Orientador: Guillermo Gerardo Cabrera Oyarzun / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-24T19:11:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dartora_CesarAugusto_D.pdf: 2101604 bytes, checksum: 3eb6940416ec56ede441909468db04be (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: O interesse atual e crescente nos sistemas mesoscópicos se deve à miniaturização cada vez maior dos dispositivos eletrônicos e à produção de materiais com possibilidade de armazenar informação em altas densidades (Gbits e Terabits/pol 2 ). A Física Mesoscópica descreve fenômenos que ocorrem em uma escala de tamanhos intermediária entre o macroscópico e o microscópico. Esta região cinzenta permite interpolar entre o regime atômico-molecular e o limite macroscópico, dominado este último pelas propriedades de volume (bulk ), que são objetos usuais de estudo em Física da Matéria Condensada. Na escala de nanometros e dezenas de nanometros, os elétrons podem propagar-se sem sofrer espalhamento inelástico (regime balístico) e a fase da função de onda pode manter sua coerência em escala da ordem do tamanho do sistema, dando lugar aos típicos fenômenos de interferência quântica. Neste trabalho fazemos um estudo detalhado das propriedades de transporte quântico em sistemas mesoscópicos, onde as barreiras de tunelamento fazem parte de diversos dispositivos eletrônicos. Estes sistemas incluem barreiras isolantes entre eletrodos metálicos, nanocontatos metálicos e junções tipo Josephson entre supercondutores. As principais estruturas aqui estudadas são as junções magnéticas de tunelamento e os nanofios e nanocontatos ferromagnéticos. Em ambos o fenômeno da magnetorresistência gigante (GMR) está presente, porém as origens do fenômeno são diferentes. Em junções de tunelamento a GMR tem origem na densidade de estados dos elétrons de condução nos eletrôdos ferromagnéticos, entre os quais uma barreira isolante é colocada, bem como no tunelamento inelástico assistido por mágnons que surgem nas interfaces entre eletrodos e região isolante. Em nanocontatos e nanofios o fenômeno deve-se principalmente ao forte espalhamento de elétrons com dependência de spin na presença de paredes de domínio magnéticas / Abstract: The interest in mesoscopic systems has grown significantly due to the increasing miniaturization of electronic devices and the production of materials which makes possible to store information in higher densities (Gbits and Terabits/in 2 ). The Mesoscopic Physics describes phenomena that happen in an intermediary scale of sizes between the macroscopic and the microscopic world. This gray region allows to interpolate between the atomic-molecular regime and the macroscopic limit, the last one dominated by bulk properties which are the usual subject of Condensed Matter Physics. In the nanometer and tens of nanometers scale electrons can pro-pagate without suffering inelastic scattering (ballistic regime) and the phase of the wavefunction maintain its coherence in the scale of system¿s size, giving place to the typical phenomena of quantum interference. In this work a detailed study of quantum transport properties in mesoscopic systems, where the tunnelling barriers make part of many electronic devices, is done. These systems include insulating barriers between metallic electrodes, metallic nanocontacts and nanowires, and Josephson junctions between superconductors. The main structures here studied are magnetic tunnelling junctions and ferromag-netic nanowires and nanocontacts. In both cases the giant magnetoresistance phe-nomenon (GMR) is present, however the origins of it are quite different. In tun-neling junctions, where an insulating barrier is placed between two ferromagnetic electrodes, the GMR is due to both, density of states effects at the ferromagnetic elec-trodes, and inelastic tunneling from magnons at the interface regions. In nanowires and nanocontacts the transport is strongly in uenced by spin-dependent scattering in the presence of magnetic domain walls / Doutorado / Física da Matéria Condensada / Doutor em Ciências

by Ng, Hiu Tung. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 121-123). / by Ng, Hiu Tung. / Acknowledgement --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / Table of Contents --- p.iv / List of Figures --- p.viii / List of Tables --- p.xi / Chapter Chapter One --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Non-destructive testing techniques --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Liquid penetration technique --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Electrical methods (Eddy current testing) --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Ultrasonic testing --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.4 --- Radiography --- p.5 / Chapter 1.1.5 --- Magnetic methods --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2 --- The development of Barkhausen and magnetoacoustic emissions --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Barkhausen emission --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Magnetoacoustic emission --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3 --- The advantages of using Barkhausen and magnetoacoustic emission over the other nondestructive techniques --- p.10 / Chapter Chapter Two --- Fundamental concept in ferromagnetic materials --- p.12 / Chapter 2.1 --- Ferromagnetism --- p.12 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Curie point --- p.13 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Hysteresis loop --- p.14 / Chapter 2.2 --- Magnetic domains --- p.17 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Magneto static energy --- p.17 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Structure of domain wall --- p.19 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Domain wall motion --- p.21 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Domain nucleation --- p.22 / Chapter 2.3 --- Magnetostriction --- p.28 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Spontaneous magnetostriction --- p.28 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Saturation magnetostriction --- p.29 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Field-induced magnetostriction --- p.29 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Magnetostriction of polycrystalline --- p.30 / Chapter 2.4 --- Effect of stress on magnetic properties --- p.36 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Stress --- p.36 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Effect of stress on the magnetization --- p.37 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Effect of stress on the magnetostriction --- p.38 / Chapter 2.5 --- Eddy current shielding --- p.41 / Chapter Chapter Three --- Barkhausen emission and magnetoacoustic emission --- p.42 / Chapter 3.1 --- Barkhausen emission --- p.42 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- The wall potential energy model of Barkhausen emission --- p.43 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Typical BE profiles --- p.45 / Chapter 3.2 --- Magnetoacoustic emission --- p.48 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Magnetoacoustic emission model --- p.48 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Typical MAE profiles --- p.50 / Chapter Chapter Four --- Instrumentation --- p.52 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.52 / Chapter 4.2 --- Experimental setup for Barkhausen emission --- p.53 / Chapter 4.3 --- Experimental setup for magnetoacoustic emission --- p.56 / Chapter 4.4 --- Specimen treatment --- p.58 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Furnace --- p.58 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Instron loading machine --- p.60 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Optical microscopy --- p.60 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Vicker's hardness tester --- p.61 / Chapter Chapter Five --- Effect of field frequency and strength on Barkhausen emission in mild steel and nickel --- p.66 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.66 / Chapter 5.2 --- Experiments --- p.67 / Chapter 5.3 --- Results and discussions --- p.68 / Chapter 5.4 --- Conclusions --- p.76 / Chapter Chapter Six --- Effect of residual stress on Barkhausen and magnetoacoustic emissions in steel bar --- p.77 / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.77 / Chapter 6.2 --- Experiments --- p.81 / Chapter 6.3 --- Results and discussions --- p.84 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- BE profiles --- p.84 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- MAE profiles --- p.85 / Chapter 6.3.3 --- Optical microscopy and hardness measurements --- p.85 / Chapter 6.4 --- Conclusions --- p.92 / Chapter Chapter Seven --- Effect of residual stress on Barkhausen and magnetoacoustic emissions in a nickel bar --- p.93 / Chapter 7.1 --- Introduction --- p.93 / Chapter 7.2 --- Experiments --- p.96 / Chapter 7.3 --- Results and discussions --- p.97 / Chapter 7.3.1 --- Hardness and optical microscopy measurement --- p.97 / Chapter 7.3.2 --- BE profiles --- p.98 / Chapter 7.3.3 --- MAE profiles --- p.99 / Chapter 7.4 --- Comparison of nickel and mild steel --- p.106 / Chapter 7.5 --- Conclusions --- p.108 / Chapter Chapter Eight --- Effect of dynamic stress on Barkhausen emission in mild steel --- p.109 / Chapter 8.1 --- Introduction --- p.109 / Chapter 8.2 --- Experiments --- p.110 / Chapter 8.3 --- Results and discussions --- p.112 / Chapter 8.4 --- Conclusions --- p.118 / Chapter Chapter Nine --- Conclusions --- p.119 / References --- p.121

Submitted by Biblioteca do Instituto de Física (bif@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-07-04T18:17:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Estéfani M Pereira (Mestrado).pdf: 29753105 bytes, checksum: 975117286ae941fc4c80d8fb96a32de5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-04T18:17:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Estéfani M Pereira (Mestrado).pdf: 29753105 bytes, checksum: 975117286ae941fc4c80d8fb96a32de5 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Dois fenômenos de natureza antagônica juntos em um sistema híbrido podem apresentar propriedades muito diferentes, e um exemplo é o sistema híbrido de supercondutividade e ferromagnetismo, onde diversos novos fenômenos podem ser observados, como vórtices espontâneos. Aqui, dois sistemas híbridos supercondutor-ferromagneto foram estudados: Um consistindo de uma camada de Nb(200 nm) entre duas camadas de nanopartículas ferromagnéticas de Ni( ∼5 nm), preparadas por ablação a laser, com os gases Ar e O2 para produção das nanopartículas; O outro consiste de uma primeira camada feita de nanodiscos ferromagnéticos de Py( ∼1 m) desenvolvidos com litografia por feixe de elétrons, com uma disposição de rede quadrada com determinadas distâncias entre nanodiscos adjacentes, cobertos por uma segunda camada de Al2O3, ambos depositados por pulverização catódica, e por fim uma terceira camada supercondutora de Nb(200 nm) preparada por ablação a laser. As nanopartículas de Ni no primeiro sistema estão em contato direto com a camada de Nb e como resultado, o efeito de proximidade está presente no sistema. Diferentemente, os nanodiscos de Py no segundo sistema estão eletricamente isolados da camada de Nb, que pode eliminar o efeito de proximidade, assim a interação entre nanodiscos magnéticos e o Nb supercondutor ocorre somente através dos campos magnéticos remanescentes dos nanodiscos de Ni. A microestrutura estudada mostra que as nanopartículas feitas em gás Ar e O2 possuem formatos muito diferentes: uma (preparada em Ar) é cubica e a outra (preparada em O2) é esférica. Os diferentes formatos das nanopartículas de Ni apresentam influência muito diferente sobre as propriedades supercondutoras da camada de Nb: a amostra com nanopartículas de Ni(Ar) não apresenta uma transição de vortex vidro e a amostra com nanopartículas de Ni(O2) mostra um estado de vortex vidro bem claro sem qualquer campo magnético externo aplicado, indicado pelas medidas V(I). No segundo sistema, as medidas de transporte indicam a formação de clusters de vórtices na camada supercondutora sobre os nanodiscos magnéticos devido aos momentos magnéticos deles, e os vórtices induzidos por um único nanodisco podem formar uma fase de vortex vidro. A dimensão do espaçamento entre discos desempenha também um papel muito importante. A amostra com uma distância muito grande entre nanodiscos não mostrou uma curva V(I) com formato ’S’ mas possui uma fase vortex vidro; quando diminui a distância entre discos, as curvas V(I) próximas à temperatura de transição vortex vidro deformaram para um formato ’S’, indicando que os vórtices induzidos pelos diferentes nanodiscos estão interagindo uns com os outros quando as distâncias entre discos são menores do que um valor crítico. / Two phenomena with antagonistic nature together in a hybrid system can have very different properties and one of the samples is the hybrid of superconductivity and ferromagnetism in which many new phenomena can be observed, such as spontaneous vortices. Here two superconducting-ferromagnetic hybrid systems have been studied: one consists of a Nb layer(200 nm) between two layers of ferromagnetic Ni nanoparticles( ∼5 nm), which is prepared by pulsed laser deposition(PLD) with Ar and O2 for the production of Ni nanoparticles; the other consists of a first layer made of ferromagnetic permalloy (Py) nanodisks( ∼1 m)developed by e-beam lithography, with the arrangement of square lattice with certain distances between two adjacent nanodisks, covered by a second layer of Al2O3, both deposited by magnetron sputtering, and finally a third layer of superconducting Nb(200 nm) prepared by PLD. The Ni nanoparticles in the first system are in direct contact with the Nb layer and as a result, the proximity effect in the system is presented. In contrast, the Py nanodisks in the second system are electrically insulated from the Nb layer which can eliminate the proximity effect, thus the interaction between the magnetic nanodisks and superconducting Nb is through the magnetic stray fields of Ni nanodisks only. The microstructure study shows that the nanoparticles made in Ar and O2 gases have very different shapes: one (prepare in Ar) is cubic and the other (prepared in O2) is spherical. The different shapes of the Ni nanoparticles have very different influence on the superconducting properties of the Nb layer: the sample with Ni (Ar) nanoparticles does not show a vortex glass transition and the sample with Ni (O2) nanoparticles shows a very clear votex glass state without any external magnetic field applied, indicated by the V(I) measurements. In the second studied system, the transport measurements indicate the formation of vortex clusters in the superconducting layer on the top of the magnetic nanodisks due to the magnetic moments of them and the vortices induced by a single nanodisk may form a vortex glass phase. The spacing dimension between the disks plays a very important role as well. The sample with very large distance between the nanodisks does not show an ’S’ shape V(I) curve but has a vortex glass phase; when decrease the distance between the disks, the V(I) curves near the vortex glass transition temperature deformed to a ’S’ shape, indicating that the vortices induced by different nanodisks are interacting with each other when the distance between the disks are smaller then an critical value.

Neste trabalho, estudamos os efeitos de ordem de curto alcance resentes na suscetibilidade paramagnética, para temperaturas acima da temperatura de transição antiferro-paramagnética, nos seguintes materiais: CoCl2.6H2O, CoBr2.6H2O, NiCl2.4H2O, MnCl2.4H2O e MnBr2.4H2O. As caracterísitcas apresentadas por estes materiais permitiram a investigação da dependência deste efeito com o valor do spin, com a dimensionalidade e com o tipo de anisotropia do sistema magnético. Desenvolvemos, também, um tratamento teórico simples, baseado no princípio variacional da energia livre, o qual é suficiente para explicar os comportamentos observados em nossos estudos experimentais. / In this work we have studied the effect of short-range ordering on the paramagnetic susceptibility, for temperatures above the antiferro-paramagnetic transition in the following materials: CoCl2.6H2O, CoBr2.6H2O, NiCl2.4H2O, MnCl2.4H2O and MnBr2.4H2O. The properties of by these materials permit the investigation of the dependence of this effect with the value of the spin, with the dimensionality and the anisotropy of the magnetic system. A simple theoretical treatment, based on variational principle of free energy, is developed, which accounts for most of the features observed in our experimental studies.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Ondas de spin sÃo excitaÃÃes coletivas que surgem em materiais magnÃticos. Essas excitaÃÃes sÃo causadas por perturbaÃÃes no sistema magnÃtico. Por exemplo, uma pequena variaÃÃo na temperatura provoca a precessÃo de um momento de dipolo magnÃtico que interage com seus vizinhos levando à propagaÃÃo dessa perturbaÃÃo. Essa perturbaÃÃo tem carÃter ondulatÃrio, e pode se propagar na direÃÃo de qualquer um dos vizinhos prÃximos. Essas ondas de spin podem ser observadas atravÃs de alguns mÃtodos experimentais, tais como: espalhamento inelÃstico de nÃutrons, espalhamento inelÃstico de luz incluindo espalhamento Raman e Brillouin. A importÃncia das ondas de spin surge claramente quando aparelhos magnetoeletrÃnicos sÃo operados a baixas frequÃncias. Nessa situaÃÃo a geraÃÃo de ondas de spin pode ser um processo significante na perda de energia desses sistemas, pois a excitaÃÃo de tais ondas consome uma pequena parte da energia do sistema, as tornando importante no processo de inovaÃÃo dos sistemas eletrÃnicos. Essas ondas podem ser estudadas atravÃs de modelos matemÃticos como o de Heisenberg, Ising, dentre outros. Nesse modelo, podemos calcular a relaÃÃo de dispersÃo das ondas de spin. O modelo de Heisenberg pode ser escrito em termos de operadores de criaÃÃo e destruiÃÃo atravÃs das transformaÃÃes de Holstein-Primakoff. O Hamiltoniano que descreve as ondas de spin à agora escrito em termos de operadores bosÃnicos. Essa descriÃÃo matemÃtica à semelhante ao Hamiltoniano Tight-Binding para fÃrmions. Tal Hamiltoniano descreve, por exemplo, o grafeno, um material que foi descoberto recentemente e vem sendo tratado com muito otimismo, por ter uma estrutura bidimensional que leva a propriedades surpreendentes. Muitas possibilidades de aplicaÃÃes para ele vÃm sendo estudadas. Nosso objetivo aqui à fazer uma analogia entre o grafeno e um sistema magnÃtico em uma rede favo de mel. No sistema magnÃtico, utilizamos o Modelo de Heisenberg para encontrar as relaÃÃes de dispersÃo e conhecer o comportamento das ondas de spin do mesmo. Enquanto no grafeno, utilizamos o modelo Tight-Binding para encontrar o espectro de energia. Ressaltando que utilizamos um mÃtodo matematicamente idÃntico para ambos e que as curvas encontradas para os modos de energia sÃo idÃnticas. EntÃo, calculamos como esses modos se comportam com a introduÃÃo de impurezas em substituiÃÃo em sÃtios de uma ou duas linhas da rede cristalina. / Spin waves are collective excitations that occur in magnetic materials. These excitations are caused by disturbances in the magnetic system. For example, a small change in temperature causes the precession of a magnetic dipole moment that interacts with neighboring leading to the spread of this disorder. This disturbance has wave character, and can propagate in the direction of any of the nearest neighbors. These waves of spin can be observed by some experimental methods, such as: the inelastic neutron scattering, inelastic scattering of light including Raman and Brillouin scattering, to name a few. The importance of spin waves emerges clearly when magnetoelectronic devices are operated at low frequencies. This situation, the generation of spin waves can sing in a significant loss of energy of these systems, because the excitation of such waves consumes a small part of the energy of the system, becoming important in the innovation process of electronic systems. These waves can be studied using mathematical models like the Heisenberg, Ising, among others. In this model, we can calculate the dispersion relation of the spin waves. The Heisenberg model can be written in terms of operators of creation and destruction through the Holstein-Primakoff transformations. The Hamiltonian that describes the spin waves is now written in terms of bosonic operators. This mathematical description is similar to Tight-Binding Hamiltonian for fermions. This Hamiltonian described, for example, graphene, a material that has recently been discovered and is being treated with much optimism for having a two-dimensional structure that leads to amazing properties. Many possibilities of applications for it have been studied. Our goal here is to make an analogy between the graphene and a magnetic system on a honeycomb lattice. In the magnetic system, we use the Heisenberg model to find the dispersion relations and understand the behavior of the spin waves of the same. While in graphene, we used the Tight-Binding model to find the energy spectrum. Underscoring we use a mathematically identical method for both and found that the curves for power modes have similar behaviors, respecting the particularities of each. Then, we calculate how these modes behave introduction of impurities in substitution sites on one or two lines of the crystal lattice.

In this thesis, an inductive ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) technique is developed to measure the magnetisation dynamics in thin films across a wide range of frequencies and fields. In particular, this project concentrates on measuring higher order exchange dominated modes to observe surface and interface effects in bilayer films. The experimental technique was first developed as a time domain technique, utilising a fast rise time (~50 ps) step pulse to disturb the equilibrium position of the magnetisation. The subsequent precessional damped decay was measured at different applied fields to observe the resonant modes. The data is Fourier transformed to extract a frequency dependent susceptiblity, and results are presented for the frequency and linewidth dependence of excitations of a permalloy film as a function of applied field. This technique is limited to a frequency range dictated by the rise time of the pulse. The technique was then extended so as to use a continuous wave perturbation, utilising a network analyser as both the excitation source and the measurement device. The scattered wave parameters of both the transmission and reflection from the sample were measured, and a magnetic susceptibility is extracted. This method has a frequency range which is dictated by the bandwidth of the network analyser and the microwave circuit. In this project, results are presented for frequencies up to 15 GHz. The signal to noise ratio was also found to be lower than the pulsed technique. Fundamental resonant mode studies are presented for a Fe/MnPd exchange bias bilayer film. Crystalline and exchange anisotropies are extracted from angular measurements, and the behaviour of the magnetisation is investigated during its reorientation to a hard axis direction. Information about the distribution of the local exchange field strength and direction is predicted. Fundamental mode studies are also presented for a Py/Co exchange spring bilayer film. Two modes are observed, approximating an optical and acoustical excitation. Film systems were also designed with suitable thicknesses to observe in the experimentally available frequency range non-uniform exchange dominated excitations through the thickness of the film. The broadband nature of the experiment allowed the frequency of the modes to be measured as a function of field. Results from a single permalloy layer showed two observable modes, the fundamental and the first exchange mode. Measurements were also taken of bilayer films where permalloy is coupled to cobalt. In this system the effect of the cobalt is seen to shift the single layer Py mode frequencies, as well as introduce new modes. The relative intensities of the modes also change with the addition of cobalt. Results are shown for a Pt/Co multilayer coupled to a permalloy layer through a Cu spacer of varying thickness. The observation of excitations through the thickness of the film motivated the development of a suitable theory. A system of integro-differential equations were derived which account for dipole and exchange coupling in the film as well as the field screening by the metal of the coplanar line. The conductivity of the sample and the finite wavevector excitation of the stripline are also included. Numerical solution of the equations results in a spectrum of acoustical, optical and higher-order modes. Fitting of the model to the experimental results allowed extraction of the film parameters including; the exchange constants in the film; the surface pinning from any surface layer anisotropy; as well as the interlayer exchange coupling across the interface.

<p>Magnetic Resonance Imaging, MRI, is a diagnostic tool in progress which has been available at major hospitals since the mid eighties. Today almost all hospitals world wide may depict the human body with their own MRI scanner. MRI is dependent on a uniform magnetic field inside the scanner tunnel and Radio frequent (RF) waves used for excitation of the magnetic dipole moments in the body. These properties along with the magnetic field surrounding the scanner are associated with dangerous effects - when interacting with medical implants made of metals. These dangerous effects are twisting forces or torques, heating and translational forces respectively. A database containing information about known implants behaviour regarding these effects among with earlier documentation and information concerning MRI patient safety at Karolinska hospital, Huddinge was constructed.</p><p>Also a phantom used for heating effect measurements was constructed and heating effect measurements were performed at a SPC4129 locking titanium Peritoneal Dialysis (PD) catheter adapter and a Deep Brain Stimulator (DBS) in order to test the phantom and confirm the theory about RF induced heating on medical implants. Evidence for heating effects caused by the implants was found.</p><p>A torque measurement apparatus was constructed and measurements were performed. All measurements where performed in order to investigate the functionality of the apparatus and also the theory behind dangerous magnetically induced torques (twisting movements). Substantial torque were measured on the ferromagnetic device used for the test.</p><p>The heating phantom and torque measurement apparatus is slightly modified models of those proposed by ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials).</p>

Magnetic Resonance Imaging, MRI, is a diagnostic tool in progress which has been available at major hospitals since the mid eighties. Today almost all hospitals world wide may depict the human body with their own MRI scanner. MRI is dependent on a uniform magnetic field inside the scanner tunnel and Radio frequent (RF) waves used for excitation of the magnetic dipole moments in the body. These properties along with the magnetic field surrounding the scanner are associated with dangerous effects - when interacting with medical implants made of metals. These dangerous effects are twisting forces or torques, heating and translational forces respectively. A database containing information about known implants behaviour regarding these effects among with earlier documentation and information concerning MRI patient safety at Karolinska hospital, Huddinge was constructed. Also a phantom used for heating effect measurements was constructed and heating effect measurements were performed at a SPC4129 locking titanium Peritoneal Dialysis (PD) catheter adapter and a Deep Brain Stimulator (DBS) in order to test the phantom and confirm the theory about RF induced heating on medical implants. Evidence for heating effects caused by the implants was found. A torque measurement apparatus was constructed and measurements were performed. All measurements where performed in order to investigate the functionality of the apparatus and also the theory behind dangerous magnetically induced torques (twisting movements). Substantial torque were measured on the ferromagnetic device used for the test. The heating phantom and torque measurement apparatus is slightly modified models of those proposed by ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials).

The emergence of many-body physical phenomena from the quantum mechanical properties of atoms can be studied using ultracold alkali gases. The ability to manipulate both Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) and degenerate Fermi gases (DFGs) with designer potential energy landscapes, variable interaction strengths and out-of-equilibrium initial conditions provides the opportunity to investigate collective behaviour under diverse conditions. With an appropriately chosen wavelength, optical standing waves provide a lattice potential for one target species while ignoring another spectator species. A “tune-in” scheme provides an especially strong potential for the target and works best for Li-Na, Li-K, and K-Na mixtures, while a “tune-out” scheme zeros the potential for the spectator, and is pre- ferred for Li-Cs, K-Rb, Rb-Cs, K-Cs, and 39K-40K mixtures. Species-selective lattices provide unique environments for studying many-body behaviour by allowing for a phonon-like background, providing for effective mass tuning, and presenting opportunities for increasing the phase-space density of one species. Ferromagnetism is manifest in a two-component DFG when the energetically preferred many-body configuration segregates components. Within the local density approximation (LDA), the characteristic energies and the three-body loss rate of the system all give an observable signature of the crossover to this ferromagnetic state in a trapped DFG when interactions are increased beyond kF a(0) = 1.84. Numerical simulations of an extension to the LDA that account for magnetization gradients show that a hedgehog spin texture emerges as the lowest energy configuration in the ferromagnetic regime. Explorations of strong interactions in 40K constitute the first steps towards the realization of ferromagnetism in a trapped 40K gas. The many-body dynamics of a 87Rb BEC in a double well potential are driven by spatial phase gradients and depend on the character of the junction. The amplitude and frequency characteristics of the transport across a tunable barrier show a crossover between two paradigms of superfluidity: Josephson plasma oscillations emerge for high barriers, where transport is via tunnelling, while hydrodynamic behaviour dominates for lower barriers. The phase dependence of the many-body dynamics is also evident in the observation of macroscopic quantum self trapping. Gross-Pitaevskii calculations facilitate the interpretation of system dynamics, but do not describe the observed damping.

The emergence of many-body physical phenomena from the quantum mechanical properties of atoms can be studied using ultracold alkali gases. The ability to manipulate both Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) and degenerate Fermi gases (DFGs) with designer potential energy landscapes, variable interaction strengths and out-of-equilibrium initial conditions provides the opportunity to investigate collective behaviour under diverse conditions. With an appropriately chosen wavelength, optical standing waves provide a lattice potential for one target species while ignoring another spectator species. A “tune-in” scheme provides an especially strong potential for the target and works best for Li-Na, Li-K, and K-Na mixtures, while a “tune-out” scheme zeros the potential for the spectator, and is pre- ferred for Li-Cs, K-Rb, Rb-Cs, K-Cs, and 39K-40K mixtures. Species-selective lattices provide unique environments for studying many-body behaviour by allowing for a phonon-like background, providing for effective mass tuning, and presenting opportunities for increasing the phase-space density of one species. Ferromagnetism is manifest in a two-component DFG when the energetically preferred many-body configuration segregates components. Within the local density approximation (LDA), the characteristic energies and the three-body loss rate of the system all give an observable signature of the crossover to this ferromagnetic state in a trapped DFG when interactions are increased beyond kF a(0) = 1.84. Numerical simulations of an extension to the LDA that account for magnetization gradients show that a hedgehog spin texture emerges as the lowest energy configuration in the ferromagnetic regime. Explorations of strong interactions in 40K constitute the first steps towards the realization of ferromagnetism in a trapped 40K gas. The many-body dynamics of a 87Rb BEC in a double well potential are driven by spatial phase gradients and depend on the character of the junction. The amplitude and frequency characteristics of the transport across a tunable barrier show a crossover between two paradigms of superfluidity: Josephson plasma oscillations emerge for high barriers, where transport is via tunnelling, while hydrodynamic behaviour dominates for lower barriers. The phase dependence of the many-body dynamics is also evident in the observation of macroscopic quantum self trapping. Gross-Pitaevskii calculations facilitate the interpretation of system dynamics, but do not describe the observed damping.