This thesis is a discursive and historical analysis of the concept and usage of 'postfeminism' in contemporary feminist debates. The importance of the vocabulary used to frame these debates is demonstrated through a survey of popular feminist discourses in the 1920s, and the circulation of the term 'postfeminism' in 1980s and 1990s mainstream and feminist media, academic journals, and bestselling books. Foremost among these contexts are mainstream newspaper and magazine articles in which postfeminism is used as a descriptive term applied to trends in fashion, television and film. Through an investigation of the texts and contexts in which post feminism is used, associations to generational disparity, antifeminism, the 'death of feminism,' commercialism, and other 'post-' discourses such as postmodernism, will be illustrated. In the process, it will be demonstrated that feminism, as it is represented through discourses of postfeminism, resides in an area of cultural criticism which straddles the spheres of the academic and the popular.

Recognising art’s crucial function for reproducing economic and sexual differences, feminist political interventions - alongside a range of ‘new’ critical perspectives including Marxism, psychoanalysis and poststructuralism - have wrought historic changes upon the production, circulation and consumption of art. This is widely acknowledged in art historical scholarship. However, understanding that ‘art history’ (as a historically conditioned discipline) is concurrently reproductive of these ideological and material inequalities, feminist scholars have significantly and continually sought to intervene at the point of production – the writing of art’s history – to expose its social role and remake the fundamental terms of the discipline. This is a truth less widely acknowledged or, at least, less well-understood within contemporary scholarship. This thesis, therefore, seeks to examine the discipline of art history in Anglo- American contexts to assess the impact that feminist models of scholarship have had upon its knowledges and practices. This is attained through extensive literature overviews, archival research and, to a lesser extent, email interviews with key contributors to the discourse. Ultimately, this examination endeavours to address the production and regulation of feminist knowledge across a number of expanded (and interconnected) institutional sites. Case studies track the impact of feminist strategies upon the authoring of art history in the classroom, within scholarly professional organisations, academic publishing, the museum sector, and upon art-making itself. The research evaluates the mutable power structures of the discipline, how feminist interventions have had success in rethinking the limits of institutional knowledge, and how it may be possible to articulate critique under twenty-first-century conditions of institutional complicity and the hegemonic recuperation (or indeed ‘disciplining’) of radical practices. To date – and despite its prominence within much feminist writing - the importance of art historiography for the feminist political project has not been properly examined; the aim of this thesis is therefore to redress this omission and provide a timely and comprehensive critical reading of feminist knowledge production since around 1970.

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Yuk-lin Lui. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 1-7 (last gp.)). / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction / Scope and purpose --- p.1 / Literature Review --- p.3 / Chapter (A) --- Major Approaches In Social Movements --- p.3 / Chapter [1] --- The Resources Mobilization Framework --- p.3 / Chapter [2] --- The political process Model --- p.5 / Chapter -- --- Structure of political Opportunities --- p.5 / Chapter -- --- Organizational Strength --- p.6 / Chapter -- --- Cognitive Liberation --- p.6 / Chapter -- --- Social Control Response to A Movement --- p.7 / Chapter [3] --- The New Social Movement School --- p.9 / Chapter (B) --- The Study of the Feminist Movement in Hong Kong --- p.13 / Methodology --- p.15 / Outline of the Thesis --- p.20 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- The Women's Movement in Hong Kong: A Historical Review / The Women's Movement in Hong Kong: / The Transformation of Women's Collective Identity --- p.1 / The First-wave Women's Movement --- p.7 / Chapter [1] --- The Actors --- p.7 / Chapter [2] --- The Approaches of the Actors --- p.9 / The Second-wave Women's Movement --- p.10 / Chapter [1] --- The proliferation of Women's Concern Groups and the Construction of a New Gender Discourse in the 1980s --- p.10 / Chapter [2] --- The New Wave Movement and Feminism --- p.12 / Chapter [3] --- "Diversification,politicization, Cooperation, and popularization" --- p.16 / Chapter [4] --- The Weak Ideological Orientation of the Movement --- p.18 / Conclusion --- p.20 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- The Awakening --Explaining the Movement in the1980s / Socio-economic Development --- p.1 / Structure of political Opportunities --- p.4 / Chapter [1] --- Government Stance on Women's Issues --- p.5 / Chapter [2] --- The Issue of 1997 --- p.6 / Organizational Strength --- p.9 / Cognitive Liberation --- p.12 / Conclusion --- p.15 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- The Golden Era -- Explaining the Movement in the Early1990s / Socio-economic Development --- p.1 / Structure of political Opportunities --- p.4 / Chapter [1] --- "Direct Elections,party politics, and Women's Issues" --- p.4 / Chapter (a) --- Direct Elections and Women as an Influential Voting Bloc --- p.4 / Chapter (b) --- Theriority Setting of political parties on Women's Issues --- p.9 / Chapter (c) --- The Feminist Consciousness of politicians --- p.11 / Chapter [2] --- Influences of Chinese Government on political Opportunities --- p.13 / Organizational Strength --- p.14 / Chapter [1] --- Declining role of the HKCW --- p.15 / Chapter [2] --- Organizational resources of indigenous feminist groups --- p.16 / Chapter (a) --- Lack of active members and impact of class --- p.16 / Chapter (b) --- Continuous precedence of advocacy over direct organization of grassroots women --- p.17 / Chapter (c) --- Forming coalitions --- p.18 / Chapter (d) --- Reformulation of strategies --- p.20 / Chapter (e) --- Greater grassroots participation --- p.20 / Cognitive Liberation --- p.21 / Social Control Response to the Movement --- p.26 / Limited Achievements in the Early 1990s --- p.35 / Chapter [1] --- Enactment of the SDO --- p.36 / Chapter [2] --- Defeat of the EOB --- p.38 / Conclusion --- p.40 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Further Development Or Decline? / Socio-economic Development --- p.1 / Chapter [1] --- Employment prospects of the middle class women --- p.1 / Chapter [2] --- Employment prospects of the working class women --- p.4 / Structure of political Opportunities --- p.5 / Organizational Strength --- p.9 / Cognitive Liberation --- p.12 / Chapter [1] --- Consciousness-raising of the middle class women --- p.12 / Chapter [2] --- Consciousness-raising of the working class women --- p.13 / Chapter [3] --- Difficulties encountered in both classes --- p.13 / Social Control Response to the Movement --- p.14 / Conclusion --- p.14 / Tables and Figure / Chapter Table 1 --- Details of Interviewees in the Thesis --- p.Chapter 1 /p.17 / Chapter Table 2 --- Women's Concern Groups and Feminist Groups in Hong Kong --- p.Chapter 2 /p.4 / Chapter Table 3 --- Activities Undertaken by Women's Concern Groups and Feminist Groups --- p.Chapter 2 /p.5 / Chapter Table 4 --- Women's Concern Groups in the First-wave Women's Movement and Their Feminist positions --- p.Chapter 2 /p.8 / Chapter Table 5 --- Women's Concern Groups in the Second-wave Women's Movement and Their Feminist positions --- p.Chapter 2 /p.13 / Chapter Table 6 --- Voting Turnout Rates in 1991 District Board Election --- p.Chapter 4/p.6 / Chapter Table 7 --- Voting Turnout Rates in 1991 Urban Council and Regional Council Elections --- p.Chapter 4/p.6 / Chapter Table 8 --- Women's Issues Raised and Discussed in the Legislative Council --- p.Chapter 4 /p.8 / Chapter Table 9 --- rojected Average Annual Employment Growth Rates in Major Industry Groups --- p.Chapter 5 /p.2 / Chapter Figure 1 --- TheP Model of Movement Emergence --- p.Chapter 1/p.8 / Appendix / Chapter Appendix I --- Questionnaire for Feminist Groups and A Women's Group --- p.Appendix /p.1 / Chapter Appendix II --- Contents of the Jointoliticallatform of Women --- p.Appendix /p.5 / Chapter Appendix III --- Contents of the CEDAW --- p.Appendix /p.6 / Chapter Appendix IV --- Composition of the Equal Opportunities Commission --- p.Appendix /p.8 / Chapter Appendix V --- "Voting Records of Legislators on the NTL(E)B, SDB and EOB" --- p.Appendix/p.10 / Chapter (1) --- On NTL(E)B --- p.Appendix /p.10 / Chapter (2) --- On SDB --- p.Appendix /p.12 / Chapter (3) --- On EOB --- p.Appendix /p.14 / Chapter Appendix VI --- "Objectives of the AAF, HKWCC, HKFWC, HKCW, HKWWA, and HKFW" --- p.Appendix/p.16 / Chapter Appendix VII --- Corporate Members of the HKFW --- p.Appendix/p.19 / Chapter Appendix VIII --- Members of the Coalition 1995 --- p.Appendix /p.20 / Bibliography

My thesis is concerned with the analysis of philosopher Marie Štechová. Based to the previous thesis (defended in 2015 at the University of Ostrava, lead by Prof. Zdeňka Kalnická), which summarizes the published works and manuscripts by Štechová, I can spread the previous research and so in this I can concentrate on the inclusion of the thinker into the context and especially the exploration of the specific gender aspects of her philosophy. These will then be compared with the views of other thinkers and thinkers of the period. The main aim of this diploma thesis is to extend not only the philosophical but also the literary canon about female thinkers, and also to bring closer the idea of the femininity of thinkers and thinkers at the end of the 19th century on the Czech territory.

Mary Robinson’s perceived entrapment within masculine discourse has led to a somewhat distorted portrayal of this author as ‘victim’: critical focus on how she and eighteenth-century society may have constructed her authorial identity, reflecting her primarily as a historical and cultural product, has contributed indirectly to diminish due recognition of the level of autonomy she attained within her own writing. However, recent political interpretations of Robinson’s work have largely challenged these views, acknowledging her considerable influence within the public realm of the ‘masculine’ Romantic. In this dissertation, I aim to build upon, and argue beyond, those readings which have explored Robinson’s political uses of victimisation, as well as those which have studied her promotion of female authorship. I will argue that, by exploring Robinson’s own portrayal of the female philosopher and author, as well as her manipulation of victimisation within sensibility literature, we may be able to better interrogate modern feminist thinking around the concept of the eighteenth-century female philosopher, and thus begin to situate the value of Robinson’s work within a firmer literary compass. I will focus upon the following novels: Walsingham (2003 b), The False Friend (1799), and The Natural Daughter (2003 a). While I will root my arguments in the abovementioned approach, I will avoid contributing further discussion to Robinson’s use of radical politics and defence or fostering of female authorship. First because these are relatively well explored issues around her writing, and secondly because it is wise to be cautious when affirming Robinson’s radical politics, as ultimately this impulse ties into a modern yearning to portray her as a radical feminist. Robinson certainly adopted a radical political stance in some of her novels; yet, I will argue, we cannot value her writing primarily in terms of its political bent, however tempting this approach may be. / English Studies / M.A. (English Studies)

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The research question of this thesis was: What is the nature of the social boundaries that define women as a group, how has this been depicted throughout the ages and, more specifically, in the work of South African artists, Vladimir Tretchikoff and Irma Stern, and what comment does my own work seem to make on these boundaries? The study used an analytical approach to pursue these questions, while the works of art were analysed according to the levels of interpretation suggested by Panofsky and Dietrich, The aim of this research was also to analyse my own body of work more theoretically within the context of postmodern feminist thought to determine how it resonates with earlier assumptions regarding women. For this purpose a comparison was made between, on the one hand, what Tretchikoff and Stern's respective depictions of women reveal about traditional conventions that hold women captive and, on the other, how my own work seems to question the boundaries that society imposes on women. Both Tretchikoff and Stern were successful enough to raise public consciousness on issues that concerned female subjugation. Seemingly for very different reasons, however, they remained apathetic to the quest for women's liberation. The study shows that Tretchikoff's work reflects a blatant disregard of the identities and social realities of his models, and romanticises their constraints instead. Stern, on the other hand, could not have been unaware of the societal limitations imposed on women. Yet she chose to remain aloof. While she seemed to be able to move masculine requirements and the demands of society to the background to depict women as natural and almost free of stereotype in some of her works, she cannot be seen to have made a major contribution to the liberation of women. In contrast, I have found many similarities throughout the study between feminist thought of the Second Wave and the thought processes mirrored in my art. In addition to the expected outcome, the study has shown that it is possible to trace developments in feminist thought in art. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die navorsingsvraag behels die volgende: Wat is die aard van die maatskaplike grense wat vroue in 'n ondergeskikte posisie in die gemeenskap gehou het, en hoe is dit naspeurbaar in kuns, en meer spesifiek in die werk van twee Suid-Afrikaanse kunstenaars, Vladimir Tretchikoff en Irma Stem. Laastens, hoe lewer my eie werk kommentaar op hierdie vorm van onderdrukking. Die studie volg 'n analitiese benadering in die ontleding van die geselekteerde kunswerke, soos voorgestel deur Panofsky en Dietriech. Die doel van die studie was om binne die konteks van 'n postmodernistiese feministiese raamwerk 'n meer teoretiese ontleding van my eie werk te maak om vas te stel hoe dit ooreenkom met vroeer aannames oor die vrou. Vir hierdie doel is daar 'n vergelyking getref tussen, aan die een kant, die kommentaar wat Tretchikoff en Stem se werk oor die onderdrukking van vroue maak en, aan die ander kant, hoe my eie werk hierdie konvensies blootle. Beide Tretchikoff en Stern was in die posisie om die publiek bewus te maak van die ondergeskiktheid van vroue binne hulle gemeenskap. Ten spyte hiervan, toon die studie dat beide apaties gestaan het teenoor die lot van vroue, hoewel om verskillende redes. Terwyl Tretchikoff se werk die toonbeeld van 'n blatante miskenning van die verskillende indentiteite en maatskaplike realiteite van sy modelle is, en eerder kies om hulle toestande te romantiseer, kon Stern, as 'n vrou, nie onbewus gewees het van die lot van die vroue van haar tyd nie. Ten spyte hiervan, het sy apaties teenoor die ondergeskiktheid van vroue gestaan. Terwyl dit wil voorkom as of sy die patriargale eise van die gemeenskap op die agtergrond kon skuif om haar vroue as natuurlik en bykans vry van stereotipes uit te beeld, kan sy nie gesien word as iemand wat daadwerklik tot vroue se strewe na gelykheid bygedra het nie. In teenstelling hiermee, het die studie deurgaans 'n ooreenkoms aangetoon tussen die feministiese denke van die "Tweede Golf' en die denkprosesse wat in my eie kuns weerspieel word. 'n Bykomende bevinding van die studie is dat die ontwikkeling van feministiese denke in die kuns nagespeur kan word.

This thesis focuses on the work of two contemporary authors, Ali Smith and Jeanette Winterson, and their treatment of the concepts of history and gender in their fiction. I argue that, by openly speculating about the nature of time and history, and by making their readers think about the origin of these notions, Smith and Winterson uncover the seemingly stable but, in actuality, very fragile roots of the 'truths' we take for granted. They explore the potentiality of the past, which, in turn opens up the present and the future. To support my argument, I turned to Hayden White and his theory of historiography and Paul Ricoeur's philosophy of time and history. The latter part of the thesis deals with gender, as well as biological sex and sexual orientation, and the way in which Smith and Winterson's texts put into practice Judith Butler's theory of gender performativity, and work towards the subversion of gender norms as well as the destabilisation of heteronormativity. Both parts of the thesis are closely connected; history serves to keep the laws that define gender, sex and sexuality intact, and, in turn, these laws are often adhered to solely by the virtue of their historicity. What is more, myth and language are equally exposed to be supporting these norms. The aim of this thesis is to...

陳美玲. / "2002年7月" / 論文 (哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 2002. / 參考文獻 (leaves 114-122) / 附中英文撮要. / "2002 nian 7 yue" / Chen Meiling. / Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2002. / Can kao wen xian (leaves 114-122) / Fu Zhong Ying wen cuo yao. / Chapter 第一章 --- 前言 / Chapter 1.1 --- 引言 --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- 本硏究欲探究的問題和方法 --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- 本文各章提要 --- p.3 / Chapter 1.4 --- 硏究回顧：香港的性別硏究 --- p.5 / 婦女團體與學術機構合作 --- p.9 / 「婦女」與「性別」 --- p.10 / Chapter 第二章 --- 「性別」作爲分析類別一一 Joan Wallach Scott的女性主義歷史理論 / Chapter 2.1 --- 引言 --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2 --- 「婦女史」與「性別史」 --- p.13 / 「女性文化」(women's culture)的貢獻及其局限 --- p.13 / Chapter 2.3 --- Joan W. Scott的性別歷史方法論 --- p.16 / 「性別」：社會關係和區分權力關係的基礎 --- p.20 / Chapter 2.4 --- Joan W. Scott的女性主義歷史理論特色 --- p.22 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- 擴大性別定義，以性別爲硏究主體 --- p.23 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- 槪念性虛假兩極化對立排比的消解 --- p.24 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- 堅持以性別和性別差異爲平等立論的主要基礎 --- p.25 / Chapter 2.5 --- 批評者的詰難 --- p.26 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- 女性主義歷史方法偷換「婦女」爲「性別」，並剝奪 了「性別」作爲歷史分析的獨立性 --- p.27 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- 女性主義歷史方法引進無政治傾向的後現代主義理論 、破壞了女性主義運動的政治效能 --- p.27 / Chapter 2.5.3 --- 後結構主義理論艱深難明，女性主義歷史研究很易 變成學院精英的專利 --- p.28 / Chapter 2.6 --- Joan W. Scott的回應 --- p.29 / Chapter 2.7 --- 結語 --- p.31 / Chapter 第三章 --- 性別作爲分析範疇的生命歷史一一 李曹秀群個案硏究 / Chapter 3.1 --- 引言 --- p.34 / 史料來源 --- p.35 / Chapter 3.2 --- 性別身份的建構過程一一 / 李曹秀群的家庭、教育及工作經驗 --- p.36 / 曹秀群的父親一一重視教育的米業商人 --- p.37 / 父親重視教育 --- p.38 / 教育一一儲蓄「平等」的「本金」 --- p.39 / 曹秀群的原生家庭成長經驗 --- p.39 / 父親欣賞有男子氣槪的女兒 --- p.41 / 上海經驗 --- p.42 / 作爲求學中途站的香港一一教會女子中學經驗 --- p.42 / 升學滬江 --- p.44 / Chapter 3.3 --- 以香港爲家 --- p.46 / 社會關係一一婚姻 --- p.46 / 李樹培家族 --- p.47 / 社會公義：男女平等 --- p.49 / 溫和的政治形象 --- p.50 / Chapter 3.4 --- 結語 --- p.52 / Chapter 第四章 --- 性別政治一一李曹秀群與戰後香港婦權運動 / Chapter 4.1 --- 引言 --- p.54 / Chapter 4.2 --- 戰後香港婦運 --- p.56 / 戰後香港 --- p.56 / 殖民地香港人的身份認同 --- p.57 / 香港文化 --- p.57 / 戰後香港婦運 --- p.58 / Chapter 4.3 --- 女性主義網絡一一 / 作爲李曹秀群後盾力量的婦女團體 --- p.59 / 女性主義群體網絡 --- p.59 / 香港基督教女青年會 --- p.60 / 香港中國婦女會 --- p.64 / 香港婦女協會(Hong Kong Council of Women) --- p.66 / 家庭計劃：女性也可以參與決定子女數目 --- p.68 / Chapter 4.4 --- 立法局內的女性聲音 --- p.70 / 首位女性立法局議員的象徵意義 --- p.70 / 從委員到議員 --- p.73 / 她在局內主力爭取的議題 --- p.73 / 性別角力：婚姻法 --- p.74 / 通過議案：解構舊例所定型的女性角色 --- p.75 / 局內唯一的反對聲音 --- p.77 / 議會文化：女性議題叨陪末座 --- p.79 / Chapter 4.5 --- 結語… --- p.82 / Chapter 第五章 --- 宗教價値與推動婦權運動的信念 / Chapter 5.1 --- 引言 --- p.87 / Chapter 5.2 --- 李曹秀群的宗教生活 --- p.87 / 宗教教育：教會學校生活 --- p.87 / 聖士提反女子中學寄宿生活：服務精神的培育 --- p.88 / 香港的人脈網絡奠基於聖士提反女子中學 --- p.88 / 滬江大學：基督教大學的宗旨及寄宿生活 所受基督教教育的熏陶 --- p.89 / 夫族家庭：第二代基督徒 --- p.92 / 公理堂：公理宗的自由式教會 --- p.93 / 主日講道：「新」婦女四德 --- p.94 / Chapter 5.3 --- 宗教價値觀一一以社會服務見證基督 --- p.97 / 女青年會作爲基督教運動 --- p.98 / 以社會服務行動實踐信仰 --- p.99 / Chapter 5.4 --- 結語 --- p.103 / 意義與委身 --- p.103 / 宗教的影響見諸行動者的世界觀 --- p.104 / Chapter 第六章 --- 結語 / 女性主義與婦女運動 --- p.106 / 李曹秀群對早期香港婦運的貢獻 --- p.108 / 附錄 / 李曹秀群社會服務工作履歷表 --- p.113 / 參考書目 --- p.114