Communication has been identified as an essential part of a successfully perpetuating system. In conjunction with systemic feedback processes, communication, by its very nature, plays an integral role in the way that the system operates and continues to survive. General systems theory sees communication and feedback as being understood within the context in which they appear as well as in the context of the larger system. This dissertation provides an examination of communication process within the system of a marketing research organisation. Particular attention was given to the departments within the organisation that oversee the research process as a whole. Since the organisation relies heavily on processes, systems and communication to effectively and successfully manage a research project, these aspects were examined from a systems theory perspective in order to identify areas of concern and to provide appropriate recommendations for improvement. The research design was qualitative, and data were collected by means of fourteen in-depth interviews conducted with relevant role players representing management and team members from three areas of expertise. Additional depth to the data was provided through triangulation, using conferences and observation of meetings as additional information sources. Through concept mapping and thematic analysis of the transcripts and other data, four main, interrelated themes relating to communication within the organisation emerged. These are (1) lack of vision, referring to a general and specific lack of a sense of a common goal; (2) inefficient communication processes that cause a gap between top management and other employees regarding decision making, and a lack of feedback and follow-through on expectations; (3) lack of team cohesion, creating a sense of isolation between teams, uncertainty about expectations, and a vagueness regarding roles and responsibilities; and lastly (4) skills and resource limitation, indicating a lack of training and supervision, and a lack of adherence to procedures. In order to improve communication and feedback processes, it is recommended that the organisation clearly communicates goals and objectives to employees; formalises project planning procedures; instates regular meetings that include all staff; implements sufficient and effective supervision and training; and applies a multirater evaluation and appraisal programme. / Dissertation (MA (Research Psychology))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Psychology / unrestricted

Les phanérogames marines constituent un compartiment biologique fondamental et fournissent de nombreux services écosystémiques. Comprendre leur évolution et les interactions avec leur environnement physique est un enjeu scientifique majeur à l’échelle mondiale. Dans le bassin d’Arcachon, des herbiers de Zostera noltei (le plus grand d’Europe) et de Zostera marina ont vu leur surfaces régresser fortement ces deux dernières décennies. La régression s’est accompagnée d’une augmentation des concentrations en sédiments en suspension et de modifications morphologiques significatives. Dans ce contexte, et à travers cet exemple régional, les objectifs de la thèse sont de mieux comprendre les causes physiques de la régression des herbiers de zostères et de démêler et de quantifier les conséquences physiques de la régression et les effets de rétrocontrôle.Un monitoring exhaustif des herbiers (suivi des paramètres biologiques, chimiques et physiques sur neuf sites durant une année) a montré d’une part l’extrême variabilité des conditions environnementales auxquelles sont soumis les herbiers de zostères naines du Bassin et d’autre part d’importantes différences démographiques, morphologiques et biochimiques entre les plantes des différents sites. Certaines de ces différences reflètent leur capacité d’adaptation à l’intensité d’un forçage. Un modèle logistique croissance a montré qu’outre la lumière, les paramètres principaux qui contrôlent le développement de Z. noltei à l’échelle du Bassin sont les forçages hydrodynamiques. Toutefois à l’échelle locale, d’autres facteurs tels que la teneur en matière organique ou la microtopographie s’avèrent prépondérants.Dans un second temps, une analyse associant des données historiques et des scénarios de modélisation hydrodynamique a montré que la profondeur maximale colonisée par les deux espèces de zostères avait fortement diminué entre 1989 et 2016, suggérant un effet du manque de lumière sur l’évolution de la distribution des deux espèces. Par ailleurs, il s’est avéré que la régression des zostères naines avait débuté au niveau des zones les plus pentues des estrans, qui correspondent aux rebords des chenaux et sont donc soumises aux courants les plus intenses, suggérant là encore un effet de l’intensité des courants sur la distribution de Z. noltei.Les résultats des simulations numériques ont montré que la régression des deux espèces induit une augmentation importante de l’énergie hydrodynamique, non seulement localement dans les zones où les herbiers ont régressé, mais également à distance, au niveau des chenaux principaux et jusqu’à près de l’embouchure.De plus, les effets hydrodynamiques induits par la régression initiale de Z. marina (1989-2007) ont contribué à la première phase du déclin des herbiers de Z. noltei. Ces résultats confirment en partie l’hypothèse que des processus de rétrocontrôle entre hydrodynamique et régression des herbiers de zostères sont intervenus au cours de la première phase du déclin des zostères. Par ailleurs, les conséquences hydrodynamiques directes de la première phase de régression des deux espèces (1989-2007) expliquent plus de 75 % de la seconde phase de régression de Z. noltei (2007-2012). Ces résultats confirment pleinement l’existence des processus de rétrocontrôle et met en évidence leur rôle prépondérant sur la dynamique des herbiers de Z. noltei.En ce qui concerne Z. marina, il apparaît enfin que les conditions actuelles ne permettent pas sa reconquête des zones d’où elle a disparu. Au contraire, du fait de sa position intertidale la rendant moins sensible aux fortes turbidités, Z. noltei pourrait recoloniser un certain nombre d’estrans qui leur sont favorables sur le plan hydrodynamique. Ce processus de recolonisation, conduisant à une réduction de l’énergie hydrodynamique et à l’amélioration locale des conditions lumineuses, pourrait s’auto-amplifier de proche en proche et favoriser la reprise de Z. marina dans les chenaux. / Seagrass meadows are a fundamental biological component and provide many ecosystem services in coastal areas. Understanding their evolution and interactions with their physical environment is a major scientific issue. In Arcachon Bay, seagrass meadows of Zostera notlei (the largest in Europe) and Zostera marina have sharply regressed over the last two decades. In the meantime, an increase in suspended sediment concentrations and significant morphological changes were observed. Based on this regional case study, the objectives of this thesis are to better underestand the physical causes of seagrass bed regression, and also to quantify the physical consequences of the egression and possible feedback processes.An extensive monitoring of biological, chemical and physical parameters at nine sites during one year showed the extreme variability of the environmental conditions to which the Z. noltei beds are subject in Arcachon Bay, the important demographic, morphological and biochemical differences between plants of different sites. Some of these differences reflect their ability to adapt to the intensity of a forcing. A logistic growth model has shown that in addition to light, the main parameters that control the development of Z. noltei at the scale of the bay are hydrodynamic forcing. However, at the local scale, other factors such as organic matter content or microtopography may be predominant.In a second step, an analysis combining historical data and hydrodynamic modelling scenarios showed that the maximum depth colonized by the two species of seagrass strongly declined between 1989 and 2016. This analysis suggests that lack of light had an effect on the evolution of the distribution of the two species. In addition, it was found that the regression of Z. noltei began on the steepest areas of the tidal flat, which correspond to the edges of the channels and were therefore subject to the most intense currents, suggesting again an effect of intensity of currents on the distribution of Z. noltei.The results of numerical simulations showed that the regression of both species induces a significant increase in hydrodynamic energy, not only locally in areas where the seagrass have declined, but also remotely, at the level of main channels and up to near the mouth.In addition, the hydrodynamic effects induced by the initial regression of Z. Marina (1989-2007) contributed to the first phase of the decline of Z. noltei meadows. These results partially confirm the hypothesis that feedback processes between hydrodynamics and regression of seagrass beds occurred during the first stage of seagrass decline. Furthermore, the direct hydrodynamic consequences of the first regression phase of the two species (1989-2007) accounted for more than 75% of the second regression phase of Z. noltei (2007-2012). These results fully confirm the existence of feedback processes and highlight their predominant role in the dynamics of Z. noltei meadows.As far as Z. marina is concerned, it finally appears that the current conditions do not allow colonization of the areas from which it disappeared. On the contrary, due to its intertidal position making it less susceptible to high turbidity, Z. noltei could recolonize some tidal flats that present favourable hydrodynamic conditions. This process of recolonization, leading to a reduction of the hydrodynamic energy and to the local improvement of the light conditions, could self-amplify by adjaceting to each other and then promote the recovery of Z. marina in the channels.