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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Islet adaptations in fetal sheep persist following chronic exposure to high norepinephrine.

Chen, Xiaochuan, Kelly, Amy C, Yates, Dustin T, Macko, Antoni R, Lynch, Ronald M, Limesand, Sean W 02 1900 (has links)
Complications in pregnancy elevate fetal norepinephrine (NE) concentrations. Previous studies in NE-infused sheep fetuses revealed that sustained exposure to high NE resulted in lower expression of α2-adrenergic receptors in islets and increased insulin secretion responsiveness after acutely terminating the NE infusion. In this study, we determined if the compensatory increase in insulin secretion after chronic elevation of NE is independent of hyperglycemia in sheep fetuses and whether it is persistent in conjunction with islet desensitization to NE. After an initial assessment of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) at 129 ± 1 days of gestation, fetuses were continuously infused for seven days with NE and maintained at euglycemia with a maternal insulin infusion. Fetal GSIS studies were performed again on days 8 and 12. Adrenergic sensitivity was determined in pancreatic islets collected at day 12. NE infusion increased (P < 0.01) fetal plasma NE concentrations and lowered (P < 0.01) basal insulin concentrations compared to vehicle-infused controls. GSIS was 1.8-fold greater (P < 0.05) in NE-infused fetuses compared to controls at both one and five days after discontinuing the infusion. Glucose-potentiated arginine-induced insulin secretion was also enhanced (P < 0.01) in NE-infused fetuses. Maximum GSIS in islets isolated from NE-infused fetuses was 1.6-fold greater (P < 0.05) than controls, but islet insulin content and intracellular calcium signaling were not different between treatments. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration for NE was 2.6-fold greater (P < 0.05) in NE-infused islets compared to controls. These findings show that chronic NE exposure and not hyperglycemia produce persistent adaptations in pancreatic islets that augment β-cell responsiveness in part through decreased adrenergic sensitivity.
2

Επίπεδα κορτιζόλης στο αίμα ομφάλιου λώρου νεογνών καπνιστριών μητέρων

Πετσάλη, Μαρία 18 June 2014 (has links)
Σκοπός: Να ερευνήσουμε την επίδραση που έχει ο καπνός του τσιγάρου στη συγκέντρωση κορτιζόλης αίματος ομφαλίου λώρου. Μέθοδος: Μετρήθηκαν οι συγκεντρώσεις κορτιζόλης σε αίμα ομφαλίου λώρου 211 τελειόμηνων νεογνών καπνιστριών και 211 τελειόμηνων νεογνών μη καπνιστριών μητέρων. Από αυτά 48 και 36 νεογνά αντίστοιχα, γεννήθηκαν με καισαρική τομή. Σε 16 περιπτώσεις, επιπλέον του αίματος ομφαλίου λώρου, ελήφθη φλεβικό αίμα από τη μητέρα κατά τον τοκετό. Αποτελέσματα: Η διάμεση τιμή κορτιζόλης ομφαλίου λώρου των νεογνών καπνιστριών και μη καπνιστριών μητέρων ήταν 23 και 13 μg/dl αντίστοιχα (Ρ<0.0001) . Οι συγκεντρώσεις κορτιζόλης ήταν μεγαλύτερες στα νεογνά καπνιστριών μητέρων, σε σύγκριση με τα νεογνά μη καπνιστριών μητέρων, είτε γεννήθηκαν με φυσιολογικό τοκετό, είτε με καισαρική τομή. Στα νεογνά που γεννήθηκαν με καισαρική τομή, υπήρχε θετική συσχέτιση μεταξύ του αριθμού των τσιγάρων που καπνίζονταν την ημέρα και των συγκεντρώσεων κορτιζόλης, καθώς και αρνητική συσχέτιση μεταξύ των συγκεντρώσεων κορτιζόλης και του μήκους των νεογνών. Δεν υπήρχε σημαντική συσχέτιση μεταξύ των συγκεντρώσεων κορτιζόλης και του βάρους γέννησης ή της περιμέτρου κεφαλής. Οι συγκεντρώσεις κορτιζόλης στο αίμα ομφαλίου λώρου των νεογνών καπνιστριών και μη καπνιστριών μητέρων ήταν κατά 29% και 45% χαμηλότερες από αυτές των μητέρων τους αντίστοιχα. Συμπεράσματα: Παρόλο που δεν μπόρεσε να αποδειχθεί αιτιολογική σχέση μεταξύ καπνίσματος της μητέρας και αυξημένων συγκεντρώσεων κορτιζόλης ομφαλίου λώρου, τα ευρήματα είναι σύμφωνα με προηγούμενες αναφορές, ενδεικτικές αυξημένων ορμονών στρες στα νεογνά των οποίων οι μητέρες κάπνιζαν κατά την εγκυμοσύνη. / Aim: To investigate the effect of tobacco smoke on cord blood cosrtisol concentrations. Methods: Cortisol concentrations were measured in cord blood from 211 term newborns of smoking and 211 term newborns of nonsmoking mothers; 48 and 36 newborns were delivered by cesarean section, respectively. In 16 cases, in addition to cord blood, maternal venous blood was obtained at delivery. Results: The median cord blood cortisol concentration in neonates of the smoking and the non-smoking mothers was 23 and 13 μg/dL, respectively (P<0.0001). Cortisol concentrations were greater in the newborns whose mothers smoked, when compared to corresponding controls, whether they were delivered vaginally or by cesarean section. In the newborns delivered by cesarean section, there was a positive correlation between number of cigarettes smoked/day and cortisol concentrations, as well as a negative correlation between cortisol concentrations and neonatal length. There was no significant correlation between cortisol concentrations and birth weight or head circumference. Cortisol concentrations in the cord blood of neonates whose mothers were smokers and nonsmokers were by 29% and 45% lower from those measured in their mothers, respectively. Conclusions: Although a causal relationship between maternal smoking and high cortisol concentrations in cord blood was not established, the findings are in accordance with previous reports indicating elevated stress-hormones in newborns whose mothers smoked during pregnancy

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