofre são grupos prostéticos inorgânicos ubíquos e evolutivamente ancestrais, cuja formação é dependente de complexas maquinarias protéicas. Três sistemas de formação distintos já foram determinados, denominados sistemas NIF, ISC e SUF. Apesar de bem descritos em diversos organismos, estas maquinarias são pouco caracterizadas no filo Firmicutes, o qual agrupa diversas bactérias patogênicas, e onde Enterococcus faecalis aparece como um representante clinicamente relevante. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a maquinaria biossintética de formação dos cofatores [Fe-S] de E. faecalis mediante análises de bioinformática, determinação das regiões promotoras do operon e de elementos cis-atuantes, padrão de expressão gênica, caracterização bioquímica dos elementos encontrados e comparação entre as maquinarias de associação do cofator [Fe-S] presente em Proteobacteria e Firmicutes através da capacidade de complementação deste sistema nos sistemas ISC e SUF de Azotobacter vinelandii e Escherichia coli, respectivamente. Metodologias de bioinformática permitiram identificar representantes da maquinaria SUF de formação dos cofatores [Fe-S], previamente identificado em Proteobacteria, apresentando os genes sufB, sufC, sufD e sufS e a presença de sufU, o único representante homólogo do sistema ISC, codificando possível proteína arcabouço, no lugar de sufA; da mesma forma, sufE e sufR não foram identificadas. A alta conservação deste sistema foi verificada em Firmicutes através de análises filogenéticas. Análise de sequências primária e estrutural de SufU verificaram um padrão estrutural similar à IscU. Modelagem molecular de SufU de E. faecalis apresentou dados de alta flexibilidade na região do sítio ativo, bem como a presença de região específica em Firmicutes, denominada região Gram-positiva (GPR), possivelmente envolvida em interações com outros fatores e/ou reguladores. SufU e o complexo SufSU são capazes de reconstituir cofactor [4Fe-4S], apresentando-se portanto como a proteína arcabouço do sistema. A enzima SufS purificada apresenta PLP ligado como cofator e atividade de cisteína desulfurase. Esta enzima apresenta um residuo catalítico essencial de cisteína na posição 365 , e necessita SufU como ativador, onde outro residuo de cisteína (128) atua como aceptor do enxofre durante a reação de transpersulfuração. SufC apresenta atividade ATPase, porém em nível reduzido em comparação ao homólogo de E. coli; SufD apresenta alta similaridade com homólogo de proteobactérias. Por outro lado, SufB não apresenta os resíduos de cisteína previamente descritos como importantes na formação dos cofatores [Fe-S] em outros organismos, assim sua função no sistema ainda deve ser determinada. Experimentos in vivo demonstraram a conservação específica de sistemas biossintéticos dos cofatores [Fe-S], onde o operon SUF de E. faecalis não foi capaz de complementar os sistemas ISC de Proteobacteria, porém complementou sistema SUF de E. coli, tornando viáveis mutantes de ambos os operons sufABCDSE e iscRSU-hscBA-fdx. / Iron-sulfur clusters are ubiquitous and evolutionary ancient inorganic prosthetic groups, which biosynthesis depends on complex protein machineries. Three distinct assembly systems involved in the maturation of cellular Fe-S proteins have been determined, designated the NIF, ISC and SUF systems. Although well described in several organisms, these machineries are poorly understood in the Firmicutes phylum, which groups several pathological bacteria, where Enterococcus faecalis rises as a clinical relevant representative. The aim of this study was to identify the E. faecalis [Fe-S] cluster biosynthetic machinery through bioinformatics analysis, determination of operon promoter regions and cis-acting elements, relative genetic expression pattern, biochemical characterization of putative elements, and comparison of Proteobacteria and Firmicutes machineries through the ability of complementing Azotobacter vinelandii and Escherichia coli ISC and SUF systems, respectively. Bioinformatics methods enabled us to identify representatives of the SUF machinery for [Fe-S] cluster biosynthesis, previously verified in Proteobacteria showing conserved sufB, sufC, sufD and sufS genes and the presence of sufU, the only ISC homolog representative, coding for putative scaffold protein, instead of sufA; neither sufE nor sufR are present. High conservancy of this system for Firmicutes bacteria was verified through phylogenetic analysis. Primary sequences and structural analysis of the SufU protein demonstrated its structural-like pattern to the scaffold protein IscU. E. faecalis SufU molecular modeling showed high flexibility over the active site regions, and demonstrated the existence of a specific region in Firmicutes, the Gram positive region (GPR), a possible candidate for interaction with other factors and/or regulators. SufU is able to reconstitute a [4Fe-4S] cluster, such as the complex SufSU, arising as the scaffold protein in the system. Purified SufS corresponds to a PLP containing enzyme with cysteine desulfurase activity. It encloses a catalytically essential cysteine residue at position 365, and requires SufU as activator, where another cysteine residue (128) works as a proximal sulfur acceptor site for transpersulfurization reaction. SufC presents ATPase activity, though in a reduced level, when compared to the Escherichia coli homolog; SufD also shares high similarity with proteobacterial SufD. On the other hand, SufB does not present cysteine residues previously described as important involved in the [Fe-S] cluster formation process of other organisms, therefor its function in the system still have to be determined. In vivo experiments enabled us to dfemonstrate the conservancy of specific [Fe-S] cluster biosynthetic systems, where E. faecalis SUF operon was not able to complement Proteobacteria ISC systems, but complemented E. coli SUF system, turning viable mutants of both sufABCDSE and iscRSU-hscBA-fdx operons.

Les centres fer-soufre (Fe-S) sont des cofacteurs protéiques essentiels qui participent à un nombre important de fonctions cellulaires allant du métabolisme de l’ADN à la respiration mitochondriale. L’assemblage des centres Fe-S et leur insertion dans des protéines acceptrices requièrent l’activité d’une machinerie protéique dédiée. Bien que les protéines de la biogenèse des centres Fe-S soient conservées, plusieurs aspects fonctionnels et mécanistiques restent inconnus. Notre travail de thèse a consisté à caractériser les protéines mammifères de type A, ISCA1 et ISCA2, qui sont impliquées dans la biogenèse mitochondriales des centres Fe-S. En utilisant une approche couplant l’immunoprécipitation avec une analyse protéomique par spectrométrie de masse, plusieurs interactions protéiques d’ISCA1 et ISCA2 ont pu être identifiées. En plus d’une interaction entre ISCA1 et ISCA2, nous avons ainsi montré l’existence d’interactions spécifiques à chacune de ces protéines. Une approche de knockdown dans la souris via l’injection de virus adéno-associés, a permis de montrer l’absence de redondance fonctionnelle entre ISCA1 et ISCA2 puisque seul ISCA1 se trouve être nécessaire dans la maturation d’une catégorie de protéines à centre Fe-S. / Iron-sulfur clusters (Fe-S) are essential cofactors involved in different cellular processes ranging from DNA metabolism to respiration. Assembly of Fe-S clusters and their insertion into acceptor proteins is performed by dedicated protein machineries. Despite the high conservation from bacteria to man, different functional and mechanistic aspects of the Fe-S biogenesis remain elusive. In the present work, the function of the two mammalian A-type proteins ISCA1 and ISCA2 that are implicated in Fe-S biogenesis was investigated in vivo. First, an extensive analysis coupling immunoprecipitations and mass spectrometry led to the identification of a direct binding between ISCA1 and ISCA2 as well as specific protein partners of each protein. Furthermore, knockdown experiments in the mouse using adeno-associated virus provided clear evidence of the non-redundant function of ISCA1 and ISCA2, since only ISCA1 was shown to be required for a specific subset of mitochondrial Fe-S proteins.