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Morphotrope PZT-Keramiken sind Festkörperlösungen aus Bleizirkonat und Bleititanat mit chemischen Zusammensetzungen um die 47% Ti-Anteil. Sie weisen im gepolten Zustand die größten piezoelektrischen Koppelkonstanten auf und sind daher von speziellem Interesse. Zur Vorhersage des Polungszustandes und der Bauteilfestigkeit in komplexen Bauteilen werden elektromechanisch gekoppelte Materialmodelle benötigt. In dieser Arbeit wird ein mikromechanischer Modellansatz aus der Literatur aufgegriffen. Ausgangspunkt ist ein dreidimensionales tetragonales Modell, welches ein repräsentatives Volumenelement des Kornverbundes und ein mikroskopisches Kornmodell vereint. Damit gelingt die Beschreibung der Korninteraktionen infolge unterschiedlicher Polungszustände der Körner. Die Domänenstruktur der Körner wird mittels der Volumenanteile der kristallographischen Varianten dargestellt. Ein vereinfachter Satz an mikroskopischen Materialkonstanten wird anhand experimenteller Daten und theoretischer Betrachtungen aus der Literatur abgeleitet. Die für zwei Lastfälle berechneten makroskopischen Materialantworten zeigen explizit, dass das tetragonale Modell nicht in der Lage ist, das Verhalten morphotroper PZT-Keramiken nachzubilden. Aus diesem Grund wird das Modell im Hinblick auf die besondere kristallographische Struktur morphotroper PZT-Keramiken um eine rhomboedrische Phase in veränderlichen Anteilen erweitert. Die somit berechneten makroskopischen Antworten stimmen sowohl quantitativ als auch qualitativ gut mit experimentellen Ergebnissen überein. Der Einfluss der im Modell berücksichtigten Kristallstruktur auf die makroskopische Materialantwort wird in der Arbeit ausführlich analysiert. / Morphotropic PZT ceramics are solid solutions made of lead zirconate and lead titanate with chemical composition around 47% Ti-content. When poled they possess the greatest piezoelectric coupling constants for which they are of special interest. Predicting the poling condition and the strength in complex devices requires electromechanically coupled material models. Within this work, a micromechanical modelling approach is utilised. Starting point is a three-dimensional tetragonal model, which combines a representative volume element of the grain compound together with a microscopic grain model. This allows the consideration of grain interaction due to different poling conditions of the grains. The domain structure of the grains is captured by volume fractions of the crystallographic variants. A simplified set of microscopic material constants is derived from experimental and theoretical data given in the literature. The macroscopic material response, which is computed for two load cases, shows explicitly that the tetragonal model is not capable of reproducing the behaviour of morphotropic PZT ceramics. Therefore, the model is extended by the rhombohedral phase in varying quantity with view of the specific crystallographic structure of morphotropic PZT ceramics. The so computed macroscopic response shows a quantitatively as well as qualitatively good agreement with experimental results. The effect of the crystallographic structure which is considered within the model on the macroscopic material response is extensively analysed.

CAMPOS FILHO, Múcio Costa. Estudo das propriedades dielétricas e ópticas na matriz cerâmica CaBi4Ti4O15 com adição de V2O5, Er2O3 e Yb2O3. 2015. 169 f. Tese (Doutorado em Física) - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física, Departamento de Física, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2015. / Submitted by Edvander Pires (edvanderpires@gmail.com) on 2015-10-26T21:58:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_tese_mccamposfilho.pdf: 9304166 bytes, checksum: 0448bdd2063e3fc697dee9f5c6efb532 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edvander Pires(edvanderpires@gmail.com) on 2015-10-26T21:59:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_tese_mccamposfilho.pdf: 9304166 bytes, checksum: 0448bdd2063e3fc697dee9f5c6efb532 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-26T21:59:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_tese_mccamposfilho.pdf: 9304166 bytes, checksum: 0448bdd2063e3fc697dee9f5c6efb532 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / A strong demand for compressed materials, low cost and easy to manufacture are needed for various technological applications, in this sense many ceramics are candidates for its dielectric and optical properties .In this work, structural, dielectric and optical phase of the orthorhombic ferroelectric ceramic matrixCaBi4Ti4O15were investigated, one pseudo-perovskite bismuth layer structure (BLSFs) of space group A21am of the aurivillius family, prepared by the solid state method and sintered in low temperatures. Sample preparation for structural analysis and dielectric, had the addition of vanadium pentóxido (V2O5) to the phase CaBi4Ti4O15 calcined in ratios of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 5.0% by mass. To obtain optical properties of the ceramic matrix doped with rare earth ions erbiumIII (Er2O3) and III ytterbium oxide (Yb2O3). The study of the structure and composition of the samples was done by X-ray diffraction and confirmation was made by single stage rietveld refinement. The vibrational characteristics was obtained by Raman spectroscopy (RS). The morphology study off or analysis of grain and grain boundary, was performed by scanning electron microscopy. The dielectric characterization of radio frequency spectroscopy was performed in impedance which occurred two conductivity mechanisms for all samples, one at low frequency and the on the rat high frequency. Models of dielectric relaxation approach the Cole-Cole type model. Measures in the microwave range were obtained using the hakki-coleman method and monopole, which gave a temperature coefficient of resonant frequency (f) close to zero with the addition of V2O5. The dielectric permittivity measurements in radiofrequency and microwave, performe dat room temperature, had a high constant value (εr≈150) with the addition of 1%V2O5, and a value of relatively low loss tangent for family aurivillus (tan[δ]≈10-2) at 2 GHz. A numerical simulation was performed with each sample verifying approach with the experimental data. In rare earth doped samples was checked energy up-conversion phenomenon with the presence of intense bands samples of visible light emission in the green region and a less intense bands in thered region.The investigated material has potential for application in volatile memories, capacitive filters and optical components such as sensors, solar cells and LEDs. / Uma forte demanda por materiais mais compactados, de baixo custo e de fácil fabricação são necessários para diversas aplicações tecnológicas, neste sentido diversos materiais cerâmicos são candidatos por suas propriedades dielétricas e ópticas. Neste presente trabalho, foram investigadas as propriedades estruturais, dielétricas e ópticas da fase ortorrômbica da matriz cerâmica ferroelétrica CaBi4Ti4O15, uma pseudo-perosviskita de estrutura de camada de bismuto (BLSFs) do grupo espacial A21am da família aurivillius, preparada pelo método do estado sólido e sinterizada em baixas temperaturas. A preparação das amostras para análise estrutural e dielétrica, tiveram a adição de pentóxido de vanádio (V2O5) à fase CaBi4Ti4O15 calcinada, em proporções de 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 e 5.0 % em massa. Para obtenção das propriedades ópticas, a matriz cerâmica pura foi dopada com os íons terras raras érbio III (Er2O3) e óxido de itérbio III (Yb2O3). O estudo da estrutura e composição das amostras foi feito através de difração de raios-X e a confirmação da fase única foi feita pelo Refinamento Rietveld. A caracterização vibracional foi obtida através da Espectroscopia Raman (SR). O estudo da morfologia, para análise de grão e contorno de grão, foi realizado através de Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura. A caracterização dielétrica em radio freqüência foi realizada por Espectroscopia em Impedância a qual se verificou dois mecanismos de condutividade para todas as amostras analisadas, um em baixa freqüência e outro em alta freqüência. Os modelos de relaxação dielétrica se aproximam do modelo do tipo Cole-Cole. As medidas na faixa de microondas foram obtidas utilizando-se o método hakki-coleman e monopolo, chegou-se a um coeficiente de temperatura da frequência de ressonância (tAU f) próximo de zero com adição de V2O5. As medidas de permissividade dielétrica em radiofreqüência e microondas, realizadas em temperatura ambiente, tiveram um alto valor constante (εr ≈ 150) com a adição de 1% de V2O5, e um valor da tangente de perda relativamente baixa em relação à família de Aurivillus (tan[δ] ≈10-2 ) em 2 GHz.. Uma simulação numérica foi realizada com cada amostra verificando-se aproximação com os dados experimentais. Nas amostras dopadas com terras raras foi verificado o fenômeno de conversão ascendente de energia com a presença de bandas intensas amostras de emissão de luz visível na região do verde e de bandas de menor intensidade na região do vermelho. O Material investigado tem potencial para aplicação em memórias voláteis, filtros capacitivos e componentes ópticos, como sensores, células fotoelétricas e leds.

Morphotrope PZT-Keramiken sind Festkörperlösungen aus Bleizirkonat und Bleititanat mit chemischen Zusammensetzungen um die 47% Ti-Anteil. Sie weisen im gepolten Zustand die größten piezoelektrischen Koppelkonstanten auf und sind daher von speziellem Interesse. Zur Vorhersage des Polungszustandes und der Bauteilfestigkeit in komplexen Bauteilen werden elektromechanisch gekoppelte Materialmodelle benötigt. In dieser Arbeit wird ein mikromechanischer Modellansatz aus der Literatur aufgegriffen. Ausgangspunkt ist ein dreidimensionales tetragonales Modell, welches ein repräsentatives Volumenelement des Kornverbundes und ein mikroskopisches Kornmodell vereint. Damit gelingt die Beschreibung der Korninteraktionen infolge unterschiedlicher Polungszustände der Körner. Die Domänenstruktur der Körner wird mittels der Volumenanteile der kristallographischen Varianten dargestellt. Ein vereinfachter Satz an mikroskopischen Materialkonstanten wird anhand experimenteller Daten und theoretischer Betrachtungen aus der Literatur abgeleitet. Die für zwei Lastfälle berechneten makroskopischen Materialantworten zeigen explizit, dass das tetragonale Modell nicht in der Lage ist, das Verhalten morphotroper PZT-Keramiken nachzubilden. Aus diesem Grund wird das Modell im Hinblick auf die besondere kristallographische Struktur morphotroper PZT-Keramiken um eine rhomboedrische Phase in veränderlichen Anteilen erweitert. Die somit berechneten makroskopischen Antworten stimmen sowohl quantitativ als auch qualitativ gut mit experimentellen Ergebnissen überein. Der Einfluss der im Modell berücksichtigten Kristallstruktur auf die makroskopische Materialantwort wird in der Arbeit ausführlich analysiert. / Morphotropic PZT ceramics are solid solutions made of lead zirconate and lead titanate with chemical composition around 47% Ti-content. When poled they possess the greatest piezoelectric coupling constants for which they are of special interest. Predicting the poling condition and the strength in complex devices requires electromechanically coupled material models. Within this work, a micromechanical modelling approach is utilised. Starting point is a three-dimensional tetragonal model, which combines a representative volume element of the grain compound together with a microscopic grain model. This allows the consideration of grain interaction due to different poling conditions of the grains. The domain structure of the grains is captured by volume fractions of the crystallographic variants. A simplified set of microscopic material constants is derived from experimental and theoretical data given in the literature. The macroscopic material response, which is computed for two load cases, shows explicitly that the tetragonal model is not capable of reproducing the behaviour of morphotropic PZT ceramics. Therefore, the model is extended by the rhombohedral phase in varying quantity with view of the specific crystallographic structure of morphotropic PZT ceramics. The so computed macroscopic response shows a quantitatively as well as qualitatively good agreement with experimental results. The effect of the crystallographic structure which is considered within the model on the macroscopic material response is extensively analysed.

Este trabalho descreve um estudo sistemático da influência da adição do átomo de lantânio na estrutura da fase Bi4Ti3O12 (BIT) e do átomo érbio na fase Bi3,25La0,75Ti3O12 (BLT075) no que tange seu processo de síntese e suas propriedades estruturais, microestruturais e elétricas. Cerâmicas de composição nominal Bi4-xLaxTi3O12 (BLTx) com 0 x 2 mol % e Bi3,25La0,75Ti3O12 (BLT075) com substituição no sítio do La3+ (BLExT) e no sítio do Ti4+ (BLTEx) com 0 x 0,06 mol %, foram preparadas através do método de síntese por reação do estado sólido. Os dados de difração de raios X (DRX) das amostras BLTx mostram a formação de uma solução sólida para todas as amostras, exceto para amostra contendo 2 mol% de La3+. Verificou-se que a adição de La3+ leva a um aumento da temperatura de sinterização e diminui o tamanho médio dos grãos, alterando sua morfologia de grão na forma de placas para uma forma mais esférica. Quanto às propriedades dielétricas, amostras BLTx com x 1 mol% apresentam um comportamento característico de um ferroelétrico normal, enquanto que quando x > 1 mol%, observa-se um pequeno deslocamento da temperatura de máximo da permissividade dielétrica (Tm) com a freqüência, indicando a existência de um comportamento típico de materiais ferroelétricos relaxores. Os resultados de espectroscopia Raman sugerem que os íons La3+ tendem a ocupar preferencialmente o sítio do Bi3+ das camadas peroviskitas quando x < 1,0 mol %, enquanto que quando x >1,0 mol %, o processo de incorporação também ocorre no sítio do Bi3+ nas camadas de Bi2O2. De acordo com a analise dos espectros XANES e XPS, a estrutura local e eletrônica dos átomos de Ti, Bi e La, não são afetadas de forma significativa pela adição de lantânio.Em relação às amostras dos sistemas BLExT e BLTEx, os dados de DRX mostram somente a presença de fases secundárias nas composições x= 0,04 e 0,06 mol% do sistema no BLTEx. A sinterização à 1115oC possibilitou obter amostras apresentando uma densidade relativa superior a da amostra não dopada BLT075. A adição de Er3+ causa mudanças na morfologia, diminuindo o tamanho médio dos grãos no sistema BLExT e aumentando no sistema BLTEx. Através de medidas elétricas, foi observado um decréscimo no valor Tm em ambos os casos. Quando x > 0,02 mol%, o comportamento de Tm é dominado pelo limite de solubilidade para o sistema BLExT. De acordo com os dados de XAS, a estrutura local e eletrônica dos átomos de Ti e Er não são afetadas de forma significativa pela adição de érbio. / This work describes a systematic study of the influence of the lanthanum atom addition in the Bi4Ti3O12 (BIT) phase and the erbium atom addition in the Bi3,25La0,75Ti3O12 (BLT075) phase in terms of their synthesis process and its structural, microstructural and electrical properties. Ceramics of nominal composition Bi4-xLaxTi3O12 (BLTx) with 0 x 2 mol% and Bi3,25La0, 75Ti3O12 (BLT075) with Er3+ replacing the La3+ atoms (BLExT) and replacing Ti4+ atoms (BLTEx) with 0 x 0, 06 mol%, were prepared by the solid state reaction method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) data of BLTx samples shows the formation of a solid solution for all samples, except for sample containing 2 mol% of La3+. It was found that the addition of La3+ leads to an increase in the sintering temperature, a decrease in the average size of grains and a modification on the grain from plates to a more spherical morphology. The dielectric properties of BLTx samples with x 1 mol% show a behavior characteristic of a normal ferroelectric whereas when x> 1 mol%, there is a small displacement of the temperature of maximum dielectric permittivity (Tm) with the frequency, indicating the existence of a typical behavior of a relaxor ferroelectric material. The Raman spectroscopy results suggest that La3+ ions tend to preferentially occupy the Bi3+ site in the peroviskite layer when x <1.0 mol%, whereas when x> 1.0 mol%, the process of incorporation occurred also in the Bi3+ site of the Bi2O2 layer. According to the analysis of XANES and XPS spectra, the local structure of atoms and electronic structure of Ti, Bi and La atoms of BLTx samples are not affected significantly by the addition of lanthanum. For samples of BLExT and BLTEx systems, the XRD data shows only the presence of a secondary phase in the x = 0.04 and 0.06 mol% compositions of the BLTEx system. The sintering at 1115 °C allowed to obtain samples presenting a relative high density than the sample BLT075 undoped sample. The addition of Er3+ induces significative changes in grain morphology by decreasing the average size of grains in the BLExT system and by increasing the BLTEx system. Through electrical measurements, it was observed a decrease in the Tm value in both cases. In the BLExT system, when x> 0.02 mol%, the behavior of Tm is dominated by the solubility limit. According to the XAS data, the local and electronic structure of Ti and Er atoms are not affected significantly by the addition of erbium.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo o estudo das propriedades elétricas e estruturais das amostras cerâmicas pertencentes ao sistema Ba1-xRxTi1-yZryO3 (R=Ca,Sr). As amostras na forma de pó micro ou nanoestruturadas foram respectivamente obtidas através do método de mistura de óxidos e do método dos precursores poliméricos. Amostras cerâmicas apresentando grãos em uma escala micrométrica foram obtidas através do método tradicional de sinterização em alta temperatura enquanto amostras cerâmicas nanoestruturadas foram obtidas através da técnica de sinterização por plasma (Spark plasma Sintering ou SPS). Os resultados obtidos através da técnica de espectroscopia de impedância mostraram que com o aumento da quantidade de Zr na matriz as amostras passam de um estado ferroelétrico normal para um estado ferroelétrico relaxor e que este efeito é mais pronunciado nas amostras contendo cálcio. A partir dos resultados da difração de raios X em alta resolução, foi possível determinar os processos de transição de fase em função da substituição dos átomos de Ti por Zr além de identificar um processo de transição de fase espontânea na amostra contendo cálcio e 18 mol % de zircônia. Através das medidas do espectro de absorção de raios X e do espectro Raman foi possível mostrar que, independente da composição e da estrutura a longa distancia, apresentam certo grau de desordem local e que esta desordem local está principalmente associada ao fato do átomo de titânio estar fora de sua posição centro simétrica no octaedro TiO6 e que está desordem é comparável a observada no composto BaTiO3 tetragonal. A desordem química devido ao aumento da quantidade de átomos de Zr na matriz associada a esta desordem local levam ao aparecimento do estado relaxor. Finalmente, o estudo das amostras preparadas por SPS mostraram que é possível obter amostras de composição BaTi0,80Zr0,20O3 apresentando uma alta densidade e tamanho de grão nanométrico. Os resultados da espectroscopia de impedância destas amostras mostraram devido ao pequeno deslocamento da temperatura de máximo e do alargamento da curva de permissividade com a diminuição do tamanho de grão, não foi possível classificar essa amostra como apresentando um comportamento típico de um material ferroelétrico relaxor. / This work aimed to study the structural and electrical properties of ceramic samples belonging to the Ba1-xRxTi1-yZryO3 (R = Ca, Sr) system. The powder samples presenting a micro or nanosize were respectively obtained by using a mixture of oxides and by the modified polymeric precursor methods. Micrometer scale ceramic samples were obtained through the traditional method of sintering at high temperature while nano-sized particles ceramics were obtained using the spark Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) technique. The results obtained using the technique of impedance spectroscopy showed that with an increasing amount of Zr in the matrix, samples change from a normal ferroelectric state to a relaxor ferroelectric state and that this effect is more pronounced in samples containing calcium. From the results of high resolution X-ray diffraction technique, it was possible to determine the phase transition processes due to the substitution of Ti atoms by Zr and, in addition, identify a process of spontaneous phase transition in the sample containing calcium and 18 mol% of zirconium. From the measurements of X-ray absorption Spectroscopy and Raman spectra it was possible to show that regardless of the composition and structure of long range order, the samples have some degree of local disorder and that this local disorder is primarily associated with the fact that the titanium atom being out of its symmetrical center position in the octahedron and is TiO6 disordered. This is comparable to the distorsion observed in tetragonal BaTiO3 sample. The chemical disorder due to the increase of Zr atoms in the matrix associated with this disorder is responsible of the occurrence of relaxor state. Finally, the study of samples prepared by SPS showed that it is possible to obtain samples with BaTi0,80Zr0,20O3 composition with a high-density and nanometeric grain size. The results of impedance spectroscopy on these samples show a small shift of the maximum temperature and a slight broadening of the permittivity curve with decreasing grain size. However, this result does not allowed to classify the samples as having a typical relaxor ferroelectric material behavior.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:16:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5236.pdf: 6093443 bytes, checksum: 6aecbe1f41f1afa45394b6da0631c23b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-28 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / Solid solutions with perovskite structure, especially lead-based oxides, have been developed and investigated as single crystal and/or polycrystal ceramics since the midtwentieth century, but aspects of phase diagram of some of these systems remain controversial. Existing literature proposes, for instance, a morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) for the PbTiO3-CaTiO3 ferroelectric system, in the region of concentration Pb/Ca~1.This study has investigated the crystal structure of ferroelectric ceramic systems Pb1- xCaxTiO3 (or PCT) (x = 0.24, 0.35, 0.475, 0.50, 0.55 and 1.00) using structural refinement of powder X-ray diffraction profiles, as a function of temperature. The Rietveld method was used and the convergence parameters of the structural refinement within a single phase were compared, considering different space groups among those described in literature for every composition. The assessment of macroscopic properties such as electrical permittivity, pyroelectric, ferroelectric and thermal expansion was also performed as a function of temperature and/or frequency for the construction of structure-property relationships, in order to determine the best symmetry for each composition and the phase diagram of polycrystalline PCT. At room temperature, the structural refinement analyses for ceramics with x = 0.24 and 0.35 showed tetragonal symmetry (P4mm), such as the PbTiO3, and for x &#8805; 0.475 the convergence parameters indicated only one phase with orthorhombic centrosymmetric space group (Pbnm), typical of CaTiO3, as the best. For temperatures between 150 and 570 K, the crystallographic phase transition (tetragonal - cubic) was observed in only one composition, with x = 0.35. The space group Pbnm remained as the most suitable for compositions with x &#8805; 0.475 across the temperature range studied, though variations of lattice parameters and/or unit cell volume were observed. Previous studies have proposed phase transitions for this system that are consistent with the variations observed, but those studies were performed by optical birefringence characterization in single crystals or by simulations based on the results of infrared spectroscopy. This is the first time that structural changes are observed as a function of temperature for the concentrations investigated. Such variations were therefore associated to phase transitions whose symmetries are represented by the XRD profiles of perovskite with super lattice reflections, closer to the Pbnm space group. These phases could not be distinguished, however, from Pbnm, probably because of the intrinsic limitations of structural characterization techniques used in this work. Furthermore, the results of the ferroelectric and pyroelectric characterization were not conclusive, mainly due to their dependence on the samples history, but the combination of electrical permittivity and thermal expansion characterizations with the structural refinements proved to be an important tool for elucidating the morphotropic phase boundary of this system. Based on these results, this work proposes a complement to the phase diagram of the Pb1-xCaxTiO3 polycrystaline systems in which phase transitions were characterized by different techniques. / Neste trabalho investigou-se a estrutura cristalina de cerâmicas do sistema ferroelétrico Pb1-xCaxTiO3 ou PCT (x = 0,24, 0,35, 0,475, 0,50, 0,55 e 1,00), a partir do refinamento estrutural dos perfis de difração de raios X de pó, em função da temperatura. Utilizou-se o método de Rietveld, e foi comparada a qualidade dos parâmetros de convergência do refinamento estrutural, considerando-se uma única fase cristalina, mas com diferentes grupos espaciais entre aqueles apontados na literatura para cada composição. A caracterização de propriedades macroscópicas em função da temperatura e/ou frequência, tais como dielétricas, piroelétricas, ferroelétricas e de expansão térmica, também foi realizada para a construção de relações estrutura-propriedades, com o objetivo de se definir a melhor simetria cristalina de cada composição e o diagrama de fases do PCT policristalino. Entre as análises de refinamento estrutural realizadas a temperatura ambiente, para as concentrações avaliadas, cerâmicas com x=0,24 e 0,35 apresentaram simetria tetragonal (P4mm), como a do PbTiO3, e, para as com x &#8805; 0,475, os parâmetros de convergência apenas indicaram uma fase com simetria ortorrômbica centrossimétrica (Pbnm), típica do CaTiO3, como a mais adequada. A partir dos perfis de difração de raios X de cada composição, entre 150 e 570 K, segundo os resultados estruturais, somente foi observada uma transição de fase cristalográfica (de tetragonal para cúbica) na composição com x = 0,35. Para as composições com x &#8805; 0,475, o grupo espacial Pbnm se manteve como mais adequado em toda a faixa de temperatura estudada, porém, foram observadas sensíveis variações dos parâmetros de rede e/ou do volume da cela unitária. Tais variações ocorreram em temperaturas que coincidem com aquelas da literatura em que se indicam transições de fase para este sistema, porém a partir da caracterização de birrefringência ótica em monocristais ou por simulações baseadas em resultados de espectroscopia por infravermelho. Desta forma, esta é a primeira vez que se registraram mudanças estruturais em função da temperatura para essas concentrações do titanato de cálcio e chumbo. Assim, entendeu-se que tais variações correspondem a transições de fases, cujas simetrias estão representadas por perfis de DRX de perovskitas com reflexões de super-rede, muito próximas àquelas do grupo espacial Pbnm. Contudo, essas fases não puderam ser distinguidas da Pbnm provavelmente por limitações técnicas da caracterização estrutural empregada neste trabalho. Os resultados para as propriedades ferroelétricas e piroelétricas não permitiram análises conclusivas, principalmente devido à sua dependência com o histórico das amostras, tendo sido descartados para o propósito deste trabalho. No entanto, a combinação dos resultados das medidas de permissividade elétrica e da expansão térmica com aqueles do refinamento estrutural mostrou ser uma ferramenta importante para a elucidação do contorno morfotrópico de fases desse sistema. Assim, com base nestes resultados, propôs-se um complemento ao diagrama de fases do sistema Pb1-xCaxTiO3 em que as transições de fases foram caracterizadas por diferentes técnicas.

Este trabalho descreve um estudo sistemático da influência da adição do átomo de lantânio na estrutura da fase Bi4Ti3O12 (BIT) e do átomo érbio na fase Bi3,25La0,75Ti3O12 (BLT075) no que tange seu processo de síntese e suas propriedades estruturais, microestruturais e elétricas. Cerâmicas de composição nominal Bi4-xLaxTi3O12 (BLTx) com 0 x 2 mol % e Bi3,25La0,75Ti3O12 (BLT075) com substituição no sítio do La3+ (BLExT) e no sítio do Ti4+ (BLTEx) com 0 x 0,06 mol %, foram preparadas através do método de síntese por reação do estado sólido. Os dados de difração de raios X (DRX) das amostras BLTx mostram a formação de uma solução sólida para todas as amostras, exceto para amostra contendo 2 mol% de La3+. Verificou-se que a adição de La3+ leva a um aumento da temperatura de sinterização e diminui o tamanho médio dos grãos, alterando sua morfologia de grão na forma de placas para uma forma mais esférica. Quanto às propriedades dielétricas, amostras BLTx com x 1 mol% apresentam um comportamento característico de um ferroelétrico normal, enquanto que quando x > 1 mol%, observa-se um pequeno deslocamento da temperatura de máximo da permissividade dielétrica (Tm) com a freqüência, indicando a existência de um comportamento típico de materiais ferroelétricos relaxores. Os resultados de espectroscopia Raman sugerem que os íons La3+ tendem a ocupar preferencialmente o sítio do Bi3+ das camadas peroviskitas quando x < 1,0 mol %, enquanto que quando x >1,0 mol %, o processo de incorporação também ocorre no sítio do Bi3+ nas camadas de Bi2O2. De acordo com a analise dos espectros XANES e XPS, a estrutura local e eletrônica dos átomos de Ti, Bi e La, não são afetadas de forma significativa pela adição de lantânio.Em relação às amostras dos sistemas BLExT e BLTEx, os dados de DRX mostram somente a presença de fases secundárias nas composições x= 0,04 e 0,06 mol% do sistema no BLTEx. A sinterização à 1115oC possibilitou obter amostras apresentando uma densidade relativa superior a da amostra não dopada BLT075. A adição de Er3+ causa mudanças na morfologia, diminuindo o tamanho médio dos grãos no sistema BLExT e aumentando no sistema BLTEx. Através de medidas elétricas, foi observado um decréscimo no valor Tm em ambos os casos. Quando x > 0,02 mol%, o comportamento de Tm é dominado pelo limite de solubilidade para o sistema BLExT. De acordo com os dados de XAS, a estrutura local e eletrônica dos átomos de Ti e Er não são afetadas de forma significativa pela adição de érbio. / This work describes a systematic study of the influence of the lanthanum atom addition in the Bi4Ti3O12 (BIT) phase and the erbium atom addition in the Bi3,25La0,75Ti3O12 (BLT075) phase in terms of their synthesis process and its structural, microstructural and electrical properties. Ceramics of nominal composition Bi4-xLaxTi3O12 (BLTx) with 0 x 2 mol% and Bi3,25La0, 75Ti3O12 (BLT075) with Er3+ replacing the La3+ atoms (BLExT) and replacing Ti4+ atoms (BLTEx) with 0 x 0, 06 mol%, were prepared by the solid state reaction method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) data of BLTx samples shows the formation of a solid solution for all samples, except for sample containing 2 mol% of La3+. It was found that the addition of La3+ leads to an increase in the sintering temperature, a decrease in the average size of grains and a modification on the grain from plates to a more spherical morphology. The dielectric properties of BLTx samples with x 1 mol% show a behavior characteristic of a normal ferroelectric whereas when x> 1 mol%, there is a small displacement of the temperature of maximum dielectric permittivity (Tm) with the frequency, indicating the existence of a typical behavior of a relaxor ferroelectric material. The Raman spectroscopy results suggest that La3+ ions tend to preferentially occupy the Bi3+ site in the peroviskite layer when x <1.0 mol%, whereas when x> 1.0 mol%, the process of incorporation occurred also in the Bi3+ site of the Bi2O2 layer. According to the analysis of XANES and XPS spectra, the local structure of atoms and electronic structure of Ti, Bi and La atoms of BLTx samples are not affected significantly by the addition of lanthanum. For samples of BLExT and BLTEx systems, the XRD data shows only the presence of a secondary phase in the x = 0.04 and 0.06 mol% compositions of the BLTEx system. The sintering at 1115 °C allowed to obtain samples presenting a relative high density than the sample BLT075 undoped sample. The addition of Er3+ induces significative changes in grain morphology by decreasing the average size of grains in the BLExT system and by increasing the BLTEx system. Through electrical measurements, it was observed a decrease in the Tm value in both cases. In the BLExT system, when x> 0.02 mol%, the behavior of Tm is dominated by the solubility limit. According to the XAS data, the local and electronic structure of Ti and Er atoms are not affected significantly by the addition of erbium.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo o estudo das propriedades elétricas e estruturais das amostras cerâmicas pertencentes ao sistema Ba1-xRxTi1-yZryO3 (R=Ca,Sr). As amostras na forma de pó micro ou nanoestruturadas foram respectivamente obtidas através do método de mistura de óxidos e do método dos precursores poliméricos. Amostras cerâmicas apresentando grãos em uma escala micrométrica foram obtidas através do método tradicional de sinterização em alta temperatura enquanto amostras cerâmicas nanoestruturadas foram obtidas através da técnica de sinterização por plasma (Spark plasma Sintering ou SPS). Os resultados obtidos através da técnica de espectroscopia de impedância mostraram que com o aumento da quantidade de Zr na matriz as amostras passam de um estado ferroelétrico normal para um estado ferroelétrico relaxor e que este efeito é mais pronunciado nas amostras contendo cálcio. A partir dos resultados da difração de raios X em alta resolução, foi possível determinar os processos de transição de fase em função da substituição dos átomos de Ti por Zr além de identificar um processo de transição de fase espontânea na amostra contendo cálcio e 18 mol % de zircônia. Através das medidas do espectro de absorção de raios X e do espectro Raman foi possível mostrar que, independente da composição e da estrutura a longa distancia, apresentam certo grau de desordem local e que esta desordem local está principalmente associada ao fato do átomo de titânio estar fora de sua posição centro simétrica no octaedro TiO6 e que está desordem é comparável a observada no composto BaTiO3 tetragonal. A desordem química devido ao aumento da quantidade de átomos de Zr na matriz associada a esta desordem local levam ao aparecimento do estado relaxor. Finalmente, o estudo das amostras preparadas por SPS mostraram que é possível obter amostras de composição BaTi0,80Zr0,20O3 apresentando uma alta densidade e tamanho de grão nanométrico. Os resultados da espectroscopia de impedância destas amostras mostraram devido ao pequeno deslocamento da temperatura de máximo e do alargamento da curva de permissividade com a diminuição do tamanho de grão, não foi possível classificar essa amostra como apresentando um comportamento típico de um material ferroelétrico relaxor. / This work aimed to study the structural and electrical properties of ceramic samples belonging to the Ba1-xRxTi1-yZryO3 (R = Ca, Sr) system. The powder samples presenting a micro or nanosize were respectively obtained by using a mixture of oxides and by the modified polymeric precursor methods. Micrometer scale ceramic samples were obtained through the traditional method of sintering at high temperature while nano-sized particles ceramics were obtained using the spark Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) technique. The results obtained using the technique of impedance spectroscopy showed that with an increasing amount of Zr in the matrix, samples change from a normal ferroelectric state to a relaxor ferroelectric state and that this effect is more pronounced in samples containing calcium. From the results of high resolution X-ray diffraction technique, it was possible to determine the phase transition processes due to the substitution of Ti atoms by Zr and, in addition, identify a process of spontaneous phase transition in the sample containing calcium and 18 mol% of zirconium. From the measurements of X-ray absorption Spectroscopy and Raman spectra it was possible to show that regardless of the composition and structure of long range order, the samples have some degree of local disorder and that this local disorder is primarily associated with the fact that the titanium atom being out of its symmetrical center position in the octahedron and is TiO6 disordered. This is comparable to the distorsion observed in tetragonal BaTiO3 sample. The chemical disorder due to the increase of Zr atoms in the matrix associated with this disorder is responsible of the occurrence of relaxor state. Finally, the study of samples prepared by SPS showed that it is possible to obtain samples with BaTi0,80Zr0,20O3 composition with a high-density and nanometeric grain size. The results of impedance spectroscopy on these samples show a small shift of the maximum temperature and a slight broadening of the permittivity curve with decreasing grain size. However, this result does not allowed to classify the samples as having a typical relaxor ferroelectric material behavior.

In recent years bismuth-based, layer-structured perovskites such as SrBi2Nb2O9 (SBN) and SrBi2Ta2O9 (SBT) have been investigated extensively, because of their potential use in ferroelectric random access memories (FeRAMs). In comparison with non-layered perovskite ferroelectrics such as Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT), these offer several advantages such as fatigue free, lead free, low operating voltages and most importantly their ferroelectric properties are independent of film thickness in the 90 to 500 nm range. For FeRAM device applications, large remnant polarization (Pr), low coercive field (Ec) accompanied by high Curie temperature (Tc) are required for better performance and reliable operation. Much effort has been made to improve the ferroelectric properties of SBN and SBT ceramics by doping on A or B sites. It was known in the literature that partial substitution of Sr2+ by Bi3+ ions in SBN and SBT would increase the Curie temperature and improve the dielectric properties. The focus of the investigations that were taken up was to improve the electrical, dielectric and ferroelectric characteristics of SrBi2Nb2O9 ceramics. It was reported that the ferroelectric and nonlinear optical properties of LiNbO3 and LiTaO3 could be improved when vanadium, the lightest element in group V of the periodic table is substituted for Nb or Ta along with Li and three oxygens. It is with this background the investigations have been taken up to see whether one can extend the same argument to the Aurivillius family of oxides. Therefore, the central theme of the present investigations aimed at substituting Nb5+ by a smaller cation V5+ in SBN and study its influence on the formation temperature, sinterability, structural and microstructural characteristics apart from its physical properties. Recently the optical properties of this material have been recognized to be important from the optical device point of view. Unfortunately single crystal growth of vanadium doped SBN was hampered because of the bismuth and vanadium loss (high volatility) observed in the process of growth. One of the routes that attracted our attention has been the glass-ceramic. It would be interesting to visualize the behavior of crystallites of nano/micrometer size embedded in a glass matrix as these crystals were known to give rise to exotic properties. One of the crucial steps in the process of fabrication of a glass nanocrystalcomposite system in which crystalline phases have symmetries that would eventually give rise to basic non - centrosymmetric properties such as piezoelectric, pyroelectric and Pockels effects, has been to choose a compatible matrix material associated with easy glass forming capability and the ability to evenly disperse dipolar defects within itself. Recent investigations into strontium borate SrB4O7 (SBO), lithium borate Li2B4O7 (LBO) glasses indicated that LBO by virtue of its favorable structure, thermal and optical properties would form a suitable host glass matrix for dispersing layer structured ferroelectric oxides belonging to the Aurivillius family of oxides. Since lithium borate has wide transmission window, it was worth making an attempt to fabricate optical composite of Li2B4O7 (LBO) and vanadium doped SrBi2Nb2O9 (SBVN) and to study its structural, dielectric, pyroelectric, ferroelectric and optical properties. Therefore the present thesis reports detailed investigations into the effect of vanadium doping on the structural and various physical properties of an n = 2 member of the Aurivillius family of oxides in the polycrystalline form and novel glass composites comprising nano/microcrystallites of this phase. Chapter 1 comprises a brief introduction to the dielectric, pyroelectric, ferroelectric and nonlinear optical properties of materials. In addition to the principles and phenomena, the material aspects of these important branches of physics are discussed. It also forms a preamble to the glasses, criteria for glass formation, glass – ceramics and subsequently ferroelectric and nonlinear optical effects that were observed in glasses and glass - ceramics. Chapter 2 describes the material fabrication techniques adopted to prepare polycrystalline and grain – oriented ceramics, glasses and glass nanocrystalcomposites. The details of various structural, dielectric, pyroelectric, ferroelectric and optical measurement techniques employed to characterize these materials are also included. Chapter 3 discloses the fabrication of strontium bismuth niobate ceramics and their characterization for dielectric and impedance properties. The dielectric properties of strontium bismuth niobate ceramics have been modeled based on Jonscher’s Universal formalism. The coefficients of the Jonscher’s expression, exponent n(T) undergoes a minimum and A(T) exhibits a peak at the Curie temperature, Tc (723K). A strong low frequency dielectric dispersion (LFDD) associated with an impedance relaxation has been found to exist in these ceramics in the temperature range 573 - 823K. The Z′′ of the AC complex impedance showed two distinct slopes in the frequency range 100Hz-1MHz suggesting the existence of two dispersion mechanisms. The exponents m and n were obtained from the curve fitting. The exponent n was found to exhibit a minimum at the Curie temperature, Tc (723K) whereas the m was temperature independent. Chapter 4 deals with the fabrication of vanadium doped SrBi2Nb2O9 ceramics and their characterization for microstructural, dielectric, pyroelectric and ferroelectric properties. The average grain size of the SrBi2Nb2O9 (SBN) ceramic containing V2O5 was found to increase with increase in V2O5 content. The dielectric constant (εr) as well as the dielectric loss (D) increased with increase in grain size (6µm-17µm). The pyroelectric coefficient was found to be positive at 300K and showed an increasing trend with increasing grain size. Interestingly, the SrBi2(Nb0.7V0.3)2O9-δ ceramics consisting of 17µm sized grains showed higher remnant polarization (Pr) and lower coercive field (Ec) than those with grains of 7µm. Chapter 5 deals with the dielectric properties which were studied in detail in the 100Hz to 1MHz frequency range at various temperatures (300 – 823 K) for undoped and vanadium (10 mol%) doped SrBi2Nb2O9 (SBVN10) ferroelectric ceramics. A strong low frequency dielectric dispersion was encountered in these ceramics in the 573 – 823 K temperature range. The dielectric constants measured in the wide frequency and temperature ranges for both the samples were found to fit well to the Jonscher’s dielectric dispersion relations. The dielectric behavior of SBN and SBVN10 ceramics was rationalized using the impedance and modulus data. The electrical conductivity studies of layered SrBi2(Nb1-xVx)2O9-δ ceramics with x lying in the range 0 to 0.3 (30 mol%) were centered in the 573 – 823K temperature range as the Curie temperature lies in this range. The concentration of mobile charge carriers (n), the diffusion constant (D0) and the mean free path (a) were calculated using Rice and Roth formalism. The conductivity parameters such as ion hopping rate (ωp) and the charge carrier concentration (K′) term have been calculated using Almond and West formalism. The afore mentioned microscopic parameters were found to be V2O5 content dependent in SrBi2(Nb1-xVx)2O9-δceramics. Chapter 6 describes the fabrication of partially grain – oriented SrBi2(Nb1-xVx)2O9-δ (0 ≤x≤3.0 in molar ratio) ceramics and characterization for their structural, microstructural, dielectric, pyroelectric and ferroelectric properties. The grain – orientation factor and the microstructural features were studied by XRD and scanning electron microscopy as a fuction of sintering temperature and V2O5 content. The dielectric constant measured along the direction parallel and perpendicular to the pressing axis has shown a significant anisotropy. The pyroelectric and ferroelectric properties were superior in the direction perpendicular to the pressing axis (polar) to that in the parallel direction. The fabrication and characterization details of (100 – x) (Li2B4O7) – x (SrO - Bi2O3 - 0.7 Nb2O5 – 0.3 V2O5) (10 ≤ x ≤ 60, in molar ratio) glasses and glass nanocrystal composites are dealt within Chapter 7. The nanocrystallization of strontium bismuth niobate doped with vanadium (SrBi2(Nb0.7V0.3)2O9-δ(SBVN)) has been demonstrated in Li2B4O7 glasses. The glassy nature of the as – quenched samples was established by differential thermal analyses (DTA). The amorphous nature of the as – quenched glasses and crystallinity of glass nanocrystal composites were confirmed by X – ray powder diffraction studies. High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) of the glass nanocrystal composites (heat – treated at 783K/6h) confirm the presence of nano rods of SBVN embedded in Li2B4O7 glass matrix. Chapter 8 presents the physical properties of the glasses and glass nanocrystal composites. Dielectric constant of both the as – quenched and glass nanocrystal composites was found to increase with increase in the composition, whereas the loss was observed to decrease with increasing SBVN composition. Different dielectric mixture formulae were employed to analyze the dielectric properties of the glass nanocrystal composite. The electrical behaviour of the glasses and glass nanocrystal composites was rationalized using impedance spectroscopy. The observed pyroelectric response and ferroelectric hysteresis of these composites confirmed the polar nature. Various optical parameters such as optical band gap (Eopt), Urbach energy (∆E), refractive index (n), optical dielectric constant (ε′∞) and ratio of carrier concentration to the effective mass (N/m*) were determined. The effects of composition of the glasses and glass nanocrystal composites on these parameters were studied. Transparent glasses embedded with nanocrystallites of SBVN exhibited intense second harmonic signals in transmission mode when exposed to IR laser light at λ = 1064 nm. The thesis ends with a summary of the important findings and conclusions.