The view of androgens as a chiefly male- associated hormone is long outdated, and there is an increasing wealth of evidence for the role of androgens in women. Androgens, in addition to estrogen and other hormones, play several various and critical roles in females, particularly in the development and function of the female genital tract. Countless, targeted studies have been conducted in efforts to elucidate how androgens affect the development and function of the female genitalia, most notably in regards to the vagina, uterus, and ovaries. However, though the significance of female androgens is relatively well established, knowledge on this subject is still developing and somewhat fragmented. The objective of this review is to present a comprehensive view of the role of androgens in the development and function of the female genital tract, summarize new studies, and integrate the most current information in order to gain a broadened and enhanced understanding of the importance and implications of androgens in females.

This study examined separation—individuation developmental issues for young adult women, from the perspective of object-relations theory. Its purpose was to explore a woman's perception of her relationship with mother as it is affected by age and request for psychotherapy as well as the relationship between the mother-daughter bond and selfreported personality characteristics. Ninety-six women from 17 to 40 years of age volunteered to participate, and they were grouped into two age ranges. Life Stage 1 women were 17-22 years of age, while Life Stage 2 women ranged from 23-40. Within each Life Stage, the women were further categorized into clinical and non-clinical groups. All of the participants were college students and/or working women from clerical, managerial, and professional occupations who were recruited from their respective schools, jobs and outpatient clinics. Each woman completed the test packet which included a demographic data questionnare; the Identity vis-a-vis Mother Questionnaie (IVM-20) developed by Crastnopol (1980); the Clinical Analysis Questionnaire (CAQ) and Rotter1s Locus of Control Scale. The IVM-20 contains four scales, each designed to measure a unique mother-daughter relationship: Individuated (Ind), Symbiosis (Syra), Practicing (Prac) and Distancing (Dist). Ind is supposed to reflect a healthy autonomy with a loving mother-daughter bond, while Prac should represent ambivalence toward mother. Sym represents an overly dependent relationship and Dist was designed to measure an angry rejection of mother.

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The present research investigated the relationship between separation-individuation issues and the motoric activity of running in adult female development. Literature on sex roles and sociocultural factors was presented. Previous research on physical activity and mental health was reviewed. Psychodynamic formulations provided the framework for exploring and understanding a woman's involvement in running. Measuring instruments tapped concepts related to independence and separateness.

Dominican dictator Rafael Trujillo (ruled 1930-1961) developed the reputation as one of the most violent and oppressive leaders of the Western Hemisphere in his thirty-one years of power. Authors Julia Alvarez and Mario Vargas Llosa provide insight into the effects of Trujillo's infamy by sharing the stories of Dominican women. In Alvarez's novel, In the Time of the Butterflies, the Dominican-American author fictionalizes the lives of the Mirabal sisters, historical women who were assassinated in 1961 for their involvement in the anti-Trujillo movement. Likewise, Vargas Llosa centers much of his novel, La fiesta del Chivo, on the life of Urania Cabral, a fictional female character who is raped by Trujillo at the age of fourteen. Both the Mirabals and Urania grow up amidst dictatorship and Alvarez and Vargas Llosa frequently focus on their characters' growth as they progress from childhood and adolescence into adulthood. This formative time in the protagonists' lives is often impacted by Trujillo and his actions. In particular, Alvarez and Vargas Llosa emphasize the unique process of female identity formation as a means of highlighting the cruelty of the Trujillo dictatorship. Female development is often described as a process that focuses on connection and relationships to others. As a result, women often demonstrate a high ability to respond to the needs and feelings of the people in their lives. Alvarez's depiction of the Mirabal sisters reflects these principles as her characters mature into strong women by learning the value of selflessly caring for others. The Mirabals' concern for people contrasts to Trujillo's character, which Alvarez portrays as violent, selfish and petty. Conversely, Vargas Llosa's protagonist experiences a traumatic event at the age of fourteen that severely inhibits her growth. As a result of Trujillo's cruelty Urania loses her ability to connect with others and becomes cold and distant. Urania's developmental obstacles reflect the debilitating effects dictatorship can have on individuals, and by extension, on a whole nation. In both In the Time of the Butterflies and La fiesta del Chivo the concept of female development shapes and informs the portrayal of Rafael Trujillo and his corrupt government.

Den här uppsatsen syftar till att undersöka utanförskapet som tema i Maria Gripes Agnes Cecilia – en sällsam historia (1981). Uppsatsen analyserar hur romankaraktärernas utanförskap hänger samman med deras utveckling samt hur detta kan kopplas till den kvinnliga utvecklingsromanen som genre. Vidare undersöks huruvida utanförskapet kan ses som romanens tema, vilket även innebär att uppsatsen reflekterar över olika definitioner av tema som begrepp.  Uppsatsen utgår inte från någon särskild teori, till hjälp tas därför en rad olika verk som behandlar tidigare forskning av Agnes Cecilia - en sällsam historia samt Maria Gripes författarskap i stort. Skuggornas förtrogna (2000) av Ying Toijer-Nilsson och Sökande, spegling, metamorfos (1994) av Carina Lidström är de verk som används mest frekvent. För att synliggöra olika definitioner av tema som begrepp används Peter Hallbergs Litterär teori och stilistik (1972) och Christian Mehrstams artikel ”Superhjältar och björnvarelser: temabegreppet och lärarens förberedande läsning från förskolan till mellanstadiet” (2019).  Analysen redogör först för hur utanförskapet kommer till uttryck i romanen. Därefter framgår hur utanförskapet ligger till grund för karaktärernas personliga utveckling men även för själva händelseförloppet i romanen. Vidare behandlas romanen utifrån den kvinnliga utvecklingsromanen som genre, där riktas fokus mot relationen mellan mor och dotter vilket visar sig vara starkt kopplat till romanens utanförskap. / The purpose of this bachelor’s essay is to examine the exclusion as a theme in Agnes Cecilia (1981) by Maria Gripe. The essay is analysing the exclusion of the characters in the novel and the way this might be linked to their personal development, which leads the essay to a further focus: the female development novel as a genre. The essay also examines whether the exclusion can be seen as the theme of the novel, which makes the essay reflect on ways to define theme as a concept. The essay is not based on any theory, but previous research on Agnes Cecilia and the authorship of Maria Gripe are frequently used. Skuggornas förtrogna (2000) by Ying Toijer-Nilsson and Sökande, spegling, metamorfos (1994) by Carina Lidström are the ones of most importance. Litterär teori och stilistik (1972) by Peter Hallbergs and the article ”Superhjältar och björnvarelser: temabegreppet och lärarens förberedande läsning från förskolan till mellanstadiet” (2019) by Christian Mehrstam are both used to clarify different definitions of theme as a concept.  The analysis examines how the exclusion is expressed in the novel and the way this exclusion is the basis of the characters personal development, as for the course of events in the novel. Furthermore, the analysis focuses on the female development novel as a genre. The relationship between mother and daughter is especially highlighted, since it turns out to be strongly linked to the exclusion of the novel.