Typescript. / Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1985. / Bibliography: 344-355. / Photocopy. / Microfilm. / xvi, 355 leaves, bound ill. 29 cm

Photocopy of typescript. / Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1979. / Bibliography: leaves 132-140. / Microfiche. / xi, 140 leaves ill. 28 cm

by Wong Yiu Kwong. / Thesis (M.Ph.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1985 / Bibliography: leaves 52-54

by Ho Sau Lan. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1991. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 82-85). / ABSTRACT / ACKNOWLEDGEMENT / CONTENTS / LIST OF TABLES / CHAPTERS / Chapter 1. --- DEMOGRAPHIC PATTERN AND POPULATION POLICIES / Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction / Chapter 1.2 --- Current literature on China's demography / Chapter 1.3 --- Recent demographic trend in China / Chapter 1.4 --- Policies for controlling birth / Chapter 2. --- EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF THE DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION / Chapter 2.1 --- Explanations of the demographic transition / Chapter 2.2 --- Granger-causality / Chapter 2.3 --- Test specification / Chapter 2.4 --- Data specification / Chapter 2.5 --- Test procedure / Chapter 2.6 --- Empirical results / Chapter 2.7 --- Summary / Chapter 2.8 --- Problem of the tests / Chapter 3. --- FERTILITY CHANGE IN THE REFORM PERIOD1979-1987 / Chapter 3.1 --- The economic reform / Chapter 3.2 --- Effects of the economic reform and other economic factors on fertility / Chapter 3.3 --- Data specification / Chapter 3.4 --- Statistical specification / Chapter 3.5 --- Empirical Results / Chapter 3.6 --- Summary / Chapter 4. --- CONCLUDTNG REMARKS / Chapter 5. --- APPENDIX A： GLOSSARY OF SOME DEMOGRAPHIC TERMS / Chapter 6. --- APPENDIX B： SOURCES OF DATA / Chapter 7. --- BIBLIOGRAPHY

Lai Tak Chi. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 69-72). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgments --- p.ii / English Abstract --- p.iii / Chinese Abstract --- p.iv / Table of Contents --- p.v / List of Tables --- p.vii / List of Figures --- p.viii / List of Appendices --- p.ix / Chapter Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter 2. --- Literature Reviews --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1 --- Theoretical Approach of Household Fertility Decision --- p.8 / Chapter 2.2 --- Modeling of Household Fertility Decision --- p.17 / Chapter 2.2a. --- Linear Regression Model --- p.17 / Chapter 2.2b. --- Count Data Models --- p.18 / Chapter 2.2c. --- Goodness of Fit --- p.23 / Chapter 2.3 --- Summary and Limitations --- p.25 / Chapter Chapter 3. --- Data Sources and Limitations --- p.26 / Chapter 3.1 --- Data Sources of the Cross-Section Analysis --- p.26 / Chapter 3.2 --- Data Sources of the Time-Series Analysis --- p.26 / Chapter 3.3 --- Data Limitations of the Cross-Section Analysis --- p.27 / Chapter 3.4 --- Data Limitations of the Time-Series Analysis --- p.27 / Chapter Chapter 4. --- Decision of Birth --- p.29 / Chapter 4.1 --- Variable Definitions and Explanations --- p.29 / Chapter 4.2 --- Statistical Framework --- p.33 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results and Explanations for the Regression of the Decision of Birth --- p.33 / Chapter 4.4 --- Summary --- p.36 / Chapter Chapter 5. --- Fertility Behavior --- p.38 / Chapter 5.1 --- Variable Definitions and Explanations --- p.38 / Chapter 5.2 --- Statistical Framework --- p.40 / Chapter 5.3 --- Empirical Results --- p.42 / Chapter 5.4 --- Summary --- p.54 / Chapter Chapter 6. --- Time Series Analysis --- p.56 / Chapter Chapter 7. --- Conclusions --- p.63 / Appendices --- p.65 / Bibliography --- p.69

In these papers I discuss the causal estimation of the effects of fertility and fertility planning developments on mother and child outcomes. A number of concerns are raised with existing identification techniques, and alternative methodologies to consistently estimate the effect of interest are proposed. These concerns and new techniques are illustrated using microdata on slightly more than 43,000,000 births ocurring between 1972 and 2013. In the first substantive chapter (written with Sonia Bhalotra), we discuss the validity of the use of twin births in fertility research. We demonstrate that twin births are not random. Successfully taking twins to term depends upon positive maternal health behaviours and investments in the periods preceding birth. We show that this is of considerable concern for estimation techniques which rely on twin births being (conditionally) randomly assigned to identify causal effects. To illustrate, we consider the estimation of the child quantity-quality (QQ) trade-off, and show that existing instrumental variable estimates are inconsistent in the contexts examined. Upon partially correcting for the fact that twin births are not random, a statistically significant QQ trade-off begins to emerge. We close by examining a number of partial identification techniques to bound the true effect of fertility on child outcomes. In the second substantive chapter, I examine the effect of fertility control policies on the fertility decisions and outcomes of women. I consider the case of the emergency contraceptive pill in Chile. The staggered arrival of this technology to Chile over the last decade has resulted in the availability of the first safe and legal post-coital birth control policies. In a context of high teenage pregnancy rates, difference-in-difference (DD) style estimates suggest that this policy has accounted for reductions in short-term teen childbearing by as much as 7%, an effect similar to the arrival of abortion in the USA. This policy is also shown to reduce fetal deaths reported in early gestation with no similar reduction in late gestation: suggestive evidence that an alternative fertility control policy may reduce costly and dangerous illegal abortions. Finally, I turn to the use of DD estimators as a policy-analysis tool. I discuss how such estimators perform in the case of reforms which may not be sharply demarcated to treatment and control clusters, but rather subject to local spillovers or externalities. I propose an extension of the typical DD estimator: a spillover-robust DD estimator. This methodology is applied to estimate the effect of two localised fertility control reforms in Mexico and Chile, where women close to treatment clusters who were not themselves subject to the reform may nonetheless travel to access treatment.