Water as a vital fluid is important not only for the man himself, but also for the creatures in his company. Hence the thesis aims to convey complex information about the problems of water supply for livestock and to assess the possible impacts of failure of water supplies on selected livestock sector. Given to the aim of the thesis the question, what impact would have any long-term loss of water to the livestock sector, has risen. Problems of water supply failures are dealt with in connection with the population, but the requirements of livestock are not remembered in this direction. The theoretical part contains the characteristics of the infrastructure and critical infrastructure. In the next section of the theoretical part is comprehensively discussed water as an essential natural element and its importance to the natural environment. In this part are also mentioned legislative documents attaching to water management. The third section of the theoretical part is dedicated to breeds of livestock and agricultural issues in general. The most commonly bred and economically most frequently used animals include cattle, pigs and poultry. The last subchapter of the theoretical part consists of discussion of certain legislative documents that provide the legal regulation of farming and animal protection in the Czech legal system. The research is based on a mapping of the current situation in selected livestock breeding - these are cattle, poultry and pigs, due to their economic importance we can expect complications in connection with the failure of the water supply. For the needs of the research was used qualitative research strategy. To obtain the data were used semi-structured interviews with responsible staff or owners of the surveyed companies. The obtained data from the respondents were subsequently analysed using logical analysis. Based on the results of logical analysis and information obtained from interviews was built SWOT analysis, which filed a broader look at the issue of water supply to farms. The interviews revealed that the condition of the water supply at surveyed companies varies. Examined companies are supplied with water according to the local conditions and opportunities that varies on location considerably. Breeds are mainly supplied with water from private sources, the sample minority is supplied from public sources. It was also found that most water sources for breeding is absolutely dependent on electricity supply, completely autonomous was only one examined breed. Supplied water to two-thirds of surveyed farms must be chemically treated. Replacement of water supply in the event of main power failure has secured five of the six companies surveyed. Given the significant reliability of the primary sources of water was not easy to map the course of an extended power outage water on animal behaviour. Most respondents agreed, however, that the consequences of long-term loss of water would have been fatal. For the majority of surveyed farms seasons don't have influence on the course and consequences of failure of the water supply. Certain seasonal effect was recorded in the case of breeding cattle. Long-term water outage would be solved according to the results depending on the respective local conditions where companies would seek to rely on their own resources and consequently on the assistance of organizations with whom they have good relations. Individual companies perceive the danger of failure of water supply differently, depending on the trust in the water supply from otherwise reliable primary source. Examined companies are preparing for the loss of water supplies according to their momentary conditions and abilities, even if they are not strictly mandated by legislation. This can be considered a positive finding that despite the absence of legislative obligations and appropriate methodologies companies create conditions in case of failure of water supply.

This research investigates the use of an alternate means of modelling the performance of a train of feed water heaters in a steam cycle power plant, using machine learning. The goal of this study was to use a simple artificial neural network (ANN) to predict the behaviour of the plant system, specifically the inlet bled steam (BS) mass flow rate and the outlet water temperature of each feedwater heater. The output of the model was validated through the use of a thermofluid engineering model built for the same plant. Another goal was to assess the ability of both the thermofluid model and ANN model to predict plant behaviour under out of normal operating circumstances. The thermofluid engineering model was built on FLOWNEX® SE using existing custom components for the various heat exchangers. The model was then tuned to current plant conditions by catering for plant degradation and maintenance effects. The artificial neural network was of a multi-layer perceptron (MLP) type, using the rectified linear unit (ReLU) activation function, mean squared error (MSE) loss function and adaptive moments (Adam) optimiser. It was constructed using Python programming language. The ANN model was trained using the same data as the FLOWNEX® SE model. Multiple architectures were tested resulting in the optimum model having two layers, 200 nodes or neurons in each layer with a batch size of 500, running over 100 epochs. This configuration attained a training accuracy of 0.9975 and validation accuracy of 0.9975. When used on a test set and to predict plant performance, it achieved a MSE of 0.23 and 0.45 respectively. Under normal operating conditions (six cases tested) the ANN model performed better than the FLOWNEX® SE model when compared to actual plant behaviour. Under out of normal conditions (four cases tested), the FLOWNEX SE® model performed better than the ANN. It is evident that the ANN model was unable to capture the “physics” of a heat exchanger or the feed heating process as a result of its poor performance in the out of normal scenarios. Further tuning by way of alternate activation functions and regularisation techniques had little effect on the ANN model performance. The ANN model was able to accurately predict an out of normal case only when it was trained to do so. This was achieved by augmenting the original training data with the inputs and results from the FLOWNEX SE® model for the same case. The conclusion drawn from this study is that this type of simple ANN model is able to predict plant performance so long as it is trained for it. The validity of the prediction is highly dependent on the integrity of the training data. Operating outside the range which the model was trained for will result in inaccurate predictions. It is recommended that out of normal scenarios commonly experienced by the plant be synthesised by engineering modelling tools like FLOWNEX® SE to augment the historic plant data. This provides a wider spectrum of training data enabling more generalised and accurate predictions from the ANN model.

In this thesis I review the sufficient flow capacity of the safety valve against high-pressure heater thermal pressurization in high-pressure feedwater heater on nuclear power Dukovany. I present basic possible cases of thermal pressurization both a high node heater, and the extended pressure unit in case of closure all power heads to steam generators.